HIS 101- exam 3 (Ch 11-15)

Which of the following best characterizes the immigration patterns (forced and unforced) of Europeans and Africans to the Americas between 1500 and 1800?

About four times as many Africans migrated to America as did Europeans.

Most women who crossed the Atlantic to the Americas were

Africans.

How did the Calvinists understand the idea of work or labor?

All work with a religious aspect was dignified.

During the Great Schism, how did the powers of Europe align themselves?

Along traditional political alliances, with France and her allies supporting the French pope and the others favoring the Italian pope

How were the consequences of the "little ice age" experienced in Europe?

Economic disruptions in one region had serious implications for its trading partners in other, distant regions.

Erasmus emphasized what two themes?

Education as the key to reform and Christianity as an inner attitude of the heart

In return for financial support, what did Charles II of England secretly promise Louis XIV of France?

English laws against Catholics would be eased and England gradually re-Catholicized.

How did English colonies differ from other major European colonies in their treatment of African women?

English masters rarely freed the children that they fathered with female slaves.

How did Europeans initially justify the enslavement of Africans?

Enslavement benefited the Africans by bringing Christianity to them.

Which of the following best characterizes the role of Europe in the world trading system prior to the voyage of Columbus?

Europe was a minor outpost that produced few products desired by other civilizations.

What was one of the social consequences of Peter the Great's bureaucratic system?

Everyone had to start at the bottom of the system and work their way up.

The Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis ended the conflict known as the

Habsburg-Valois Wars.

How did Frederick William, the Great Elector of Prussia, persuade the Junker nobility to accept taxation without consent in order to fund the army?

He confirmed the Junkers' privileges, including their authority over the serfs.

How did Frederick William I, king of Prussia, sustain agricultural production while dramatically expanding the size of his army?

He ordered all Prussian men to undergo military training, after which they could return home and serve as army reservists.

How did Archbishop of Canterbury William Laud create conflict in Britain in the 1630s?

He sought to impose the Anglican Book of Common Prayer on Presbyterian Scotland.

According to his agreement with the Spanish Crown, what rewards would Columbus receive if he found a water route to Asia?

He would be named viceroy over any territories he discovered and receive one-tenth of the material rewards of the journey.

Why did John Calvin reject the idea of human free will?

Human free will would detract from the sovereignty of God.

How did Pico della Mirandola understand the uniqueness of humankind?

Humans, lacking a fixed place, were the one part of the created world that could freely choose to rise to the heavens or sink into the realm of animals.

What did Columbus believe he had found when he arrived in the Caribbean?

Islands off the coast of Japan

How does Dante's Divine Comedy demonstrate the tensions of the fourteenth century?

It is a deeply Christian poem but also harshly criticizes some church officials.

The Spanish conversos were

Jewish Christians, some of whom held prominent positions in the state, church, and business

How did minority groups suffer during the subsistence crises of the fourteenth century?

Jews and lepers were accused of poisoning wells to kill Christians, and, as a result, many were killed, beaten, or heavily fined.

The direct cause of the Hundred Years' War between England and France was

King Philip VI of France's seizure of Aquitaine.

How did the Peace of Westphalia mark a turning point in European history?

Large-scale armed conflicts over religious faith came to an end.

How did the Treaty of Utrecht resolve the problem of succession to the Spanish throne?

Louis XIV of France's grandson, Philip, was placed on the French throne with the agreement that the French and Spanish thrones would never be united.

How did Luther benefit from his appearance before the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Worms?

Luther gained a larger audience for his reform ideas, and others began to challenge the church's teachings and practices.

What were Lutheran and Calvinist attitudes toward secular rulers?

Lutherans taught respect for authority while Calvinists encouraged opposition to political authorities who were considered ungodly.

How did famines affect the European population in the seventeenth century?

Malnutrition made people susceptible to deadly diseases, which reduced the population significantly.

Why did Elizabeth I have her cousin and heir Mary, Queen of Scots, executed?

Mary became implicated in a plot to assassinate Elizabeth.

How did Michel de Montaigne offer a counterpoint to Europe's growing imperial activities?

Montaigne rejected the notion that one culture is superior to another.

Who resisted the efforts of the Portuguese to establish themselves in the Indian Ocean trade?

Muslim-controlled port cities

Why did a unified Italian state fail to develop in the fifteenth century?

Political loyalty and feeling centered on a passionate attachment to the individual city-state.

After losing access to slave trading from the Black Sea, the Genoese obtained all of the following as slaves except

Portuguese peasants.

Portugal's participation in European expansion was given critical support by

Prince Henry.

Why did Protestants allow the dissolution of marriages in divorce?

Protestants viewed marriage as a contract for mutual support, and married partners who failed to provide support endangered their souls and the entire community.

What mistaken belief did the Count-Duke of Olivares hold that brought disaster to Spain?

Spain must return to the imperial tradition of the sixteenth century in order to solve its economic and political difficulties.

In Hungary, Lutheranism was

Spread by Hungarian students who had studied at the University of Wittenberg.

What new type of anti-Semitism emerged in fifteenth-century Spain?

Status as a Jew was defined as inherent in the blood, so Jews could never be true Christians.

What was the focus of the Avignon popes?

The Avignon popes focused on bureaucratic matters to the exclusion of spiritual objectives.

How did the encomienda system function?

The Spanish Crown granted conquerors the right to employ or demand tribute from groups of Native Americans in exchange for providing food and shelter.

The European voyages of the fifteenth century derived from a desire to share in the wealth of the

The Spanish Crown granted conquerors the right to employ or demand tribute from groups of Native Americans in exchange for providing food and shelter.

How did the Spanish respond to the trap set by the Inca king Atahualpa?

The Spanish ambushed and captured Atahualpa, holding him for ransom and then executing him.

Which of the following best characterizes the Renaissance idea of virtù?

The ability to shape the world around oneself according to one's will

How did Magellan's circumnavigation of the globe affect Spanish colonization?

The great distance of the Pacific convinced the Spanish to abandon efforts to trade in Asia and develop their American colonies instead.

What was the primary cause of the emergence of inflation in Spain in the sixteenth century?

The inability of Spanish agriculture and manufacturing to meet the growing demand for goods

Which of the following best characterizes Joan of Arc's experience in the military?

The king made Joan co-commander of the army, and she led it to a string of victories.

How did the Spanish monarchy seek to maintain its control over its colonies?

The monarchy established intendants with broad administrative and financial authority who were responsible directly to the monarchy.

What was the importance of "fate" to Machiavelli's analysis in The Prince?

The most skilled and prepared ruler could not fully escape the operations of fate that might cause a prince to lose his realm.

What was the punishment for rape in most of Europe?

The punishment was death, though actual sentences were more likely to be fines or brief imprisonment.

Francesco Petrarch believed that

The recovery of classical texts would bring about a new golden age of intellectual achievement

Which of the following best characterizes the English Revolution of 1688?

The revolution did not constitute a democratic revolution since sovereignty was placed in the Parliament, which only represented the upper classes.

Within the Ottoman government, who staffed the top levels of the bureaucracy?

The sultan's slave corps

How did the Tudor kings, with the exception of Henry VIII, weaken aristocratic influence?

They avoided major wars that would require money from Parliament.

The Treaty of Tordesillas

divided the Atlantic Ocean with an imaginary line, giving Spain control of everything west of the line and Portugal everything east of the line.

Mercantilist theory postulated that

economic activity should be regulated by and for the state.

According to the Dutch humanist Erasmus, the key to reform was

education.

Charles VII of France expanded his authority through all of the following except

eliminating nobles' militias and troops.

Protestants argued that the highest form of Christian life is

for each individual to serve God through his or her individual calling.

The most important factor in the emergence of the Italian Renaissance was the

great commercial revival in Italy.

The establishment of new colleges and universities in the years following the Black Death

greatly weakened the international nature of medieval culture.

"Fur-collar crime" refers to

groups of nobles who roamed the English countryside stealing from the rich and poor.

Which of the following best characterizes the intersection of the hierarchies of wealth and order in the Renaissance?

he nobility retained its status by taking in and integrating the new social elite of wealth.

One important mode of influencing public opinion, used by the English and French kings during the Hundred Years' War, was

instructing priests to deliver patriotic sermons.

The rebellions that swept across Europe in the late fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries

involved both rural and urban laboring people.

All of the following groups of people joined in the Jacquerie rebellion in France, killing nobles and destroying noble property, except

knights

The Statute of Kilkenny attempted to

maintain the ethnic purity of the english living in ireland by preventing intermarriage or cultural assimilation

In early Renaissance Italy, art

manifested corporate power

The plays of Molière and Racine

marked the finest achievements in the history of the French theater.

How did the nature of armed forces change in the latter half of the seventeenth century?

new techniques for training and deploying soldiers led to a rise. in the professional standards of the army

Settlers from the Massachusetts colony dispersed into new communities such as Connecticut and Rhode Island because Group of answer choices

of religious disputes among the colonists.

How did the cannon affect the power of monarchies?

only central governments could afford cannons, enhancing the military power of the central states over its nobility

France supported the Protestant princes of Germany in order to

prevent Charles V from increasing his power.

French foreign policy under Richelieu focused primarily on the

prevention of the Habsburgs from unifying the territories surrounding France.

According to Machiavelli, government should be judged on whether it

provided order, security, and safety of the populace.

In the High Middle Ages, prostitution was

regulated by state authorities.

Which of the following best describes Martin Luther's doctrine of salvation?

salvation came through faith alone as a free gift of God's grace.

Women play all of the following roles in patronage systems except

serving on royal councils.

Italian humanists stressed the

study of the classics for what they could reveal about human nature

Castiglione's manual on gentlemanly conduct

suggested that gentlemen cultivate their abilities in a variety of fields, from athletic to intellectual to spiritual issues.

Most historians identify the disease associated with the Black Death as the bubonic plague; however, some historians have asserted that it was a different disease, something like

the Ebola virus

The Reformation in England was primarily the result of

the dynastic and romantic concerns of Henry VIII.

The English treatment of the Irish was the great exception to

the legal dualism between natives and colonists.

According to the text, Thomas More's Utopia was remarkable for its time because it asserted that

the problems plaguing society could be solved by a beneficent government.

The immediate cause of the English peasant rebellion of 1381 was

the reimposition of the head tax.

The subjugation of the Italian peninsula by outside invaders was

the result of the Italians' failure to coordinate a common defense.

Luther believed that the church consisted of

the spiritual priesthood of all believers.

William Shakespeare's genius lay in all of the following except

the use of clear and unadorned expressions.

Louis XIV ruled

through several councils of state.

Rich individuals sponsored artists and works of art

to glorify themselves and their families.

All of the following inhibited women's success as painters in the Renaissance except

women were not permitted to take up painting until after they were married.

In terms of gender relations, Renaissance humanists argued that

women's sphere of activity was private and domestic.

Which of the following best identifies the term race in the Renaissance?

Groupings of people based on ethnic, national, or religious factors

When Vasco da Gama arrived in the Indian Ocean, how did he navigate these unknown waters?

He hired an Indian guide.

What was the consequence of Rákóczy's rebellion for Habsburg rule?

Hungary was never fully integrated into a centralized, absolute Habsburg state.

Jan Hus gained many followers who linked which of the following ideas?

Hus's attack on papal authority and his call for the translation of the Bible into Czech with opposition to the church's wealth and an emerging Czech nationalism.

What changes around 1300 permitted a significant expansion in the movement of goods?

Improvements in ship design permitted year-round sailing.

Why did the printing press find substantial success?

Increasing literacy and the opening of more schools and universities had created an expanding market for reading material.

Bartolomé de Las Casas asserted that the

Indians had human rights.

How did the printing press provide a framework to challenge provincial sentiments?

Individuals widely separated by geography could read the same material and form a common identity that competed with local loyalties.

Why was women's work less valued and less compensated than men's work?

It was understood that a woman was either married or to be married and, therefore, not responsible for supporting a family.

What aided Martin Luther as his call for reform emerged?

Luther understood the power of the new printing press and authorized the publication of his works.

In the fifteenth century, two rival Islamic empires dominated the Middle East, the Turkish Ottomans and the

Persian Safavids.

How did the introduction of Ptolemy's Geography mislead European cartographers?

Ptolemy asserted that the world was much smaller than it actually is, indicating that Asia was not far removed from Europe to the west.

Which of the following best characterizes Girolamo Savonarola?

Savonarola came to power in Florence denouncing vice and corruption, but as people tired of his moral denunciations, he lost authority.

Theologian John Wyclif argued that

Scripture alone should determine church belief and practice

Why did Ivan IV of Russia bind urban merchants and artisans to their towns?

So that he could tax them more heavily

The religious life of Bridget of Sweden demonstrates that

Some expressions of piety and religious devotion included mystical experiences

How did the English induce panic among the French troops at the Battle of Crécy?

The English use of the longbow sent a torrent of arrows into the French, followed by artillery from the ring of cannons.

How widespread was the influence of the Inquisition?

The Inquisition effectively destroyed heresy within the Papal States but had little influence elsewhere.

In chronological order, what were the three successive commercial empires established by Europeans in the fifteenth, sixteenth, and seventeenth centuries?

The Portuguese, the Spanish, and the Dutch

What characteristic distinguished the English Parliament from other representative assemblies?

The frequency of the English Parliament's meetings established the sense and expectation that its authorization was required for certain types of legislation.

How did the Concordat of Bologna resolve the dispute between the French crown and the papacy over lay investiture?

The papacy received the right to the first year's income of new bishops and abbots, and the French king retained the right to select French bishops and abbots.

The merchants of Florence established dominance over what aspect of the papacy's activities?

The papal banking system

How did the choice to embrace or reject the Reform movement occur in a territory or region in the Holy Roman Empire?

The political leader(s) of the territory or region determined whether to introduce reforms.

Why did most ordinary Poles oppose the Lutheran reform movement?

They held strong anti-German feelings.

How did the princes of Moscow seek to legitimize their authority as rulers of an independent state?

They modeled their rule on the Mongol khans.

How did the English and French seek a route to East Asia?

They sought a northwest passage across North America.

How did Portuguese merchants obtain most of their slaves in Africa?

They traded for slaves with local leaders.

How did the flagellants respond to the Black Death?

They whipped and scourged their bodies as penance, believing that the Black Death was God's punishment for humanity's wickedness.

In addition to reforming the church, what was the other goal of the Council of Trent?

To secure reconciliation with the Protestants

A new religious order for women that emerged in the sixteenth century was the Group of answer choices

Ursuline Order.

The marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile

?

The Consistory was

A body of laymen and pastors who led Geneva.

Who was Prester John?

A mythical Christian king in Africa

Luther's ideas about Roman exploitation of Germany

Appealed to the national sentiment of German princes

How did justifications for slavery change from the fifteenth to eighteenth century?

Arguments supporting slavery began to focus more on science and nature and less on religion.

In the seventeenth century, why did rulers hesitate to crush rebellions?

Armies were expensive to deploy, and rulers feared creating martyrs.

How did Inquisitors view most people accused of witchcraft?

As superstitious and ignorant peasants who should be educated rather than executed

How did attitudes toward same-sex relations change from the early to High Middle Ages?

Authorities in the early Middle Ages were little concerned with same-sex relationships, but in the High Middle Ages such relationships became capital crimes.

The Baroque style flourished in the context of the

Catholic Reformation

Why did the English government arrive at a crisis situation by 1640?

Charles I attempted to govern without Parliament and finance his government by emergency taxes.

Political power in the Dutch republic was

Controlled by an oligarchy of wealthy merchants

What became Cortés's crucial advantage in his conquest of the Mexica Empire?

Cortés was able to exploit internal dissention within the Mexica Empire.

The primary cause of the English Glorious Revolution was

a fear of the establishment of Catholic absolutism by James II.

The English Statute of Laborers (1351)

attempted to freeze salaries and bind workers to their manors.

The Renaissance courts of northern Europe particularly sought to include among their staff

black servants.

In eastern Europe between 1500 and 1650, the growth of commercial agriculture was accompanied by the

consolidation of serfdom.

The Star Chamber

dealt with noble threats to royal power in England.

The motivations for European explorers included all of the following except

fear of the Black Death.

Confraternities were part of a movement in which

laymen and laywomen increasingly took control of parish affairs

The group of people who benefited the most from large price increases in the sixteenth century was the

middle class.

At the time of his death, Columbus believed the islands he found were

off the coast of Asia.

Henry IV of France did all of the following except

place Cardinal Richelieu in charge of the French government.

The Pilgrimage of Grace attested to

popular opposition, in northern England, to Henry VIII's reformation

The Tudor Henry VII of England won broad, popular support by

promoting peace and social order at the local level.

The dissolution of the English monasteries

resulted from Henry VIII's desire to confiscate their wealth

Martin Luther's first response to the Peasants' War was

to side with the peasants.

The guiding force behind Cardinal Richelieu's domestic policies was

to strengthen royal control.

The overriding goal of the Catholic religious orders established in the sixteenth century was

to uplift the moral condition of both clergy and laity.

In the seventeenth century, the Dutch East India Company

took over much of the East Indies from Portugal.

Oliver Cromwell governed England

under a form of martial law

The highly infectious nature of the plague was enhanced by

urban congestion and lack of sanitation.

As consumer habits changed, an aristocrat's greatest expense was usually his

urban palace.

During the Hundred Years' War, the English kings were supported by some French barons because the latter

wanted to stop the French monarchy's centralizing efforts.

The spread of literacy

was a response to the needs of commerce and government

Who benefited from the Black Death?

Workers: Those who survived demanded high wages after the Black Death, increasing the standard of living for the broad mass of people.

How did Peter the Great's westernizing reforms affect the process of marriage?

Young noble men and women were required to attend parties together and could freely choose their own spouses.

The primary cause of the English Glorious Revolution was Group of answer choices

a fear of the establishment of Catholic absolutism by James II.

In the early periods of conquest and colonization, and in all regions with extensive migrations,

a legal dualism existed.

The Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre led to

a lengthy civil war.

When speaking of "moral economy," historians are referring to

a vision of the world in which community needs predominate over competition and profit.

One of the central components of the Italian Renaissance was

adulation of the artist.

The inquisitorial legal procedure differed from the accusatorial legal procedure in all of the following ways except

an accuser could not be sued if charges were not proven.

As a result of the Peace of Augsburg, the people of Germany

became either Lutheran or Catholic, depending on the preference of the political authority.

Luther believed that marriage

brought spiritual advantages and was the ideal state for nearly all human beings.

In general, during the plague, the clergy

cared for the sick and buried the dead

The Calvinist doctrine of predestination led to a

confidence among Calvinists in their own salvation