His.

first great revolt against Grand Empire

Occured in Spain in 1808

Lenin's NEP

Political compromise with peasants

Garibaldi was the leader of what group?

Red Shirts

Who was the head of the Committee of Public Safety?

Robespierre

Reign of Terror ended when....

Robespierre was executed

Bolsheviks AKA "majority group"

Russian group aiming to take over the Russian throne

subject increased popularity in 18th century Europe

Science

After the failure to ratify the Versailles Treaty, what did many French leaders place their hopes for future security on?

Strict implementation of the treaty

Hitler's Final Solution

The Nazi plan to exterminate the Jewish people (mass genocide)

Rasputin assassination

The aristocrats of Russia were responsible for his death (key point)

weaknesses of French financial system under Louis XIV

The economic condition of France became poor due to the foreign wars of Louis XIV, the seven years War of Louis XV and other expensive wars.

Petrograd Soviet Army Order No. 1

The order led to a total collapse of army discipline.

Guiding force behind Cardinal Richelieu's domestic policies

The subordination of all groups and institutions to the monarchy

Tennis Court Oath

Third Estate swore it in

Grand Alliance

United States, United Kingdom, France, Soviet Union (ITALY WAS NOT IN IT!)

Hundred Days (French Revolution)

When Louis XVIII fled, Napoleon took power.

workers strike in the Ruhr and Germany's reaction

Workers strikes because of the economic grief and this helped Hitler rise to power and what did this lead to?

first and most important of the Great Reforms in Russia

abolishing serfdom

enlightened policies of Frederick II of Prussia ("except" question)

adopted and applied Enlightenment ideals of rationalism, progress, and tolerance to their nation, without renouncing their absolute authority.

Nuremberg laws

anti-Jewish statutes enacted by Germany marking a major step in clarifying racial policy and removing Jewish influences from Aryan society. Citizenship

number of Jews murdered in Holocaust

between 5 and 6 million

Karl Marx argued that socialism would be established how?

by violent revolution

causes of the scientific revolution ("except" question)

church did not support

members of the Third Estate

commoners/ peasantry

prerevolutionary Third Estate coalition included who?

constituted over 95 percent of the population, lower class

political power in the Dutch republic

controlled by an oligarchy of wealthy merchants

Spanish territories in the New World were divided how?

divided into 4 viceroyalties

According to Marx, what was the driving force in history?

economic relationship between classes

English Navigation Act of 1651

economic warfare against the Dutch

developments in urban life in the 1890s

electric streetcar

treaty of Brest-Litovsk

ended war between Russia and Germany

African colonial subjects during WW1

generally supported their foreign masters

Mercantilism theory

government regulated trade

Edict of Nantes was intended to...

granted the Calvinist Protestants of France (also known as Huguenots) substantial rights in a nation still considered essentially Catholic.

Bismarck's social reforms were motivated by what?

his fear and distrust of socialism.

Mussolini & Italian Socialist Party

kicked out of socialist party because he supported the war

Stalin's first five year plan

marked an attempt to transform Soviet society along socialist lines. Stalin used propaganda, enormous sacrifice, and unlimited violence and state control to establish a dynamic modern totalitarian states in the 1930s. Aimed to modernize the Soviet Union and affected more of the economic side of russia than the social side.

Oliver Cromwell's Protectorate (type of government)

military dictatorship

revolutionary reduction in the size of European families

mostly caused by the family's desire to improve its economic and social position

Bismarck's alliance system

restrain both Russia and Austria-Hungary, to prevent conflict between them, and to isolate a hostile France.

Cheka

secret police set up in 1917 by Bolshevik

Freud ingrained moral values

superego, ego, id

cause of English Glorious Revolution

the political balance among the Crown and the House of Commons and Lords prior to the English civil war. The oppression of the noble proletariat by the decadent bourgeoisie. King James

French clergy on the eve of French Revolution

there were about 100,000 of them, they paid only a voluntary gift, rather than regular taxes, they levied a tax on landowners, they owned about 10% of the land.

offenses on western front during WW1

trench warfare, stalemate? Mostly unsuccessful trench warfare; very little land/advancements gained on any side

key feature of Newton's system

universal gravitation

Treaty of Versailles

was one of the peace treaties at the end of World War I. It ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. It was signed on 28 June 1919, exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand Germany's reparations included: -accept total blame for the entire war -forced to pay 32 billion dollars in reparations -give up any new land acquired -give up all arms

National Assembly passed what kind of laws?

women's right to seek divorce and inherit property

Soviet workers under Stalin

workers received some important social benefits, such as old-age pensions, free medical services and education and daycare centers for children.

working class children in the later 19th century compared to middle class children

working class kids helped family with work, middle class kids went to school

major US-Japan WW2 battles

-Battle of Midway- June 1942, American pilots sank all four of the attack- ing Japanese aircraft carriers and established overall naval equality with Japan in the Pacific.

major Soviet-German WW2 battles

-Battle of Stalingrad- 2 February 1943. Ends with surrender of the German 6th Army to the Red Army. Key battle and Hitler's first defeat

5. In the seventeenth century, England displayed little political stability, yet by the end of the century it had laid the foundations for constitutional monarchy. What were the political, social, economic, and religious factors and events that ultimately led to the Glorious Revolution?

-Examine the political balance among the crown, the commons, and the lords prior to the civil war -discuss the economic changes. (Emergence of the rural gentry and the urban business class in the political social and economic life of the country) -the puritan leanings of many new man -the perception of the catholic leanings of Charles I and James I -scottish rebellion and troubles in Ireland -the eventual confrontation of Charles I and parliament

Colbert's contributions to economy of France ("except" question)

-central principle was that the wealth and economy of France should serve the state -mercantilism: a collection of governmental policies for the regulation of economic activities by and for the state

outcomes of Peace of Utrecht

-ended the War of the Spanish Succession -ended French expansion in Europe -marked the rise of the British Empire

4. The Grand Alliance was a smashing military success. What were the factors that contributed to this success? What were the turning points in the Allies' march to victory?

-identify assets (population, productive capacity, natural resources, control of the seas, sound/stable leadership) -discuss axis weaknesses (unstable leadership, natural resource shortage) -6 turning points - talk about allied strengths (aforementioned) and axis weaknesses (also aforementioned) in these battles -Coral Sea, Midway, El Alamein, Stalingrad, Normandy, Hiroshima/Nagasaki

Mein Kampf themes

-race and anti-semitism -notion of territorial expansion based on "living space" -and role of leader dictator "Fuhrer"

Dreyfus affair

-was a political scandal that divided France from its beginning in 1894 until it was finally resolved in 1906. -case in which Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish captain in the French army was falsely accused and convicted of treason. -The Catholic Church sided with the anti-semites against Dreyfus; because of this, the French government severed all ties between the state and church.

Japan late 1938

1.5 million Japanese troops were bogged down in China, holding a great swath of territory but unable to defeat the Nationalists and the Communists.

What time period did the Baroque style flourish in?

1600-1750, Encouraged by the Catholic Church

1780s France's annual budget

50 percent of France's annual budget went for ever-increasing interest payments, another 25 percent when to maintain the military, 6 percent absorbed by Versailles, and less than 20 percent left for productive functions of state

European's views of the universe before the Scientific Revolution were based on who?

Aristotle

What two men created the scientific method?

Bacon and Decartes

members of Third Coalition against France

Britain, Austria, Russia, Sweden and some German states

Enlightenment thinkers tied race to what?

Climatic Conditions ; race is the same thing as species

favorite leisure time activity of the working class

Drinking

Congress of Vienna 1815 in relation to northern Italy

Figure out parts of Italy were given to a specific country, Austria got some of Northern Italy

Who was the strongest and most unified country in Europe in 1685?

France

Theory of disease before Scientific Revolution

Germ Theory (miasmatic)

1. Peter the Great's reforms were driven primarily by military exigencies, not by any special attachment to the culture of Western Europe. Make an argument for this statement based on evidence provided in the text.

He was obsessed with military and technological advancements after his war with Sweden in 1701. The Government revenue to the military was large during his reign. The military grew and became more modernize because of the large revenue. He required nobles to serve in the army or civil administration for life. He built schools and universities to produces experts and skilled technicians. Then in 1709, Peter went back to Sweden and defeated them with his new military forces.

Copernicus' theory of the universe

Heliocentrism, (Sun at center of universe)

Catherine the Great of Russia came to power how?

Her husband withdrew the country from war and people were unhappy with him. Catherine gathered military force and arrested him. He was later killed and Catherine took his throne

one of Karl Marx's most important criticisms of the French utopian socialists

It appealed to the middle class/helped the poor.

Enlightenment thinker- courage to use one's understanding

Kant

men elected to represent the Third Estate at the Estates General

Lawyers and government officials

3. The French Revolution and the Napoleonic era produced profound changes in Europe. What were the gains and losses of the various social groups, nobility, bourgeoisie, workers, peasants, women in this era? Who gained the most? Who benefited the least?

Napoleon created political opportunities for the peasants while giving them more rights. The manor system was also removed. The bourgeoisie definitely got more rights, and were not limited by the aristocracy. Napoleon built schools, allowing women to get educated, therefore increasing their social status. The nobility gained the least, because they had lost many of their privileges.

2. The scientific revolution transformed the way Europeans perceived the world. Discuss this change in detail. How did this new way of thinking spread?

New concepts of the Scientific Revolution were taught at medieval universities. The scientific method was develop by Bacon and Descartes. Scientists like Copernicus and Galileo came up with theories of their own such as the Heliocentric theory and the law of inertia. New scientific technologies were developed such as the barometer and the telescope. The scientific revolution was the single most important factor in the creation of the new worldview of the 18th century Enlightenment