Health Psychology

_______ cells secrete chemicals that kill invading organisms and infected cells.

T cells

Mark has a pain in her lungs that hurts so much that it interferes with his sleep. Monash has pain in his elbow that seems to be getting a little worse each week. Who is most likely to see her physician tomorrow?

Mark

Mary is turning 50, and she does not think she is at risk for breast cancer. What would you suggest?

Mary should get a mammogram every year.

Rosa hit her thumb with a hammer while building a table. What type of pain perception is she likely to experience?

Mechanical nociception

Which of the following is a difference between acute pain and chronic pain?

Most pain control techniques work well to control acute pain, but are less successful with chronic pain.

Which of the following statements best defines health promotion?

a philosophy that good health is a personal and collective achievement

Herd immunity is generally achieved when...

a sufficient number of people are immunized to keep those who cannot be immunized from getting sick.

Doug was just told his daughter has an acute illness. Should he be concerned?

No, acute illnesses usually are short duration and rarely have long-term consequences

_______ prevent the passage of microbes from one section of the body to another.

anatomical barriers

The last phase of the general adaptation syndrome is

exhaustion

True or false, the placebo effect is purely a mental trick, where our mind makes us think we are feeling better, but we see no physical effects.

false

Which of the following is a common reason that deters women from getting regular mammograms?

fear of radiation

The scientific understanding of pain was originally developed by Melzack in the _____ theory of pain.

gate-control

In the precontemplation stage of the transtheoretical model of behavior change, people

have no intention of changing their behavior.

A(n) ____________ may initially develop because it is reinforced by a positive outcome, but it eventually becomes independent of the reinforcement process.

health habit

Anxiety is ________ when anticipating or experiencing adverse side effects of treatment.

high

The number of new cases of a disease that exist at some given point in time is called

incidence

_______ is an example of an environmentally transmitted disease.

influenza

Stress is a ___________ experience accompanied by predictable biochemical, physiological, cognitive, and behavioral changes that are directed either toward altering the stressful event or accommodating to its effects.

negative emotional

The somatic nervous system connects

nerve fibers to voluntary muscles and provides the brain with feedback about voluntary movement.

________ is used to engage neuroregulators that produce temporary improvements in performance.

nicotine

Gus's doctor prescribed antibiotics to treat his ear infection. Though Gus was instructed to take the antibiotics for 7 days, he stopped taking them after 4 days, when his symptoms went away. This is an example of

nonadherence

Screening through mammography is important for high-risk women because

one in every eight women in the United States develops breast cancer.

The primary biological factor in the tend-and-befriend response is

oxytocin

The ________ nervous system helps to restore the body to a normal state after an emergency has passed.

parasympathetic

Recently, Tori had a string of bad luck. Her car broke down, she missed work because of it so her paycheck was less than usual, and her son needed new soccer shoes. Fortunately, she had plenty of money in savings and on top of that, Tori knew that her parents would always help her if she needed it. In this example, the type of social support Tori got from her parents was _____.

perceived

The process of secondary appraisal involves the evaluation of one's

personal resources

A(n) _____ is any medical procedure that produces an effect in a patient because of its therapeutic intent and not because of its chemical or physical nature.

placebo

While you are younger, you are more likely to use the _____ when considering how you create your social network of support, but as you get older you are more likely to use the _____.

social convoy theory; socioemotional selectivity theory

Jeremy is suffering from coronary heart disease. He regularly meets his friends who are doctors and discusses his condition with them. According to Jeremy, this helps him deal with the health disorder better. Which of the following coping strategies is Jeremy using in this scenario?

social support strategy

__________ is a process by which the body increasingly adapts to the use of a substance, requiring larger and larger doses of it to obtain the same effects, and eventually reaching a plateau.

tolerance

True or false, marijuana may alter neural circuity in the brain.

true

True or false, nonadeherence (not following a doctor's orders) increases the effectiveness of care and the cost of medication.

true

Which of the following best defines health psychology?

understanding the psychological influences on how people stay healthy, why they become ill, and how they respond when they get ill

Which of the following is true of depression?

Depression increases with the severity of a health disorder.

Which form of alternative medicine is interested in understanding your personality to help heal you?

Ayurveda

In which alternative medicine is there a focus on being in balance with nature?

Ayurveda American Indian medicine Traditional Chinese medicine

Which of the following is a similarity between breast cancer and colorectal cancer?

Both require routine screening in older adults.

Which of the following is true of denial?

It is a defense mechanism by which people avoid the implications of a health disorder.

Curanderismo is most likely to make use of:

Judeo-Christian beliefs and customs that make use of common household objects and a faith healer

Which of the following is a similarity between physical pain and social pain?

Social pain relies on the same pain-related neurocircuitry as physical pain.

Identify a true statement about pain.

The degree to which pain is felt and how incapacitating it is largely depends on how it is interpreted.

Why are minor pains critical for survival?

They provide low-level feedback about the functioning of our body systems.

The _____________ stage of the transtheoretical model of behavior change requires the commitment of time and energy to achieve real behavior change.

action

Analyses of the effectiveness of coping strategies in managing the stress associated with chronic health disorders conclude that

active coping is more consistently associated with good adjustment.

In _____ treatment, long, thin needles are inserted into designated areas of the body that theoretically influence the areas in which a patient is experiencing a disorder.

acupuncture

The first phase of the general adaptation syndrome is

alarm

The biomedical model maintains that

all illness can be explained on the basis of aberrant somatic bodily processes.

Alex is suffering from migraine. He avoids it completely by eating and sleeping excessively. Which of the following coping strategies is Alex using here?

behavioral escape

The ________ model assumes a mind-body dualism to understanding illness.

biomedical

If you believe that health and illness are consequences of an interplay of biologcial, pscyhological and social factors, then you would agree with_____.

biopsychosocial model

Sudden nocturnal deaths among Southeast Asian male refugees following the Vietnam War support the theory of...

biopsychosocial model

Who should get a screening for breast cancer?

both men and women

HIV is a form of _____ illness, while the flu is a form of _____ illness.

chronic; acute

Daniel is suffering from diabetes. He constantly wishes that his medical condition would disappear. In the context of coping strategies and chronic health disorders, Daniel is most likely using a ________ strategy.

cognitive escape

Starting marijuana use early (childhood, adolescence) increases the risk for...

cognitive impairment

Betsy has been told by her doctor that she has a spot on her lung. The doctor is concerned it might be cancer. Betsy decides to ignore his concerns because she has never been a smoker and never been exposed to the typical chemicals that cause cancer. Betsy has experienced which of the following?

confirmation bias

In the _____________ stage of the transtheoretical model of behavior change, people are aware that they have a problem and are thinking about it but have not yet made a commitment to taking action.

contemplation

John was a chain smoker for ten years. He quit recently, and he has constantly fought against the urge to smoke again. This urge is especially strong when he is around other smokers. John's recurring urge to smoke is an example of

craving

The biomedical model focuses on...

curing disease

Arnaud was recently diagnosed with migraines. You feel bad because you know this is a _____ illness.

cyclic

___________ refers to the origins or causes of illness.

etiology

Unlike acute pain, chronic pain does not

decrease with treatment and the passage of time.

The first phase of treatment programs for hard-core alcoholics is

detoxification

Robert is suffering from cancer. In order to cope with the stress associated with it and to know more about his condition, he regularly speaks about the disorder with his friends and family. In the context of coping strategies and chronic health disorders, Robert is most likely using a(n) ________ strategy.

direct problem solving

Social support involves...

emotional support instrumental support informational support

________ is the study of the frequency, distribution, and causes of infectious and non-infectious diseases in a population.

epidemiology

You recently got stood up for a date. You are feeling horrible. Your friends rally around you and tell you that your date made the mistake of her life! They tell you your date doesn't know what she is missing and you probably got lucky she didn't show, she wasn't good enough for you anyway! Your friends are providing _____ social support.

esteem

The rapid release of oxytocin in response to some stressful events, and its effects, are especially influenced by

estrogen

What is the most important factor when we are concerned with minority groups getting the best care from their doctor?

ethnic identity of health care provider

You are getting ready to take finals. Your professor tells you which topics to focus on for the final and gives you hints about how to best study. In addition, your professor tells you about research that says you cannot really learn anything if you study more than two hours and you should be sure to get plenty of sleep to make sure you learn what you have studied -- studying for 6 hours straight or pulling an all-nighter are not good ways to learn. Your professor has provided you with which type of social support?

informational

For a medical provider, pain

is a by-product of a disorder, and it complicates diagnosis.

A health habit is a health behavior that

is often performed automatically, without awareness.

A symptom is likely to prompt an individual to seek treatment if

it affects a valued organ.

Which of the following is true about specific immunity?

it is acquired after birth

In the United States, the most common cause of smoking-related mortality is

lung cancer

In the _____________ stage of the transtheoretical model of behavior change, people work to prevent relapse and to consolidate the gains they have made.

maintenance

The process of primary appraisal involves the evaluation of one's

meaning of the event

"Typhoid Mary" is an example of

mechanical transmission

________ refers to the number of cases of a disease that exist at some given point in time.

morbidity

According to the transtheoretical model of behavior change, interventions that emphasize providing self-reinforcement, social support, stimulus control, and coping skills are likely to be most successful with individuals

moving through the action phase into the long-term maintenance phase.

Julian has decided to lose 15 pounds. He is concerned about the amount of fat he consumes and suspects that his cholesterol levels are high. He has purchased a popular book on low-fat diets, and has decided to go walking thrice a week after he buys a new pair of walking shoes next week. According to the transtheoretical model of behavior change, Julian is in the _____________ stage of behavior change.

preparation

Family support of a chronically ill patient is especially important because they

promote adherence to treatment

The detection of symptoms, their interpretation, and the use of health services are heavily influenced by _____ processes.

psychological

Recently, Tori had a string of bad luck. Her car broke down, she missed work because of it so her paycheck was less than usual, and her son needed new soccer shoes. She called her parents and they bought their grandson's soccer shoes and paid for the car repairs. In this example, the type of social support Tori got from her parents was _____.

received support

Which of the following is a temporary effect of consuming alcohol?

reduced anxiety

Typically, acute pain

results from a specific injury that produces tissue damage.

In African American medicine, if you are concerned your neighbor has cursed you because of a dispute, you would go see a(n) _____.

sagomas

The notion that an illness may actually be reinforced because it exempts the individual from daily responsibilities is termed

secondary gains

In the context of health behavior, _____________ is defined as the conscious and unconscious ways in which people control their own actions, emotions, and thoughts.

self-regulation

Which among the following is reported to be the hardest addiction to stop?

smoking

________ is the single greatest cause of preventable death in developed countries by itself and in interaction with other risk factors.

smoking

You are working hard to maintain your social networks because you know college is hard. Some of your social network helps you study, some help you to relax and others motivate you to go out and have a good time. You are following the _____ theory of social support.

social convoy

You just started grad school and are working part time. You know your time and energy are precious resources and you have decided you need to be selective about who you spend time with. You have chosen to focus on your partner, your family and two other grad students to help you get through this difficut time in your life. You are following the _____ theory of social support.

socioemotional selectivity

Which of the following two branches make up the peripheral nervous system?

somatic and autonomic nervous systems

The ________ response to stress is especially characteristic of females, related to the release of the stress hormone, oxytocin, and may be necessary in the protection of offspring.

tend-and-befriend

One way to get people to get immunizations was to stress social benefits. The social benefit we discussed in class was...

the amount of money saved when communities get immunized.

When an organism perceives a threat, the fight-or-flight response is due to

the arousal of the sympathetic nervous system and the endocrine system.

In an autoimmune disease,

the body recognizes its own tissue as a foreign invader and produces antibodies to fight it.

Which of the following bodily systems functions as the drainage system of the body?

the lymphatic system