HISTORY ALL SEMESTER 2 (PART 1)
John Lewis
1st chairman of SNCC, later was congressman in Georgia
Greece and Turkey
1st countries that with the help of the US were successful with containment.
Selective training and Service Act
1st peacetime military draft, a lot were trained, few were drafted, only served in Western Hemisphere
U
2 - Used by CIA to fly high altitudes over Russia without being detected
U
2 Incident - A U-2 plane flew by the CIA was making secret high-altitude flights over Soviet territory. The U.S. was caught and Khrushchev demanded an apology for the flights and a promise to halt them. Eisenhower agreed to stop the flights, but he would not apologize.
U
2 Incident - Event in which the soviets shot down a US u-2 spy plane over the soviet union; The thaw of the cold war was over because the meeting in Paris was a disaster
U
2 Incident - Soviet Union shot down US spy plane and caught them spying
September 3rd
2 days after the terror in Poland, this is the day that Britain and France declared war on Germany.
U
2 incident - A U-2 plane flew by the CIA was making secret high-altitude flights over Soviet territory. The U.S. was caught and Khrushchev demanded an apology for the flights and a promise to halt them. Eisenhower agreed to stop the U-2 flights, but would not apologize. Because of this whole thing the 1960s opened with tension between the two superpowers as great as ever.
U
2 planes - They were planes that could fly at high altitudes without detection. This type of plane passed over the Soviet Union, its infrared cameras took detailed photographs of troop movement and missile sites.
Pink Star
2 weeks after the Greer was fired on this boat (an American merchant ship) was sunk off Greenland
Alfred Bradford
25th infantry, received Purple Heart
Sitzkrieg
2nd German tactic, sitting war, phony war
Fat man
2nd bob, bomb dropped on Nagasaki
Harry Truman
33rd president after roosevelt's death
How long did a soldier serve in Vietnam?
365 days ; different from World War One and Two
Third reich
3rd german empire said to last for 1000 years
George Wallace
3rd party presidential candidate who supported school segregation
Kent State University
4 Ohio university protesters were killed on campus by Nat'l Guard on May 4, 1970. Led to mistrust of authority/fed gov't.
Siege of Khe Sanh
5000 marines are surrounded by 40,000 soldiers goes on for 77 days before we break out
Holocaust
6m+ (2/3 of pop.) Jews killed in labor/death camps (1941-1945 genocide)
Little Rock
9 African Americans integrated to Little Rock Central HS, were abused, schools superintendent Virgil Blossom, Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus
little rock 9
9 black students who first integrated little rock schools
Dien Bien Phu
A French military outpost in Vietnam when attacked by the Vietminh the French surrender and give up Vietnam
U.S. destroyer Greer
A German submarine fired on this boat in the Atlantic on September 4, 1941
Women's auxiliary army corps
A U.S. army unit creating during WWII to enable women to serve in noncombat positions.
MLK
A baptist minister who addressed the bus boyctt meeting. He called for non violent protest and led the Montgomery Improvement Association.
Mandate
A clear indication that voters approved of his plans. JFK did lacked this.
Ho Chi Minh
A communist leader Who declared bc Vietnam to be an independent country and fight with the French-> later became leader of Northern Vietnam
Soviet Union
A communist state that was established in 1922 because of the civil war in Russia.
Berlin Wall
A concrete wall that separated Eat Berlin and West Berlin from 1961-1989, built by the Communist East German government to prevent citizens from fleeing to the West.
Job Corps
A federal program that trained young people from poor backgrounds. They was established in 1964.
Korean War
A fight between North and south Korea-> first the North were winning then south then ended in both sides having the land they had before
Chinese Civil War
A fight between communist (Mao Zedung) and Nationalist (Chiang Kai Shek) -> Communists one and nationalist fled to Taiwan
Little Rock Nine
A group of 9 AA students were enrolled in a Little Rock HS in 1957, facing extreme backlash as one of the first desegregated schools.
Tuskegee Airmen
A group of african american pilots that protected allied bombers during the bombing of germany; Did not lose any bombers; Faced discrimination
Women's Political Council
A group of professional African American women determined to increase black political power. Jo Ann Gibson Robinson was the president of this.
Atlantic Charter
A joint declaration of war arms; pledged between FDR and Churchill
William Shirer
A journalist and historian, became well known for his radio broadcasts from Berlin at the beginning of World War 2.
Wannsee
A lakeside suburb near Berlin. This is where Hitler's top officials agreed to begin a new phase of the mass murder of Jews. Murder by poison gas.
Conglomerates
A major corporation that includes a number of small companies in unrelated industries
Selma, Alabama
A march from Selma to Montgomery led by John Lewis -> the participated were beat and tear gas was shot at them until President Johnson got involved
Enola Gay
B-29 bomber released bomb (codenamed "little boy") on Hiroshima (Japan military center)
Totalitarianism
Characteristic of a political system in which the government exercises complete control over its citizens lives.
Lee Harvey Oswald
Charged with murder of JFK and killed by Jack Ruby
Richard J. Daley
Chicago Mayor, called for police and national guard, police sprayed protesters with Mace and beat them with nightsticks
Office of Strategic Services
Chief Intelligence-gathering body of the U.S. military and forerunner of CIA
Earl Warren
Chief Justice of Warren Court
Hideki Tojo
Chief of staff of Japan's Kwantung Army that launched an invasion into China
Hideki Tojo
Chief of staff of Japan's Kwantung Army, launched invasion in China, became Prime Minister
New alliance
Churchill and Roosevelt (US and Britain)
Casablanca
Churchill and Roosevelt met and agreed to only accept unconditional surrender
Iron curtain
Churchill called this the division of Europe
iron curtain
Churchill's name for the countries in Eastern Europe that were divided from the rest of the world because of the Soviets influence
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Cities that Americans bombed; Even though americans were outnumbered, it led japan to surrender
A. Philip Randolph
Civil Rights leaders. Proposed a march on Washington to protest segregation. Roosevelt cancelled march and created Fair Employment Act
Tonkin Gulf Resolution
Congressional measure that gave president Johnson the authority to wage war in vietnam; Shifted power to president to determine the course of war; Dramatically increased his military involvement
Fascism
Conservative political philosophy that calls for glorification or the nation above the individual; Fascist regimes came to power in germany, italy, and spain 1920s&1930s.
Neville Chamberlain
Conservative prime minister of England at the beginning of WWII, tried to avoid war by appeasing Hitler
Hard hats
Construction workers and blue collars who supported the war
Stokely Carmichael
Created Black Power (blacks define their own goals and develop African pride)
Economic Opportunity Act (EOA)
Created Job Corps, VISTA, Project head start, Community Action Program
Cash and carry
Created by FDR, allowed warring nations to buy US arms in cash (in new neutrality acts) (too little, too late)
Office of scientific research and development
Created in 1941, Roosevelt created this to bring Scientists into the war effort. This also spurred improvements in radar and sonar, new technologies for locating submarines under water.
Quarantine Speech
FDR gave this speech and it was calling for an international "quarantine" against the "epidemic of world lawlessness" by aggressive nations as an alternate to the political climate of American neutrality, and non-intervention that was prevalent at the time.
FDR dies
FDR has a stroke a dies during his 4th term as president. He died in Springs, Georgia. He had a stroke while getting a portrait taken.
Meeting in Casablanca
FDR, Churchill, and their commanders met in here to discuss that they only wanted to accept the unconditional surrender of the Axis powers. They also discussed where they should strike next, and Churchill thought they should attack Italy.
how did industry help the war?
Factories converted to produce war supplies
Ways to escape the draft
Fake doctor note, change your location, work for national guard or Coast guard, or go to college
Joseph McCarthy
Falsely charged many people for communism and say he had of list of people to accuse when he may not have -> start McCarthism
Joseph McCarthy
Famous anti communist, republican, made up stuff
Benito Mussolini
Fascist dictator of Italy; allied with Hitler
Adolf Hitler
Fascist leader of Nazi Germany, architect of genocide
Francisco Franco
Fascist leader of Spain, refused to join the Axis powers; Spain's neutrality helped the Allies
How did Vietnam war change the US and individuals between 1960 and 1975?
!!!
War on Poverty
!!!
NYC Central Park slogans
"Burn cards, not people" and "Hell no, we won't go!"
J. Robert Oppenheimer
"Father of the A-bomb"
Joseph Stalin
"Man of Steel" took control of Soviet Union once Lenin died, create large agriculture and industrial growth, eliminated anyone opposed to his power
Kritallnacht
"Night of broken glass", Nazis attacked synagogue/ businesses/homes(blamed/arrested/killed Jews for violence)
Kristallnacht
"Night of the Broken Glass" Nov 9, 1938. Nazis killed and injured many jews and jewish properties; Nazi persecution of Jews increased dramatically.
March from Lincoln Memorial to the Pentagon
"To disrupt the center of the American War Machine," protestors were met by tear gas and clubs
define mutually assured destruction
"if you do it, i'll do it"; a tactic used to assure that neither side would actually launch an attack
peace corps
"kennedy's kiddie korp"; US volunteers assist Asia, Africa, and Latin America
SNCC
"snick" Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee -> younger college students who thought MLK was too slow
Omar Bradley
"wrong war, wrong time, wrong enemy" ~quote
"Eve of Destruction"
#1 song September 1965, written by Barry McGuire, about how men can be drafted at 18 but have to wait to vote till they are 21
Congress of Racial Equality
(CORE) founded by James Farmer, confront urban segregation of in North, first sit in in Chicago
Medicare
(E for elderly) Great Society program in 1965 that provided medical aid ($) to those over 65+ years
Japanese Am. Citizens League
(JACL) compensate those sent to camps, pavement of reparations to those who lost homes
Vietcong
(National Liberation Front), attacked South Vietnam government helped by Ho Chi Minh Trail (supply of weapons)
NATO
(North Atlantic Treaty Organization) formed of mostly West European countries *still exists
Office of Scientific Research and Development
(OSRD) include scientists in war effort, advanced tech, developed atomic bomb, helped soldiers with lice
Who won the presidential election in 1952?
(Rep.) Dwight Eisenhower
War Production Board
(WPB) which industries would be wartime and gave raw materials
Battle of Iwo Jima
Feb. 1945 cost lives of almost 6,000 Americans and 22.000 Japanese defenders, U.S still took island
West Germany
Federal Republic of Germany
Medicare
Federal health care program for over the age of 65; Still around today; Part of Great Society
Medicaid
Federal health insurance program for people with low incomes
Medicaid
Federal health insurance program for people with low incomes; Still around today; Part of the Great Society
"I
Feel-Like-I'm-Fixin'-to-Die-Rag" - By country Joe and The Fish and Joe McDonald, sarcastically promoted support of war
Alan Shepard
First American in space
What was Sputnik?
First artificial Earth satellite launched by the Soviet Union
Chelmno
First death camp
Neil Armstrong
First human to be on moon
Arkansas
First southern state to admit African American to state universities without court order
Operation Rolling Thunder
First sustained bombing campaign against North Vietnam; Response to Vietcong attack in Pleiku; Failed to convince North Vietnam to stop reinforcing Vietcong in the south
A. peter Dewey
First to die in Vietnam
First Civil Rights Act
First voting rights measure since reconstruction
Chester Nimitz
Five star Admiral in U.S Navy, decoded important Japan invasion of Midway
Dwight D. Eisenhower
Five star general of U.S Army. Allied forces in Europe
Boat People
Fled Vietnam, poor, many died in South China Sea
Frances Gary Powers
Flew the last flight, was shot down by soviets
Vietminh
Group of Vietnamese nationalists organized in 1940s by Ho Chi Minh to drive the Japanese out of Vietnam; League for the independence of Vietnam; After Japan surrendered to Allies, Minh declared the independence a great celebration on sep 2, 1945.
Allies
Group of countries led by britain, france, the us and soviet union; Won WWII
Axis Powers
Group of countries led by germany, italy, and japan; Lost WWII
Convoys
Groups of ships traveling together for mutual protection.
14th Amendment
Guaranteed all Americans equal treatment
CIA second mission
Guatemala, trained army to take b/c of suspected communism, Guatemalan army refused to fight for their leader
Nazi targets
Gypsies (inferior), freemasons (suspected supporters of Jewish role of the world), Jehovah's Witness (refused join army or salute to Hitler), homosexuals, mentally ill, physically disabled
Who won the presidential election of 1948?
Harry Truman (Dem.)
Whittaker Chambers
He accused Alger Hiss of spying for the Soviet Union.
King Victor Emmanuel III
He became king after Benito Mussolini, and arrested Mussolini.
Dwight D. Eisenhower
He became president in 1952. He was republican and after the unsuccessful war Americans rejected the Democratic party.
Harry S. Truman
He became president on April 12, 1945 when FDR suddenly died. He was a former Missouri senator who was FDR's vice president. He hadn't been informed of much as vice president so people doubted his ability to serve as president.
Nikita Khrushchev
He became the Soviet Union leader after Joseph Stalin dies. He believed that communism would take over the world, but he thought it could triumph peacefully.
Nikita Khrushchev
He became the Soviet Union leader after Joseph Stalin dies. He believed that communism would take over the world, but he thought it could triumph peacefully. He favored a policy of peaceful coexistence in which two powers would compete economically and scientifically.
Lyndon Johnson
He became the president after JFK dies. He believed the government could and should do more to help the nation's problems. He created the Great Society. He was a democratic.
Dwight D. Eisenhower
He became the president after Truman. He was a Republican, and he was a hero of WW2.
Dwight Eisenhower
He became the president after Truman. He was a republican, and he was a hero of WW2.
Dr. Jonas Salk
He developed a vaccine for the crippling disease poliomyelitis- polio.
Benito Mussolini
He established a totalitarian regime in Italy. In 1921 he established the Fascist Party. He became the head of the government in Italy.
Charles Hamilton Houston
He was a brilliant Howard University law professor who also served as chief legal counsel for the NAACP from 1934 to 1938.
James Farmer
He was a civil rights leader who established the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE).
Ronald Regan
He was a conservative Hollywood actor who swept to victory in the race for governor of California over the Democratic incumbent. He would later become president.
Barry Goldwater
He was a conservative senator of Arizona. He was the Republican nominee for the 1964 election. He opposed Johnson. He said that he might use nuclear weapons on Cuba and North Vietnam. He lost to Johnson.
William Levitt
He was a developer used efficient, assembly-line methods to mass-produce houses. He bragged his company could build a house in 16 minutes, offered homes in small residential communities surrounding cities for less than $7,000. His first postwar development was rows of standardized homes built on treeless lots. They were located on New York's Long Island and named Levittown.
Francisco Franco
He was a general who led a group of Spanish army officers to rebel against the Spanish republic.
Omar Bradley
He was a general who on July 25th unleashed massive air and land bombardment against the enemy at St. Lo, providing a gap in the German line of defense through which General George Patton and his Third Army could advance.
General Douglas MacArthur
He was a general who was in command of Allied forces on the islands during the Japanese invasion in December 1941. When American and Filipino forces found themselves with their backs to the wall on Bataan, FDR ordered him to leave. He left and he pledged that he would return one day.
George Patton
He was a general who with the Third Army on August 23th reached the Seine River south of Paris. 2 days later the French capital was free from German occupation.
Gary Cooper
He was a movie star who said that he had turned down scripts because he thought they were tinged with Communistic ideas. When he was asked though he couldn't remember the title names.
Jack Ruby
He was a nightclub owner. He shot and killed Lee Harvey Oswald.
Eugene Connor
He was a police commissioner. His nickname was bull. His men arrested 959 of the child protesters in Birmingham, Alabama.
Fidel Castro
He was a revolutionary leader in Cube. He openly declared himself a communist and welcomed aid from the Soviet Union.
Sam Phillips
He was a rhythm-and-blues producer, who discovered Elvis Presley and produced his first records. In 1955, he sold Presley's contract to RCA for $35,000.
John Patrick McGrath
He was a soldier in Belgium during the battle of Bulge in 1945. He would never forget what he saw.
William Manchester
He was a soldier who joined the U.S. marines. He fought in the Pacific War and had to kill a man who was shooting at his friend.
James Peck
He was a white civil rights activist who joined other CORE members on a historic bus trip across the South.
Byron de la Beckwith
He was a white supremacist who shot Medgar Evers. He was arrested and soon released after two trials resulting in hung juries.
Richard Nixon
He was a young conservative Republic congressman who gained fame for pursuing the charges against Hiss. Within four years of the highly publicized case, he was elected vice president of the United States.
Richard Nixon
He was a young conservative Republican congressman who gained fame for pursuing the charges against Hiss. He was the vice-president for Eisenhower and later he became the president himself.
Ralph Nader
He was a young lawyer. He wrote the book Unsafe at any speed.
James Meredith
He was an Air Force veteran, who won a federal court case that allowed him to enroll in the all-white University of Mississippi. Governor Ross Barnett refused to let him register as a student. JFK ordered federal marshals to escort Meredith to the register's office.
General Dwight D. Eisenhower
He was an American general who commanded Operation Torch. He also commanded Operation Overload.
Ernie Pyle
He was an American war correspondent
Ted Nakashima
He was an architectural draftsman for Seattle. He thought the evacuation of Japanese Americans seemed utterly senseless.
Henry J. Kalser
He was an industrialist. He built seven massive new shipyards that turned out Liberty ships (cargo carriers), tankers, troop transports, and "baby" aircraft carriers at an astonishing rate.
Malcolm X
He was born as Malcolm Little and changed his name to get rid of his "slave name". He became an Islamic Minister and his controversial statements made dramatic new stories.
Benito Mussolini
He was forced to resign by the Italian government after the Italian campaign. He was stripped of his power, and he was arrested.
Edouard Daladier
He was he French premier
Tony Kahn
He was investigated by the congressional committee because he was a successful screenwriter and his dad was a communist. He was put on a blacklist
Joseph Polowsky
He was one of the American soldiers who meet the Soviet Union soldiers at Elbe Rivers in Germany near the end of WW2.
Rudolf Reder
He was one of the only two Jews to survive the camp at Belzec, Poland.
Stokely Carmichael
He was part of SNCC. He was arrested for setting up a tent on the grounds of an all-black high school. He used the phrase black power. He urged the SNCC to stop recruiting whites and to focus on developing African-American pride.
Dean Rusk
He was president of the Rockefeller Foundation, who was JFK's secretary of state.
John Kennedy (JFK)
He was the 35th president of the U.S. after Eisenhower. He was the Democratic nominee. He was a senator from Massachusetts. He was assassinated on November 22, 1963.
John F. Kennedy
He was the 35th president of the United States after Eisenhower. He was the Democratic nominee. He was a senator from Massachusetts.
General Erwin Rommel
He was the Afrika general who led the Afrika Korps in Operation Torch
George Marshall
He was the Army Chief Staff. He was a general He pushed for the Woman's Auxiliary Army Corps (WAAC).
Earl Warren
He was the Chief of Justice during the case Brown vs. Board of Education. He took an activist stance of the leading issues of the day.
John Connally
He was the Texas Governor
Hideki Tojo
He was the chief of staff of Japan's Kwantung Army. He also ordered the attack on Pearl Harbor.
Hideki Tojo
He was the chief of staff of Japan's Kwantung Army. He launched an invasion on China and planned the attack on Pearl Harbor. He later became the prime minister of Japan
Chester Nimitz
He was the commander of American naval forces in the Pacific. He moved to defend the island Midway from the Japanese.
Admiral Karl Doenitz
He was the commander of the German U-boat offensive
Robert Weaver
He was the first African-American cabinet member in American history, as Secretary of HUD.
Alan Shepard
He was the first American to travel to space. He traveled in the Freedom 7.
Neil Armstrong
He was the first man on the moon. He reached the moon on July 20, 1969.
Emperor Hirohito
He was the head of state under the constitution of the imperial expansion, militarization, and involvement in World War 2. He was not prosecuted for war crimes.
Reverend Fred Shuttlesworth
He was the head of the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights and secretary of the SCLC.
Adolf Hitler
He was the leader of the Nazi party. He dreamed of uniting all German-speaking people in a great German empire. He wanted a "master race" which consisted Germans who were blue eyed and had blonde hair.
Adolf Hitler
He was the leader of the Nazi party. He was a German dictator. He dreamed of uniting all German speaking people in a great German Empire. He wanted a "master race" which consisted of Germans who had blue eyes and blonde hair.
General Delos Emmons
He was the military governor of Hawaii. He resisted the order of interment of Japanese Americans by the War Department.
Joseph McCarthy
He was the most famous anti-Communist activist. He was a Senator, and a republican from Wisconsin.
Joseph McCarthy
He was the most famous anti-communist activist. He was a senator, and a republican from Wisconsin. He charged that communist were taking over the government.
Imre Nagy
He was the most popular and liberal Hungarian Communist leader. He formed a new government in Hungary that promised free elections, denounced the Warsaw Pact, and demanded that all Soviet troops leave Hungary. He was executed by Soviet leaders after the Hungarian uprising.
Martin Luther King Jr.
He was the pastor of Dexter Avenue Baptist Church. He has a Ph.D. in theology. He is a major character in the civil rights movement. He founded the SCLC.
Lyndon Baines Johnson
He was the president after JFK died and he was called LBJ.
A. Philip Randolph
He was the president and founder of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters and the nation's most respected African-American labor leaders. He organized a march on Washington to get African Americans the right to work and fight for our country.
Robert McNamara
He was the president of Ford Motor Company and he was JFK's secretary of defense.
Richard M. Nixon
He was the republican who ran against John F. Kennedy. He later on became president of the U.S.
John Foster Dulles
He was the secretary of state and he was staunchly anti-Communist. He thought the Cold War was a moral crusade against communism.
Sergeant Debs Myers
He was the sergeant of the US military. He helped train the new soldiers.
Elvis Presley
He was the unofficial "King of Rock 'n' roll. He first developed his musical style by singing in church and listening to gospel, country and blues music on the raid in Memphis, Tennessee. Some of his most popular songs include Heartbreak Hotel, Hound Dog, All Shook Up, Don't Be Cruel, and Burning Love.
Reverend Fred Shuttlesworth
Head of Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights, secretary of SCLC, arrested on Good Friday
Women's Political Council
Headed by Jo Gibson Robinson, African American women, increase political power, started Montgomery bus boycott
Elementary and Secondary Education Act
Help public and private schools purchase textbooks and library material
Edward G. Lansdale
Helped find special forces (green Berets)
Charles Swanson
Her husband was in the army during Christmas and she sent him a tape to bring him courage, faith, and hope
Germany Aug 1934
Hinderburg dies and Presidency seat is vacant but Hitler says "no one can fill his shoes" and so the presidency seat is dissolved making him the most powerful
Affirmative Action
Hire and enroll minorities
Joseph Stalin
His last name means "man of steel". He took control of Russia. He focused on creating a model communist state. He was responsible for the death of 8-13 million people.
Iron Curtain
Imaginable wall that seperated western europe from eastern europe; Iron curtain cut off multiple nations trapping them in soviet power
Malcom X
Influential Black Muslim leader of the Nation of Islam. He criticised MLK for his strategy of non-violence, but was eventually assassinated by another black muslim who disagreed with his views.
Malcolm X
Influential leader for the nation of Islam (black Muslims) 1951-1963. Suspended from grup of afro Amer. Assassinated in 1965 by a black Muslim; Committed to social and economic independence of blacks; Criticized non violent strategies; Influenced the formation of the Black Power movement
Alliance for Progress
Initiated by Kennedy in 1961 aimed to establish economic cooperation between the US and Latin America. Goal was to connect Americas (and US aid to LA tripled)
Lunch Counter Sit
Ins - SNCC members would sit in at lunch counters -> eventually segregationists started to torment and beat the activists-> activists were sent to jail but practiced the jail no bail policy
United Nations
International org created in 1945 to resolve conflicts between nations
Operation Torch
Invasion of Axis controlled places in North Africa (pull German troops away from Stalingrad, US soldiers landed in Casablanca Oran and Algiers, US won
HUAC
Investigated real and suspected communists from 1938-1975; Over 500 people in Hollywood were blacklisted; Resulted in ALger Hiss' conviction for perjury; *Hollywood 10 refused to answer questions citing the 1st amendment but were sentenced 6-12 months in jail*
Roosevelt
Invited Randolph and asked him to call off the march, agreed to make all employers and unions not discriminate
Pearl Harbor
Japan's surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii; In less than 2 hrs the japanese killed 2403 americans and wounded 1178; Next day, congress declared war on japan
Sep 1940
Japan, Germany, Italy sign the Triparte Pact
Axis Powers
Japan, Italy, Germany; Created through the Tripartite Pact
Korematsu v. US
Japanese evac was held up in court, "military necessity"
Bataan Death March
Japanese made many Americans/Filipino prisoners march under harsh conditions, killing many
Nisei
Japanese people born in this country of parents who emigrated from Japan.
battle of Okinawa
Japanese used kamikaze attacks (chose death over surrender), was the last island between Allies & Japan
Ship St. Louis
Jews from Germany tried to come to the United States. 740 of the liner's 943 passengers had U.S. immigration papers, the Coast Guard followed the ship to prevent anyone from Disembarking in America. The ship was forced to return to Germany.
battle of Iwo
Jima - Feb 1945, one of the deadliest battles in WW2
Texas Gov
John Connolly
Johnson's Presidency and Vietnam
Johnson believes to get out of this war we must first get into it
New Hampshire Primary
Johnson is running again for President but he wins with only 49% of the vote so Robert Kennedy begins to run against him for democratic nominee
Johnson's Reaction to Robert Kennedy running
Johnson says he is no longer running and that he will focus on the war
The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
Johnson takes this report to congress and asks to go to war-> they allow him to go
Robert McNamara
Johnson's Secretary of Defense; assisted Johnson in sending troops to Vietnam
Dean Rusk
Johnson's Secretary of State; assisted Johnson in sending troops to Vietnam
Great Society
Johnson's vision
Berlin Airlift
Joint effort by the US and Britain to fly food and suppliers into west berlin after the soviets blocked off all ground routes to the city; Helped more than 2 million people and made the soviets unblock the routes
McCarthyism
Joseph McCarthy needed a winning issue if he wanted to be reelected into the Senate. He took advantage of people's concerns about communism, and he made one unsupported accusation after another. These attacks on suspected Communists became known as this.
Walter Cronkite
Journalist, criticized the war
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Law banning segregation in public places and prohibiting employees, unions, and universities from discrimination on the basis of color, sex, religion, and origin; One of the most important acts that brought the nation together
Lend Lease Act
Law that allowed the us to loan weapons and other war supplies to britain, and later the soviet union to fight axis; Offered to loan 7 billion dollars worth of weapons
Civil Rights Act of 1968
Law that made it illegal to refuse to sell to someone based on their race, religion, or nat'l origin. This was ineffective and made little to no effect.
Voting Rights Act of 1965
Law that protected all citizen's right to vote; In 3 years, more than half of all back voters in the south had registered to vote
Great Society
Legislation introduced by LBJ to create gov't programs to end poverty/racism (basically an expansion on FDR's New Deal)
War Powers Act
Legislation that required the president to get congressional approval before committing the US troops to an armed struggle; Written to prevent undeclared war.
Imre Nagy
Liberal Hungarian Communists Leader, formed new government with free elections, Soviets attacked Hungarians, US and UN did nothing
Hull 440
Liberty ship, press came to see its fast assembly, produced by a Kaiser company
Blitzkrieg
Lightning war, used advanced tech to surprise enemies, German
Warren Commission
Many people wonder if Oswald was part of a conspiracy. In 1963, they investigated and concluded that Oswald has shot the president while acting on his own. This commission investigated this.
Ethel and Julius Rosenberg
Minor activists in American Communist Party; sentenced to death after alleged spying for the Soviet Union
Jackson State
Mississippi, national guard killed protesters
Pentagon Papers
Publications in the New York Times of secret US govt documents; Some members of congress threatened to cut off fund for VIetnam war which caused a distress for the Americans
General George Marshall
Pushed for Women's Auxiliary Army Corps (WAAC)
Pentagon Papers
Secret US docs regarding Vietnam war that divided public opinion on support of war after it was published in the NY Times when released by former official D. Ellsberg. Revealed that US was lying about Vietnam war.
John Foster Dulles
Secretary of State, anti communist, wanted to use nuclear weapons
Schutzstaffel
Security squadron
Ghettos
Segregated Jewish areas in Poland, Jews were forced to work
De jure segregation
Segregation by law
De jure
Segregation by law, easier to fix than de facto
De facto segregation
Segregation that exist by practice and custom.
Other Infl. Ppl
Selassie (emp of ethiopia) & de Gaulle (post-war pres of FR)
Jim Crow Laws
Separating races, banned interracial marriage, restrictions on social and religious contact
Vietcong
a Communist group in South Vietnam; later called the National Liberation Front
Heart Break Ridge
a battle in korean war over a small hill very bloody but ends in US victory
Manifest Destiny
a belief and policy that claimed the United States had a right to expand on the North American continent
Social Class
a broad group in society having common economic, cultural, or political status
Jobs investigated
Union leaders, librarians, reporters, scientists
Which nation became the second nuclear power when they detonated an atomic bomb in 1949?
Soviet Union (after US)
Alliance
Soviet Union and Japan
East Germany
Soviet Union created the German Democratic Republic. It also included East Berlin.
Joseph Stalin
Soviet Union dictator, made the five year plans
Open skies proposal
Soviet and US allow flights over territory to guard against nuclear attacks, rejected by Soviets
Warsaw Pact
Soviet military alliance with eastern countries
Yuri A. Gagarin
Soviet, first human is space
Sep 23, 1949
Soviets detonate their first bomb -> Truman allows the start of work Hydrogen Bomb
Sputnik
Soviets launch Satellite into space and get a huge leap in the Space Race
Warsaw Pact
Soviets made alliance of all Satellite states in reaction to NATO
Yalta Conference
Soviets promised they would allow free elections in the countries unded their control -> they didnt.
End of war bargaining
Soviets, British, American, and French would take reparations from their zones in Germany
Spanish Civil War
Spanish army officers revolted against the Spanish republic. Revolts broke out all over Spain. People from different countries came to help and fight because they thought that Spain was the place to stop fascism.
Warren Commission
Special group appointed by LBJ to investigate JFK's assassination; Oswald was the assassin who acted a lone; Controversy arose with significance
Great Society
Speech in Michigan, legislative would end poverty and racial injustice
Deficit Spending
Spending more than government has, used by JFK
Berlin Wall
Split Town in two. Instead of blocking roads to West Berlin, Khrushchev built a wall to stop the East Germans from fleeing to west Germany
Agent Orange
Sprayed by US, leaf killing toxic chemical
Hollywood ten
Ten "unfriendly" witnesses were called to testify but refused because they thought it was unconstitutional. They were sent to prison.
Hollywood Ten
Ten "unfriendly" witnesses were called to testify by the House Un-American Activities Committee by refused. They didn't cooperate because they believed that the hearings were unconstitutional. Because of this they were sent to prison.
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
They used spies to gather information aboard. They began to carry out convert, or secret, operations to weaken or overthrow governments unfriendly to the United States.
Company E of the 141st Regiment, 36th Division
They were an all-Chicano unit who had become one of the most decorated of WW2.
Ethel and Julius Rosenberg
They were minor activist in the American Communist Party. When they were asked if they were Communists, they denied that charges against them. They claimed that were being persecuted both for being Jewish and for holding radical beliefs. They were found guilty and sentenced to death. The case was taken to the Supreme Court, but the court refused to overturn the convection. They died in the electric chair in June 1953. They were the first U.S. civilians executed for espionage.
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
They were minor activist in the American communist party. When asked if they were communist, they denied the charges. They were then found guilty and were sentenced to death.
Elie Wiesel
They were one of the survivors, who entered Auschwitz in 1944 at the age of 14.
Voting rights act of 1965
This act eliminated the so-called literacy tests that had disqualified many voters. It also stated that federal examiners could enroll voters who had been denied suffrage by local officers.
Voting Rights act of 1965
This act eliminated the so-called literacy tests that had disqualified many voters. It also stated that federal examiners could enroll voters who had been denied suffrage by local officials.
Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act
This act lowered trade barriers by giving the president the power to make trade agreements with other nations and was aimed at reducing tariffs by as much as 50%.
McCarran Internal Security Act
This act made it unlawful to plan any action that might lead to the establishment of a totalitarian dictatorship in the United States. Truman vetoed the bill, but Congress enacted the law over Truman's veto. Congress passed this because they felt that Truman's Loyalty Review Board did not go far enough.
Civil Rights Act of 1875
This act outlawed segregation in public facilities by decreeing that "all persons... shall be entitled to the full and equal enjoyment of the accommodations... of inns, public conveyances on land or water, theaters, and other places of public amusement." In 1883, however, the all-white Supreme Court declared the act unconstitutional.
National defense education act
This act provided funding to the U.S. education institutions at all levels. It was passed to increase the technological sophistication and the power of the U.S. after the growing national sense that the U.S. scientists were falling behind to Soviet scientists in the space race.
Neutrality act 3
This act was passed in response to the fighting in Spain. This extended the ban on arms sales and loans to nations engaged in civil wars.
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
This agency used spies to gather information aboard. They also began to carry out covert, or secret, operations to weaken or overthrow governments unfriendly to the United States. The Eisenhower administration began to rely heavily on this after the nation's dependence on nuclear arms.
National war labor board
This agency was established by the executive order 9017 to mediate labor disputes during world war 2.
Warren Court
This banned prayer in public schools and declared state-required loyalty oaths unconstitutional. It limited the power of communities to censor books and films and said that free speech including the wearing of black armbands to school by antiwar students. The Court brought change in federal and states reapportionment and the criminal justice system.
Bloody Anzio
This battle was one of the hardest battles the Allies encountered in Europe. This lasted for four months- until the end of May 1944. 25,000 Allied and 30,000 Axis power casualties. Germany did not succeed in freeing Italy until 1945, when Germany itself was close to collapse.
Hydrogen bomb
This bomb has the force of 1 million tons on TNT (67 times the power of the bomb dropped on Hiroshima). The U.S. first exploded this type of bomb on November 1, 1952.
Loyalty review board
This came from an executive order issued by Truman in 1947. It's purpose was to investigate government employees and to dismiss those who were found to be disloyal to the U.S. government.
Brown vs. Board of Education
This case made a landmark decision in 1954. It ruled that segregation was unconstitutional.
100 Battalion
This consisted of 1,300 Hawaiian Nisei. Later on they were merged into the all-Nisei 442nd Regimental Combat Team. It became the most decorated unit in U.S. history.
A declaration of the united nations
This document was signed by the United Nations (the Alllies). It was signed by 26 nations.
Civil rights act of 1968
This ended discrimination in housing. This prohibited discrimination in the sale of rental of most housing, it strengthened antilynching laws, and made it a crime to harm civil rights workers.
Amendment 25
This establishes procedures both for filling a vacancy in the office of the vice-president as well as responding to Presidential disabilities.
Medicaid
This extended health insurance to welfare recipients.
Amendment 23
This extends the rights to vote in the presidential election to citizens in the District of Columbia.
Voting Rights Act of 1965
This gave gov't power to inspect voter registration procedures and protect all citizens' right to vote. Within 3 years, over 1/2 of all eligible AA's in the South had registered.
Plessy vs. Ferguson
This happened in 1896. This was a court case where the Supreme Court ruled that this "separate by equal" law did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment, which guarantees all Americans equal treatment under the law.
Potsdam conference
This happened in July 1945. The big 3 met for the final wartime conference at this city near Berlin. Truman realized that Stalin was not going to allow free elections in Poland. This is when Truman realized that the U.S. and Soviet arms were deeply at odds.
38th parallel
This is 38 degrees North latitude. This line divided Japanese troops. On one side the Japanese surrendered to the Soviets and on the other side they surrendered to the Americans.
McCarthyism
This is McCarty taking advantage of people's concern about communism. He made one supported accusation after another.
Fair deal
This is Truman's economic program. It is an extension of Roosevelt's New Deal. It included proposals for a nationwide system of compulsory health insurance and a crop-subsidy system to provide a steady income for farmers.
Brown vs. board of Education of Topeka
This is a case where the Supreme Court ruled that public schools must be racially integrated.
Berlin Wall
This is a concrete wall topped with barbed wire that severed the city in two.
Mutually assured destruction
This is a doctrine of military strategy and national security policy in which a full-scale use of nuclear weapons by two or more opposing sides would cause the complete annihilation of both the attacker and the defender.
Atlantic Charter
This is a joint declaration of war aims between Britain and the United States. FDR and Churchill both pledged the following: collective security, disarmament, self-determination, economic cooperation, and freedom of the seas.
Blitzkrieg
This is a lighting war. A blitzkrieg made use of advances in military technology- such as fast tanks and more powerful aircraft. This was used to take your enemy by surprise and then quickly crush all opposition with overwhelming force.
Strategic bombers
This is a medium to long range penetration bomber designed to drop large amounts of air-to-ground weaponry onto a distant target for the purposes of delilitating the enemy's capacity to wage war.
Ich bin ein Berliner
This is a quotation from a June 26, 1963, speech by John F. Kennedy in West Berlin. It says I am a Berliner. Kennedy aimed to underline the support of the United States for West Germany 22 months after the soviets erected the Berlin Wall to prevent mass emigration to the west. The speech was a clear statement of U.S. policy in the wake of the construction of the Berlin Wall.
Truman Doctrine
This is a statement by Truman that called for the U.S. to take a leadership role in the world. It declared the U.S. would support nations threated by communism.
Nation of Islam
This is an African American political and religious movement. Its stated goals are to improve the spiritual, mental, social and economic condition of African Americans in the U.S> and all of humanity. This was black Muslims.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
This is an independent agency of the executive branch of the U.S government responsible for the civilian space program as well as aeronautics and aerospace research. Eisenhower established this.
Consumerism
This is buying material goods.
Containment
This is taking measures to prevent any extension of communist rule to other countries. This policy began to guide the Truman administration's foreign policy.
North Korea
This is the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. Kim II Sung led this government which was based in Pyongyang.
Nazism (national socialism)
This is the German brand of fascism and it was based on extreme nationalism.
Nazism
This is the German brand of fascism, which was based on extreme nationalism.
GI bill of Rights
This is the Servicemen's Readjustment Act. This bill provided education and training for veterans, paid by the federal government. Because of tis 7.8 million veterans attended college, and this act provided federal loan guarantees to veterans buying homes or farms or starting new businesses.
Warsaw Pact
This is the Soviet Union's own military alliance. This linked the Soviet Union with seven Eastern European countries.
Third Reich
This is the Third German Empire. Hitler created this to replace Germany's democratic Welmar Republic, when he became chancellor. Hitler thought that this Empire would last for a thousand years.
November 1, 1952
This is the U.S. exploded the first H-bomb.
Freedom Summer
This is the campaign where CORE and SNCC workers in the South began registering as many African Americans as they could to vote. They hoped this would influence Congress to pass a voting rights act.
Kerner Commission
This is the commission that LBJ had appointed to study the causes of urban violence. They said that the one main cause was white racism.
The space race
This is the competition between the U.S. and the Soviets for international prestige. The Soviets released Sputnik on October 4, 1957. The U.S. did not release their own satellite until January 31, 1958.
December 8th
This is the day that FDR and Congress declare war on Japan.
November 22, 1963
This is the day that Lee Harvey Oswald in Dallas, Texas, shot and killed JFK.
September 3, 1949
This is the day that the Soviet Union had exploded an atomic bomb.
June 23, 1951
This is the day that the Soviet Union unexpectedly suggested a cease-fire. Truce talks began in July 1951.
Radar
This is the device that helped Britain plot the flight paths of German planes, even in darkness.
Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
This is the government agency that regulates and licenses television, telephone, telegraph, radio, and other communications industries. It allowed 500 new stations to broadcast.
Kamikaze
This is the new tactic that the Japanese tried out. It is a suicide-plane attack in which Japanese pilots crashed their bomb-laden planes into Allied ships. It also means divine wind, and refers to a legendary typhoon that saved Japan in 1281 by destroying a Mongol invasion.
Golden age
This is the period of rapid expansion of television entertainment- and entertainment in the 1950s often meant comedy.
Manhattan project
This is the project that created the atomic bomb. More than 600,000 Americans were involved in the project. although few knew the projects ultimate purpose.
G.I. bill of rights
This is the serviceman's readjustment act. Congress passed this to help ease the transition of returning serviceman to civil life. This bill provided education and training for veterans, paid for by the federal government.
Soul force
This is was King called his brand of non-violent resistance.
Kennedy's Kiddie Korps
This is was critics called the peace corps because many volunteers were just out of college.
Reverse discrimination
This is what people in the 1970s began to call affirmative action programs that set minority hiring or enrollment quotas and deprived whites of opportunities.
U.S. Eighth Army
This is what the UN and South Korea used led by Matthew B. Ridgeway to retake Seoul and move back to the 38th parallel. They used them as a spearhead.
September 2, 1945
This is when Japan ordered their formal surrendered. The surrender ceremony took place on the U.S. battleship Missouri in Tokyo Bay.
August 1953
This is when the Soviet Union exploded their H-bomb.
July 1953
This is when the two sides signed an armistice ending the war.
Paris Summit
This is where Eisenhower and Khrushchev met after the U-2 incident. Khrushchev demanded that Eisenhower apologize. Eisenhower refused and this made Khrushchev mad.
New Frontier
This is where JFK called Americans to go and explore the "uncharted areas of science and space,... unconquered pockets of ignorance and prejudice, unanswered questions of poverty and surplus." He called them to be "new pioneers"
The new frontier
This is where JFK called Americans to go and explore the "uncharted ares of science and space,... unconquered pockets of ignorance and prejudice, unanswered questions of poverty and surplus."
Vienna Summit
This is where Khrushchev threated to sign a treaty with East Germany that would enable that country to close all the access roads to West Berlin. He said I want peace, but if you want war, that is your problem.
Pyongyang
This is where North Korea was based
Seoul
This is where South Korea's government was headed
Geneva Summit
This is where in July 1955 the U.S. and the Soviet Union met. This was in a city in Switzerland.
Capital American system
This is where private citizens controlled almost all economic activity. In this type of government voting is done by the people tot elect a president and a congress from competing political parties.
Black market
This is where rationed items could be bought illegally without coupons at inflated prices.
Hiroshima
This is where the first atomic bomb was released in Japan. This was an important Japanese military center. Forty-three seconds later after the bomb was released, almost every building in the city collapsed into dust from the force of the blast. This city ceased to exist.
Soviet Union communism
This is where the state controlled all property and economic activity. In this type of government established a totalitarian government with no opposing parties
Urban renewal
This is where you tear down rundown neighborhoods and constructing low-income houses. They did this in hope that every American family had a decent home and a suitable living environment.
March on Washington
This march was organized by A. Philip Randolph and Bayard Rustin to help get the Civil Rights act of 1964 passed. On August 28,1963, 250,000 people converged the nation's capital.
Iwo Jima
This means Sulfur island in Japanese. This was an island that was ugly, and cold. It had 20,700 Japanese troops. More than 6,000 marines died taking this island than any other battle in the Pacific so far. Only 200 Japanese survived.
Blitzkrieg
This means lighting war. This was Germany's newest military strategy. The goal of it was to take the enemy by surprise and then quickly crush all opposition with overwhelming force.
Sitzkreg
This means sitting war
Anschluss
This means union
Executive order 9066
This military officials the power to limit the civil rights of Japanese Americans
rock 'n' roll
This music was traditional blues music with added electronic instruments, creating rhythm and blues. Alan Freed named this type of music. This name has come to mean music that's both black and white-music that is American.
Space race
This was a competition between the Soviet Union and the U.S. for supremacy in spaceflight capability. On April 12, 1961 , when Yuri Gagarin was the first human in space, Kennedy saw this as a challenge to beat the Soviets. The U.S. was the first to get someone on the moon. Because of this race a lot of new research and development about space occured.
Nuclear arms race
This was a competition for supporting in nuclear warfare between the U.S., the Soviet Union and their respective allies during the cold war.
Korematsu vs. United States
This was a court case that in 1944, the supreme court decided that the government's policy of evacuating Japanese Americans to camps was justified on the basis of "military necessity."
Miranda vs. Arizona
This was a court ruling my the Warren Court which ruled that all suspects must be read their rights before questioning.
Atlantic charter
This was a joint declaration of war arms.The US (FDR) and Great Britain (Churchill) pledged the following: collective security, disarmament, self-determination, economic cooperation, and freedom of the seas.
Blacklist
This was a list of people whom they condemned for having a Communist background. This was made after the hearings by the Un-American Activities Committee. 500 actors, writers, producers, and directors were put on this list and had their careers ruined because they could no longer work.
Warsaw pact
This was a military alliance formed by the Soviet Union and it's Eastern European satellites.
Battle of the Coral Sea
This was in May 1942. It involved the Americans and the Australians. They succeeded in stopping the Japanese drive toward Australia in the five-day battle. This was a war done by airplanes. For the first time since Pearl Harbor, a Japanese invasion had been stopped and turned back.
Nanking massacre (rape of Nanking)
This was mass murder and mass rape committed by Japanese troops against the residents of Najing, then the capital of the Republic of China during the 2nd Sino-Japanese war.
The great society
This was new major programs that addressed education, medicare, urban problems, rural poverty, and transportation were launched. This reduced poverty and racial injustice and to promote a better quality of life in the United States.
Little Rock Nine
This was nine African American students who lad volunteered to integrate Little Rock's Central High School as the first step in Blossom's plan. Governor Orval Faubus ordered the National Guard to turn them away, but A federal government to let the students into school.
Pearl harbor
This was on December 7, 1941. Japan bombers bombed here. It killed 2,403 Americans and wounded 1,178 people. They sunk or damaged 21 ships (8 were battleships)- nearly the whole U.S. Pacific fleet
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
This was organized by MLK Jr., civil rights leaders and ministers, in 1957. It purpose was "to carry on nonviolent crusades against the evils of second-class citizenship." The leaders hoped to build a movement from the grass-roots up and to win the support of ordinary African Americans of all ages. MLK Jr. was the president of this.
Loyalty Review Board
This was part of the Federal Loyalty Program. It's purpose was to investigate government employees and government. From 1947-1951, these boards investigated 3.2 million employees and dismissed 212 as security risks.
Snyder Act
This was passed in 1924. This granted citizenship to all Native Americans, but they remained second-class citizens.
National Housing Act
This was passed in 1949 to provide "a decent home and a suitable living environment for every American family." This act called for tearing down rundown neighborhoods and constructing low-income housing.
Civil Rights Act of 1957
This was passed on September 9, 1957. It was the first civil rights law since Reconstruction. This law gave the attorney general greater power over school desegregation. It also gave the federal government jurisdiction- or authority- over violations of African America voting rights.
Brinkmanship
This was policy proposed by John Foster Dulles to prevent the spread of communism. It stated that to prevent communism it would use all of it's force, including nuclear weapons, against any aggressor nation. Under this the U.S. trimmed it's army and navy, expanded it's air force, and its buildup of nuclear weapons. The Soviet Union followed suit.
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
This was pronounced Snick. It was established by Ella Baker and students at Shaw University. This hoped to harness the energy of these student protesters; it would soon create one of the most important student activities movements in the nation's history.
Executive order 8802
This was signed by FDR, to prohibit racial discrimination in the national defense industry.
Economic opportunity Act (EOA)
This was signed in 1964. This law was the main offensive of Johnson's "war on poverty" and a cornerstone of the Great Society. This approved nearly $1 billion dollars for youth programs, antipoverty measures, small business loans, and Job training. This created the Jobs Corps, VISTA, Project Head Start and the Community Action Program.
Munich Agreement
This was signed on September 30, 1938. This turned the Sudetenland over to Germany without a single shot being fired. Edouard Daladier and Neville Chamberlain signed this.
Nazi Party
This was the National Socialist German Workers' Party. Adolf Hitler was apart of this group and this party also had no ties to socialism. Hitler was the party's leader.
Warren Court
This was the Supreme court during the period when Earl Warren was chief justice, noted activism in the areas of civil rights and free speech. Several major court decisions were made in the 1960s here. Warren's first case was Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka where they ruled school segregation unconstitutional.
Remember Pearl Harbor
This was the battle cry the United States used as they set out to prove Japan wrong.
Fat Man
This was the code name for the second bomb dropped in Japan that was dropped in Nagasaki.
Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
This was the company that A. Philip Randolph was the president and founder of.
Brotherhood of sleeping car porters
This was the company that A. Philip Randolph was the president and founder of.
Internment
This was the confinement of Japanese Americans
Camelot
This was the mythical court of King Arthur. This was on Broadway and opened in 1960.
United Nations
This was the name that FRD suggested to express the common purpose of the Allies
Iron curtain
This was the phrase used by Winston Churchill in his speech an America to describe the division of Europe.
The Tuskegee Airmen
This was the pilots of the all-black 99th Pursuit Squadron. In Sicily, the squadron registered is first victory against an enemy aircraft and went on to more impressive strategic strikes against the German forces throughout Italy. They won two Distinguished Unit Citations for their outstanding aerial combat against the German Luftwaffe.
Flexible response
This was the policy for JFK's foreign policy. It said that they would broaden the range of options by strengthening and modernizing the military's ability to fight a nonnuclear war.
Air Force One
This was the president's aircraft.
The third reich
This was the third German Empire. Hitler replaced Germany's democratic Weimar Republic with this.
Atom for peace (nonproliferation)
This was the title of a speech given by Eisenhower to the UN General Assembly in NYC on December 8th. It was also a program which supplied equipment and info to schools, hospitals and research institutions.
Reapportionment
This was the way in which states redraw election districts based on the changing number of people in which states redraw election districts based on the changing number of people in them.
Manhattan Project
This was to code name for the U.S. program to develop an atomic bomb for use in World War 2. It was preformed at Columbia University in Manhattan.
Atomic bomb
This was used in Japan to end the war. This was developed and made during the Manhattan project. J. Robert Oppenheimer developed this. This was the best kept secret in the war.
LBJ treatment
This was what Johnson's legendary ability to persuade senators to support his bills.
Nisei
This word refers to American citizens whose parents had emigrated from Japan.
Nagasaki
Three days after Hiroshima this is where the second bomb was dropped in Japan. The bomb leveled half the city. By the end of the year, an estimated 200,000 people died as a result of injuries and radiation poisoning caused by the atomic blasts.
June 1964 (three men killed?)
Three men went missing and were found killed (Michael Schverner , Andrew Goodman, and James Chaney)
Attack on Cambodia
To clear out Vietcong supply centers, congress repealed Tonkin Resolution after this
Vietnam Draft
To get out of serving in Vietnam you could get deferments for being enrolled in college, married with a small child, or have medical issues (like braces)
Arsenal of Democracy
To prevent the Axis powers from taking over the world, the United States turned itself into the this to help defeat the Axis threat. This was also a slogan used by FDR in a radio broadcast delieved on Dec. 29, 1940.
Brown II
To speed desegregation in schools up, in 1955 the Supreme Court handed down a second ruling known as this, that ordered school desegregation implemented "with all deliberate speed."
Agent Orange
Toxic chemical sprayed by US planes in Vietnam that was blamed for major health complications of Vietnamese citizens (and US soldiers) from destroyed villages.
Job Corps
Trained young people from poor backgrounds
Truman Doctrine
Truman gave a statement explaining why the U.S. should send money to Turkey and Greece. Between 1947 and 1950, the United States sent 400 million dollars in aid to Turkey and Greece, greatly reducing the danger of communist takeover in those nations.
McCarran Internal Security Act
Unlawful to plan any action that could lead to totalitarian dictatorship in US, vetoed by Truman, still became law
Beat Movement
Young writers who criticized American life in 1950s through their writings and behavior; Beat author Jack K encourages people to reject traditional society and choose their own path.
The Khmer Rouge
a Cambodian communist who kills 2 million of his own people during Pol Pot
Woodstock
a concert that only expected 15,000 people got 200,000 -> then it rained and all the hippies were dirty and people overdosed -> bad image
fascism
a conservative political philosophy that calls for the glorification of nation above individual
fascism
a conservative political philosophy that calls for the glorification of the nation above the individual
Deflation
a fall in the general price level or a contraction of credit and available money
Walter Cronkite
a famous and trusted news anchor goes to Vietnam and when he comes back he says that the US cannot win this war
Francisco Franco
a fascist who started Spanish Civil War trying to take over Spain -> he asked Hitler for help and he sends soldiers and weapons
totalitarianism
a form of gov't in which individuals have few rights (gov't tried to control economic/social/intellectual/cultural aspects of ppls lives)
Totalitarianism
a form of government in which the gov't is supreme and individuals have few rights.Total control of the gov't rests in the hands of one or a few people; Were in power before and during the war; Tried to control economic, cultural, and social aspects of people's lives
totalitarianism
a form of government in which the gov. is supreme and individuals have few rights
Attamont
a free concert by The Rolling Stones -> they hired Hell's Angels bycicle gang as security and they ended up stabbing a man to death -> bad image
Precedent
a legal decision or form of proceeding serving as an authoritative rule or pattern in future similar or analogous cases
martin luther king jr
a major civil rights leader; reverend
who were ethel and josiah rosenberg?
a married couple found guilty for giving US info to the soviet union
what was the warsaw pact?
a military pact with the soviet union and european countries
European Union
a n organization that unites many European nations for political, social, and economic goals such as free trade and military cooperation
what was the united nations?
a peacekeeping group of 50 nations designed to avoid war
Isolationism
a policy in which a nation avoids entanglements in foreign wars
Foreign Policy
a policy pursued by a nation in its dealings with other nations, designed to achieve national objectives.
Stalemate
a political situation in which further action is blocked
Socialism
a political theory advocating state ownership of industry
what was the federal employee loyalty program?
a program to investigate government workers to ensure that they were not communist
Kent State University
a protest in reaction to the massacre -> 4 protestors are killed as the National guard shoot into the crowd and the ROTC building is burned down
Platform
a public statement of the principles, objectives, and policy of a political party
Economic Cycle
a recurrent fluctuation in the total business activity of a country
Capitalism
an economic system in which investment in and ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange of wealth is made and maintained chiefly by private individuals or corporations, esp. as contrasted to cooperatively or state-owned means of wealth.
communism
an economic system in which the gov. owns and operates the means of production and goal is equal distribution of wealth
communism
an economic system in which there is equal distribution (of everything)
What was the Fair Deal?
an extension of Roosevelt's New Deal, failed a lot but also raised min. wage, helped social security/flood control/irrigation
Reichstag
an office of Government in Germany (the party with the most members controls the party) -> Nazi party slowly rose to power
Interest group
an organization supporting a particular goal through attempts to influence the political process
Vietminh
an organization that wanted to win Vietnam's independence from foreign rule
Two
and-a-half war doctrine - This was part of flexible response which stated during peacetime the U.S. should have diverse enough forces to fight 2 large wars and one small war.
Search
and-destroy missions - military strategy during Vietnam war to drop into enemy lines . (Search, destroy, withdraw) Result of new technology (Helicopter) Very violent.
Search
and-destroy missions - uprooting Vietnamese civilians with suspected Vietcong ties
ngo dinh diem
anti communist president of south vietnam
Fannie Lou Hamer
arrested for trying to register to vote; voice at Democratic National Convention for the MFDP
alice walker
author of In Search of Our Mother's Gardens
tim o'brien
author who writes about vietnam experience
who was A. Phillip Randolph?
civil rights leader who proposed a segregation march for military equality, FDR compromised with enforcing equality in factories
why did the chinese civil war effect the united states?
civil war ends dynasties and leaves government vulnerable to new influence. two groups emerge, nationalist and communist, and the united states fights to help nationalists.
Joseph McCarthy
claimed the government was being taken over by Communists
Mandate
clear indication that voters approved of his plans
Zoot suit
clothes worn by mexican american youth
Manhattan project
code name for atomic bombs
Macarthur
commander of allies at phillipines
Dwight Eisenhower
commander of operation torch
Nimitz
commander of the us navy in the pacific
who did the soviet union support in china?
communists led by mao zedong
Hoovervilles
communities of hastily built shelters often constructed by people evicted during the Great Depression
Lyndon B Johnson
compared to a hawk; took over after JFK was killed
Guadalcanal
compared to hell
Yalta conference
compromises to end war, roosevelt stalin and churchill
Brown v Board
concluded segregated schools were unconstitutional
Berlin Wall
concrete wall that separated the capital city in Germany into two to stop the flow of refugees
fulbright
conducted interviews, "Living Room War"
Internment
confinement; move Japanese Americans to Hawaii
Cold War
conflict between US and SU; neither directly confronted the other in battle
Congress of Racial Equality
confronted urban segregation in North
CORE
congress of racial equality confronted segregation
steven gubar
conscientious objector drafted to be a medic
United Nations
consisted of 50 nations
who were the major allied powers in 1939?
consisted of GB & France (eventually US, China, & SU)
hard hats
constructions workers in support of the war
Popular Culture
contemporary lifestyle and items that are well known and generally accepted
what were satellite nations?
countries controlled by the soviet union
Satellite nations
countries dominated by Soviet Union
domino theory
countries on the brink of communism will fall
James Meredith
court allowed into Ole Miss, governor wouldn't let him in
James farmer
created CORE
Nation of Islam
created by Elijah Muhammad; also called the Black Muslims; called for blacks to separate from white society
Hot line
created immediate Communication between the United States and the Soviet Union
Economists Opportunity Act
created programs like Job Corps, Headstart , and VISTA
George Marshall
created women's auxiliary army corps
economic opportunity act
created youth programs, antipoverty programs, and job training; job corp; vista; project head start; community action program
Tripartite pact
creates axis powers
free speech movement (FSM)
criticised the "machine"
Free Speech Movement
criticized American "machine"- nation's faceless and powerful businesses
fidel castro
cuban leader who was at first trusted by the US, later became communist
Charles Manson
cult leader who wanted a face war so he organized murders him and his followers were sent to jail -> bad image
berlin wall
cut berlin in two to separate the communists from the free side
robert kennedy
decided not to run against LBJ, was killed
southern christian leadership conference (SCLC)
decided to carry on nonviolent crusades against second class citizenship
War Production Board
decided which companies would convert from peacetime to wartime production
Maginot line
defense on france's eastern border
clark clifford
defense secretary after mcnamara
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
defensive military alliance
Hitler
der fuhrer
Erwin Rommel
desert fox, commanded the afrika korp
Economic Opportunity Act
designed by LBJ to combat war on poverty
Fidel Castro
dictator of cuba
Nixons Re
election - Nixon pressures Kissinger to make an agreement and one week before the election Kissinger announced he made an agreement
Voting Rights Act of 1965
eliminated literacy test for voters
voting rights act of 1965
eliminated literacy tests
Benito Mussilini
first fascist dictator of Europe, was in charge of Italy -> did the black shirts march in Rome to take power
Yuri. A Gagarin
first human to space
Rationing
fixed allotments of goods deemed essential for military
Federal Employees Loyalty Security Program
investigated Government employees and fired those found not loyal
Warren Commission
investigated the assassination of JFK; concluded that Oswald had acted alone
Richard Nixon
is the elected Republican nominee
Henry Kissinger
is the lead negotiator for the Peace Talks for Vietnam
walk against fear
james meredith sets out to walk from tennessee to jackson, is shot and has to stop
JACL
japanese american citizens league; pushed government to compensate those sent to camps for lost property
Kamikaze
japanese suicide bomber
Oppenheimer
jewish scientist who led the manhattan project
JFK vs Nixon
jfk was a fresh face, while nixon was old and tired
Adolf Hitler
joined the Nationalist Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP) -> Nazi Party -> quickly became leader of the party
Berlin airlift
joint effort by US & GB where they delivered supplies to west berlin following SU's iron curtain
russell baker
journalist who said "image replaced printed word" after nixon vs. kennedy on live tv
new frontier
kennedy's vision of progress
James Earl Ray
killed MLK
Holocaust
killed over 6 million Jews
nashville
known for having the largest number and most well disciplined of demonstrators
Zhou En
lai - Communist China's foreign minister
Navajo Code Talkers
language through intercepting Japanese off, and was perfect advantage for Allies for communication
Hideki tojo
launched invasion of china
neutrality acts
laws passed that were designed to keep US out of war (FDR found loops to incorporate lend-lease act)
Mao Zedong
leader of Chinese Communism
Jacob Guzman
leader of Guatemala tried to nationalize bananas industry
Muhammad Mossadegh
leader of Iran -> tried to nationalize oil and replaced by Shah of Iran
Nikita Khrushchev
leader of Soviet Union after Stalin dies
Nguyen Van Thieu
leader of southern Vietnam at the end of Vietnam war
Ho Chi Minh
leader of the Indochinese Communist Party
Benito Mussolini
leader of the totalitarian regime in Italy
stokely carmichael
leads SNCC in march to finish for meredith
Francisco Franco
leads rebellion against spanish republic
agent orange
leaf killing chemical, poisonous to humans
Agent Orange
leaf-killing toxic chemical
Daniel Ellsberg
leaked the Pentagon Papers
The lend
lease act - This was passed in March 1941. This is where the president would lend or lease arms and other supplies to "any country whose defense was vital to the United States."
Lend
lease act - law that allowed US to send supplies to GB (and later SU) to fight against Axis powers
Lend
lease act - lending arms to others to defend the us
who gained help from the lend
lease act? - FDR ld send would send supplies to anyone against hitler (like SU/Br)
Lend
lease program - This is where the president would lend or lease arms and other supplies to "any country whose defense was vital to the United States" Threw this Roosevelt send supplies to Britain and the Soviet Union.
Stokely Carmichael
led Black power movement
General Omar Bradley
led attack at st lo
congress of racial equality (CORE)
led by james farmer
Irme Nagy
led the Hungarian rebellion -> UN was going to help but soviets voted no in security council so they could not
Charles Degaulle
led the anti-german french and had to flee to britain
George Patton
led troops through gap created at st lo
Mapp vs Ohio
legally seized evidence cannot be used in court
Henry Kaiser
liberty ships
Blitzkreig
lightning war
Blacklist
list of people condemned for Communist background
Hiroshima
little boy
why was the firing of macarthur controversial?
macarthur was a well known WW2 hero, so many citizens stood behind him
Mccarran Internal Security Act
made it unlawful to plan any action that might lead to establishment of totalitarian government in US
How Did we survive Pearl Harbor?
our aircraft carriers were not at Pearl Harbor at the time; Yamamoto thought we had little determination; Japanese did not attack "fuel farms"
Neutrality act
outlawed arms sales from US to nations at war
Neutrality Acts
outlawed arms sales or loans to nations at war
What did Kennedy ask Nixon to do?
participate in the first televised presidential debate
Martin Luther King Jr
pastor who was one of the biggest equal rights activists; gave many very famous speeches
teach ins
people coming to classes to learn about current events + protest war
Constituent
people represented by an elected official
Dwight Eisenhower
planned D-Day invasion, later US president
Atlantic Charter
pledge signed Roosevelt and Churchill not to acquire new territory as a result of WWII and work for peace after war
Atlantic Charter
pledge signed by FDR & Churchill to NOT ACQUIRE NEW TERRITORY following WW2 & to work for peace
Nativism
political movement characterized by anti-immigrant sentiment favoring the interests of native-born people over foreign-born people
Black Panthers
political party that fought police brutality in the ghetto; preached self-defense
black panthers
political party who fought police brutality
Medicaid
poor people health insurance
Cold War
power struggle between US na USSR that lasted from (1945-1991)
who was eisenhower?
president after truman
war powers act
president must give 48 hours warning before invading a country the us is not at war with
Assimilation
process by which minority group gradually adopts the culture of the majority group
job corps
program to help poor youth get jobs
Affirmative action
programs that gave preference to women and minorities in hiring and admissions
civil rights act
prohibited discrimination
Civil Rights Act of 1964
prohibited discrimination because of race, religion, etc. and gave all citizens right to enter all public accommodations
civil rights act of 1964
prohibited discrimination of any type
Freedom Summer
project to register African Americans to vote in hopes of influencing a voting rights act
Greater east Asia co
prosperity sphere - This was an imperialist propaganda concept created and promulgated for occupation during the first 1/3 of the Showa era by the government and military of the empire of Japan.
Elementary and Secondary Education Act
provided more than 1 billion dollars in federal aid to help public parochial schools purchase supplies
Southern Christian Leadership Conference
purpose was to carry out nonviolent crusades against the evils of second-class citizenship
Japanese American Citizens League
pushed government to compensate those sent to Hawaii
warren commission
put into effect to investigate kennedy's death
what was blacklisting?
putting someone on a list of people considered condemned for communist ideas
silent spring
rachel carson exposes pesticides
Office of Price Administration
raised taxes and froze prices to fight inflation
unsafe at any speed
ralph nader exposes the safety issues in the auto industry
Adlay Stevenson
ran against Eisenhower for presidency
Wendell Wilkie
ran against Roosevelt
eugene mccarthy
ran against johnson
Eugene McCarthy
ran as a Republican against RFK
Chiang Kai
shek - This was a nationalist Chinese government that between 1949, the American government sent the nationalist 3 billion dollars in aid.
Chiang Kai
shek - leader of Chinese national government
USS Maddox
ship that was shot down in tonkin gulf
lee harvey oswald
shot kennedy in dallas
jack ruby
shot lee harvey oswald
james earl ray
shot mlk
Stokely Carmichael
shouted Black Power
USS Arizona
sinks and kills 3000 people
black power
slogan for black ppl to "define their own goals"
Search and Destroy Missions
soldiers were sent to find VC and kill them
eve of destruction
song by barry mcguire
i feel like i'm fixin to die rag
song by country joe and the fish
which side of korea did the united states support?
south
army of the republic of vietnam (ARVN)
south vietnamese army (weak)
Cotton belt
southern region in US where most of the cotton is grown
khrushchev
soviet union secretary; defends cuba w soviet weapons
freedom 7
spaceship that alan shepard went into space on
affirmative action
special efforts to help the oppressed find jobs
fannie lou hamer
spoke at the democratic national convention
reapportionment
states redraw districts based on changing populations
Reapportionment
states redraw election districts based on population
flexible response
strengthened the united states' non-nuclear war resources so that nuclear wasn't the only option
Flexible response
strengthening the military for a non nuclear war
Nuremberg Laws
stripped Jews of citizenship, jobs, & property; required Jews to wear Star of David
Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)
student activist movement in US
kent state university
student protest against war ends in burning of the ROTC building and 4 shot and killed
kerner commission
studied causes of urban violence
Kamikaze
suicide plane
Zoot
suit - This was a style of dress adopted by Mexican-American youths as a symbol of their rebellion against tradition. It consisted of a long jacket and pleated pants. Broad-brimmed hats were often worn with the suits.
Zoot
suit riots - These began when 11 sailors in Los Angeles reported that they had been attacked by zoot-suit-wearing Mexican Americans. The riots lasted almost a week and resulted in the beating of hundreds of Mexican-American youth and other minorities.
what were the zoot
suit riots? - US sailors attacked mexican-americans in LA (1943)
Hawks
supported the government and war
Holocaust
systematic murder of jews
what was containment?
taking measures to prevent the spread of communism (headed by kennan)
geneva accords
temporarily divided vietnam at 17th parallel
Hollywood Ten
ten witnesses called to testify Communist propaganda in films, declined; sent to prison
what was the armistice?
the "end" of the korean war, which left korea divided into two governments and brought many losses to the united states (money and lives)
Genocide
the Final Solution
Who were the Hollywood Ten?
the Hollywood 10 were a group of men from hollywood who refused to be questioned by HUAC and were convicted of being communists and jailed.
Draft
the Selective Service System; required males to register for military when they turned 18
why did japan surrender in early sept. 1945?
the US randomly dropped 2 atomic bombs on Hiroshima & Nagasaki (cities in JPN)
Cash and Carry Act
the US will sell any country weapons that can pay for and transport them
appeasement
the act if giving into an aggressor to preserve peace
Infrastructure
the basic, underlying framework or features of a system or organization.
Conservation
the careful use of resources
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
the cities where atomic bombs were dropped
what was the cold war?
the conflict between the united states and the soviet union that was never fought on a battleground
Weimar Republic
the democratic government set up in germany after WW1
what was the 38th parallel?
the dividing line between north and south korea which separated the two governments
what was the iron curtain?
the division of europe, as well as a speech given in fulton, missouri
Supply side economics
the economic theory that tax cuts and business incentives will increase the supply of labor and goods and stimulate the economy
Oppression
the exercise of authority or power in a burdensome, cruel, or unjust manner
what was the space race?
the united states and the soviet union racing to get control of the space program (first to launch into space wins)
alliance for progress
the united states sends funds to Latin America (barely successful)
what was the eisenhower doctrine?
the united states will defend the middle east in attack from any communist threat
what did truman disagree with macarthur over?
the use of nuclear power on korea/china
Reapportionment
the way stated redraw election districts based on the changing number of people in them
what was the truman doctrine?
truman asks congress for money to aid greece and turkey in the fight against communism
Munich agreement
turned sudetenland over to germany
Battle of Midway
turning point in pacific war
Battle of Midway
turning point in war in the Pacific
my lai
unnecessary killing of hundreds in vietnam village
McCarthyism
unsupported accusations of Communism
search and destroy
uprooting civilians accused of ties to vietcong
william westmoreland
us commander in vietnam
Jeremiah Gordon
used morse code in a video by blinking his eyes to say he was tortured
letter from a birmingham jail
very famous letter written to white clergymen
tet offensive
viet launches surprise attack on south during tet
Student Non
violent Coordinating Committee - An organization formed in 1960 to coordinate sit-ins and other protests and to give young blacks a larger role in the civil rights movement.
Students for a Democratic Society
voiced need for changes and "participatory democracy" restoration
Peace Corps
volunteer assistance from US to Asia, Africa, and Latin America; also called "Kennedy's Kiddy Korps"
VISTA
volunteers in service to america; Americans help other Americans (local peace corp)
Freedom Summer
volunteers would go down and try to get African-Americans in the south to register to vote
States Rights/Dixiecrats
wanted to continue Jim Crow laws (Thurmond)
vietminh
wanted to win vietnam's independence from foreign rule
Roosevelt
wants to help Britain but knows US is against joining the war
Nuremberg Trials
war crime trials of high-ranking Nazi officials held by the international Military Tribunal in Nuremberg, Germany
doves
war opposers
hawks
war supporters
What happened to Axis leaders/supporters post
war? - Mussolini was executed following Italy's surrender, Hitler killed himself, Hideki Tojo was executed for war crimes
The Bay of Pigs
was Eisenhower's plan but went to Kennedy when he became president -> ended in failure
Tojo
was Japanese military representative in Berlin -> when japan went to war w/ china he lead arm and then was elected prime minister of Japan
Emmett Till
was a 14 year old boy killed for saying "Bye Baby" to a white women-> he was beaten and shot
Malcom X
was a followed of Elijah Muhammad and the black muslims -> after he traveled to mecca thou his viewpoint changed form aggressive to more calm
Thurgood Marshal
was a lawyer in NAACP
Ronald Reagan
was californians senator starting to oppose Lyndon and the great society
Germany after WW1
was divided into sectors -> Soviet union, US, Britain, and france got a piece
United Nations
was formed in April of 1945 and replaced league of nations
John McCain
was held as prisoner -> the VC were going let him go but he refused to leave if they wouldn't let all those captured before him go
Dr Anderson
was in charge in Albany, Georgia
Fulgencio Batista
was in charge of Cuba b4 Castro took over
Judge Irving Kaufman
was judge of Rosenburgs trial -> said they were responsible for all the deaths in the Korean war
Reinhard Heydrich
was put in charge of the organization of the final solution
US Destroyer Greer
was shot down Sep 4, 1941-> Roosevelt said that navy can shoot U-Boats
Earl Warren
was supreme chief justice
Orval Faubus
was the Gov of Arkansas and had Little Rock Highschool surrounded by National Guard to keep black students from entering
Concentration camp
Auschwitz, for example
james meredith
first black man to attend ole miss
Operation Torch
invading north africa
D day
invasion at normandy beach
Battle of Okinawa
Last obstacle, kamikazes were used, US won
"Subversive" Organizations
Suspicious of the members in an organization
Geneva
Switzerland, Eisenhower put forth "open skies" proposal
Marshall Plan
By George Marshall Secretary of State, US provide aid to struggling European nations
Hitler Brakes Rules of Treaty of Versailles
-began to militarize; sends German soldiers that currently French occupied Rhineland -> French give up with no fight; launches ANCHLUSS bloodless invasion of Austria -> allies resist some but Hitler says he is uniting all German prior; says Studetenland is surpressed by Czech gov -> Nevil Chamberland and Charles Daladier let him have the land if he promises not to take more; took all of Czechoslovakia; says Poland needs to be reunified with Germany to -> Britain and France say if Poland is attacked they will act
Ike's dynamic conservatism (moderate Republican views)
1. Conservative when it comes to money
Ike's foreign policy strategy led to growth in:
1. Maintaining the vitality of the U.S. economy while still building sufficient strength to prosecute the cold war.
Cuban Missile Crisis
13 days in 1962 where the US and SU were SECRETLY on brink of a nuclear war. Su sent missiles to Cuba, but US had missiles stationed near SU so weapons were removed (by all parties. A hotline was set up between the US and SU.)
Cuban Missile Crisis
13 days in OCT, 1962 whee the US and soviets were on the brink of nuclear war. Soviets were sending missiles to cuba; JFK told Cuba to turn their ships around and they did; Castro grew annoyed; JFK's rating grew
cuban missile crisis
13 days of conflict between the US and Russia over missiles in Cuba aimed at the US
Potsdam Conference
1945, Postdam Germany, Stalin, Truman, Churchill divided Germany into 4 post WW2
Malcolm X
1952; renamed himself X to signify the loss of his African heritage; converted to Nation of Islam in jail in the 50s, became Black Muslims' most dynamic street orator and recruiter; his beliefs were the basis of a lot of the Black Power movement built on seperationist and nationalist impulses to achieve true independence and equality. He became an Islamic Minister
Fidel Castro
1959 President of Cuba who led revoution to overthrow Batista, the dictator. Nationalist who used guerilla warfare and was supported by peasants; US attempted to assassinate him a lot but failed; He turned to US for aid
Freedom Riders Movement
1961 - CORE tested the newly passed law that made Bus segregation illegal -> when they went to Alabama a bomb was set off and blew up buss but no one died -> Bull Connor tried to take them out of TE but they came back until President Kennedy had to be involved
Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
1963 nuclear weapons agreement which banned above ground nuclear tests; 36 other nations signed treaty
What year is the most popular for the hippie movement?
1967
My Lai Massacre
1968 a US platoon massacred 200 innocent Vietnamese in the village of My Lai; Shocking event gave America less confidence in mortality of the US involvement in the war; Lieutenant Calley was convicted
War Powers Act
1973 legislation that required the president to get congressional approval before committing US troops to an armed struggle.
Saigon
1975
Ho Chi Minh Trail
A network of paths/tunnels that led from NV to SV
Affirmative action
A policy designed to redress past discrimination against women and minority groups through measures to improve their economic and educational opportunities.
Affirmative Action
A policy that seeks to correct the effects of past discrimination by favoring the groups that were previously disadvantaged (minorities, women, disabled ppl) ((Made effort to hire minorities specifically)
Affirmative Action
A policy that seeks to correct the effects of past discrimination by favoring the groups that were previously disadvantaged such as minorities and women; Opened doors of education an businesses; Criticized by Republican admins.
Flexible response
A policy, developed during the Kennedy administration that involved preparing for a variety of military responses to international crises rather than focusing on the use of nuclear weapons.
Fascism
A political philosophy that advocates a strong, centralized nationalistic government headed by a powerful dictator.
Peace Corps
A program of volunteer assistance to the developing nations of Asia, Africa, and Latin America.
Crash shipbuilding program
A program started in 1943 which helped the U.S. produce more ships . By early 1943, Liberty ships were produced each month. Launching of Allied ships began to outnumber sinkings.
Black Panther Party
A revolutionary black nationalist/socialist organization from 1966-1982 that armed and trained its supporters in response to oppression and race-inspired attacks.
Democratic National Convention
A riot took place during this event that helped the republicans to win
Bracero program
A series of laws and diplomatic agreements when the U.S. signed the Mexican Fair labor Agreement with Mexico.
New Frontier
A set of domestic/foreign policy programs announced by JFK in his 1961 inaugural address, which pushed youth to become involved in reform movements and public service.
Black power
A slogan used by Stokely Carmichael in the 1960s that encouraged African American pride and political and social leadership.
Maginot Line
A system of fortifications built along France's eastern border that sat staring into Germany, waiting for something to happen.
'Iron Curtain'
A term coined by Winston Churchill during a speech. Describes the separation between eastern and western Europe.
Totalitarian
A type of government that tried to exert complete complete control over it's citizens. In this state, individuals have no rights, and the government suppresses all opposition.
1
A-0 - Don't have to carry a weapon, noncombat role
Thurgood Marshall
AA lawyer for NAACP (1938-1961) and 1st AA Supreme Court Justice (Won Brown v. Board of Education)
Martin Luther King Jr.
AA minister and major leader in Civil Rights Movement, (led huge marches, gave inspirational speeches) but was assassinated in 1968 in TN
Nation of Islam
AA political/religious movement founded by W. Muhammed in 1930, but was recognized as a "black supremacy" group by those who opposed it. (Similar to BLM today)
LBJ Treatment
Ability to persuade senate to pass bills
Immigration Act of 1965
Abolished the (40 yr old) Quota System based on Nat'l origins (allowed increase in immigration to US)
McCarthyism
Accusing people of disloyalty without evidence
Civil Rights Act of 1968
Act tha made it illegal to refuse to sell to someone based on their race, religion, etc. Signed by LBJ; Still in effect today
Marian Anderson
Af. Am. Opera singer, barred from singing at constitution hall, Kennedy helped her
Emmett Till
African American 14 year old, allegedly flirted with a white woman
Sit ins
African American Protestors sat at segregated lunch counters and refused to leave until served, created by congress of Racial Equality
Tuskegee Airmen
African American fighter squadron played key role in the campaign
Thurgood Marshall
African American lawyer for NAACP between 1938-1961 who won 29/32 cases in front of supreme court. First African American supreme court justices; Most stunning victory was Brown v Board of Education
Malcolm X
African American leader who urged followers to take control of their communities
March on Selma
After MLK heard of demonstrator Jimmy Lee Jackson being shot and killed, he responded by announcing a 50-mile protest march from Selma to Montgomery. On March 7, 1965 about 600 protesters set out for Montgomery.
Letter of Birmingham
After being Jailed in Birmingham MLK received a notice in the newspaper that he was moving to fast and MLK replied back
Montgomery bus boycott
After hearing about Rosa Parks being arrested Jo Ann Robinson and E.D. Nixon decided they needed to boycott the buses. African Americans filed a lawsuit and for 381 days refused to ride the buses in Montgomery.
General Delos Emmons
After his urging that army created the 100th Battalion which consisted of 1,300 Hawaiian
People's Republic of China
After more than 20 years of struggles, the Communist ruled all of mainland China. They established a new government, and the U.S. refused to accept it as China's true government.
The occupation of Japan
After the war American had control of Japan for 7 years. They were under the command of General Douglas MacArthur. He helped them write a new constitution, helped their economy, and helped them with a democratic government.
James Meredith
Air Force veteran, wanted to attend all white Ole Miss in Mississippi, governor Ross Barnett refused to let him register
Nguyen Cao Ky
Air Marshal, ignored US please to retire in favor of elected civilian government
James Meredith
Air force vet. that won a court case allowing him to attend a previously all-white college (U of Miss.) This was met with mass violence and protests.
James Meredith
Air force veteran who sought to enroll at the all white university of Mississippi; With the help of NAACP Meredith won court order that university to become desegregated in 1962.
George Wallace
Alabama governor, 3rd party candidate, ran on American Independent Party Ticket, pro school segregation, lost to Nixon, "White Backlash" candidate
Atlantic Charter
Allied goals for post war between FDR snd Churchill; Inspired many international agreements that shaped the world after the war
Manhattan Project
Allied scientist that had been working in a secret program that developed an atomic bomb; Extremely power, first test explosion was on July 1945 near New Mexico
why was the Battle of Midway?
Allies beat Japan despite being outnumbered due to having solved Japan's secret com. code, causing them to lose their advantage in the war
Berlin Airlift
Allies flew planes into Berlin to give supplies to the citizens -> was very successful and ended in the Soviets ending the blockade
Leyte Island
Allies met there
Battle of Leyte Gulf
Allies won, Japan tried Kamikaze (suicide planes); Kamikaze means "divine wind"
Berlin Crisis
Almost 3 million East Germans had fled into West Berlin because it was free from communist rule. This advertised the failure of East Germany's government and it weakened the economy. Kennedy refused Khrushchev's request to close the roads to west, so he built the Berlin Wall.
Charles Lindbergh
America First Committee spokes person said US should stay out of war (During this Lindbergh received a German medal but refused to get rid of it)
Berlin airlift
America and British officials started this to try to stop the blockade and to fly food, and supplies into West Berlin.
Berlin Airlift
America and Great Britain flew food and supplies to West Berlin
Countries that fought
America and Philippines and Austrialia
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
America and a group of western european countries formed to defend against growing military powers in soviet union; Soviet Union [warsaw pact] creted a group to counter NATO
House Un
American Activities Committee (HUAC) - This committee investigated Communist influence in the movie industry. They believed that Communists were sneaking propaganda into films. The committee pointed to the pro-Soviet films made during World War 2 when the Soviet Union had been a United States ally.
House Un
American Activities Committee - (HUAC) Investigated communism in movie industry
House Un
American Activities Committee - A congressional committee that investigated communist influence inside and outside the U.S. government in the years following WW2. This committee investigated communist influence in the movie industry.
House Un
American Activities Committee - HUAC - investigated real and suspected communists 91938-1975)
House Un
American Activities Committee - agency that investigated possible Communist influence
Ethel and Julius Rosenberg
American Communists Party, sentenced to death, 1st to be executed for espionage
Doolittle Raid
Attack on Tokyo, Lieutenant let air raids
Hiroshima & Nagasaki
August 6, 1945 and August 9, 1945 U.S forces dropped atomic bombs in these cities, Japan surrendered
Philippines
American and Filipino troops battle against Japanese for control. Invading Japanese troops on the Bataan Peninsula killed many Allied troops, US surrendered Bataan in the Philippines
Sino
American mutual defense treaty - This is a mutual defense treaty between the United States and the Republic of China, essentially prevented the People's Republic of China was taking over the island of Taiwan.
West Berlin
American, Britain and France had all combined their three zones of Germany.
Vietnam Syndrome
Americans considered risks when involving in other nations' affairs
Doves
Americans who opposed the Vietnam War
Silent majority
Americans who quietly supported the US war in Vietnam
Hawks
Americans who supported the Vietnam War
Bloody Anxio
Ams fight Germans in italy
War production Board (WPB)
An agency established during World War 2 to coordinate the production of military supplies by U.S. industries. This ensured that the armed forces and war industries received the resources they needed to win the war. They decided which companies would convert from peacetime to wartime production and allocated raw materials to key industries
War production board
An agency established during World War II to coordinate the production of military supplies by U.S. industries.
Communism
An economic and political system based on a single-party government ruled by a dictatorship.
UN
An international organization charted in 1945 to promote *world peace and resolve conflicts between nations*; UN chrter created 2 major bodies; Security Council an General Assembly.
United Nations
An international peacekeeping organization to which most nations in the world belong, founded in 1945 to promote world peace, security, and economic development.
Operation Torch
An invasion of Axis-controlled North Africa, commanded by American General Dwight D. Eisenhower. In November 1942, 107,000 Allied troops, landed in Casablanca, Oran, and Algiers in North Africa. From there they sped eastward, chasing the Afrika Korps led by General Erwin Rommel, the legendary Desert Fox. The Afrika Korps surrendered in May 1943.
Southern Christian Leadership Conference
An organization formed in 1957 by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., and other leaders to work for civil rights through nonviolent means.
Kerner Commision
Appointed by LBJ to study causes of urban violence, came up with one main cause: white racism, nation should create more jobs, construct new housing and end de facto segregation
Battle of Okinawa
April-June 1945, Japanese used 1,900 and Kamikaze attacks; 7,600 Americans died while 110,000 Japanese died, Allies won, last island that stood between Allies and Japan
Battle of Okinawa
April-June 1945. Japanese used 1900+ Kamikaze attacks. 7600 americans died while 110000 japanese died; Allies won; Battle showed that japan would rather die than surrender
Barry Goldwater
Arizona Republican, believed government had no power to correct social and economic problems, attacked social security and Tennessee Valley Authority, wanted to use nuclear weapons on Cuba and Vietnam
Haught
Ashbury, San Francisco - as the war protest movement turned into the hippie movement this was this most popular place
Truman Doctrine
Asked congress for $400 million to help aid Greece, Turkey, protect small nations.
Tet Offensive
Attack by North Vietnam and Vietcong troops SV during war
Tet Offensive
Attack by Northern Vietnamese veterans during Tet (The Vietnamese New Year); Attack came as a complete surprise; Showed North Vietnamese was still going strong
Bay of Pigs
Bahia de Cochinos
Cases in warren court
Baker v. Carr, Reynolds v. Sims, Mapp v. Ohio, Gideon v. Wainwright, Escobedo v. Illinois, Miranda v. Arizona
Civil Rights Act of 1968
Ban discrimination in housing
Warren Court Changes
Banned praying in public school; declared required loyalty oaths unconstitutional; limited societies censorship of books and films
Attorney General and Interstate Commerce Commision
Banned segregation in all interstate travel facilities
The 1964 election
Barry Goldwater was the Republican nominee and Johnson was the Democratic nominee. Johnson was for trying to have social and economic poverty and Goldwater wasn't. Johnson won in a landslide, winning 61% of the popular vote and 486 electoral votes.
Battle of Iwo Jima
Battle for the island on Feb 1945. Cost the lives of 6000 americans and 22000 japanese defenders; One of the deadliest battles against japan; Americans won
Battle of Midway
Battle in the pacific ocean for Midway island in June 1942; Turning point in pacific; Allies won because they cracked japans code
Lyndon Johnson
Became President after JFK was killed
Harry S Truman
Became president after FDR died in April 1945. Elected in 1948, democrat; Made the decision to use atomic bomb; Started us cold war policies; Sent troops to south korea in 1950 to help the UN repel North Korea
Harry S. Truman
Became president after FDR died; ordered bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Harry S. Truman
Became president after Roosevelt died
Joseph McCarthy
Began to campaign in 1950 to expose communists in the US govt; Army McCarthy hearings accused people in the military of being pro communist; His accusations caused peope to lose their jobs
Neutrality Acts
Beginning in 1935. Congress passed these series of acts as an effort to keep the United States out of future wars.
Free Speech Movement (FSM)
Berkeley (California), students vs. Administrators, by Mario Savio (Philosophy)
August 1961
Berlin Wall began construction
Cold War
Between Us and Soviet Union, never confronted on Battlefield
Hotline
Between White House and Kremlin, communicate easily
Berlin Wall
Built in 1961 by soviets; 2 ft high concrete wall topped w/ barbed wire. 103 mi long and divided Berlin into two; Freedom of Democratic West and lck of freedom to the East; Dramatic escapes=death; Wall demolished by citizens in 1989
Freedom Rides
Bus trips by Civil Rights workers through several Southern states to protest segregation. Those involved were met with mobs and either very little protection or police brutality.
Freedom Rides
Bus trips by civil rights workers through several sotherm states in which protestors challenge illegal bus segregation; Ended after interstate commerce banned segregated facilities.
Nation of Islam
Black muslims
Jesse Jackson, Vernon Jordan, and Andrew Young
Black, Ran for president, second he led voter registration, third he was a UN ambassador and Atlanta mayor
"Cruel Irony"
Blacks dying for US that treats them like 2nd class citizens
Lyndon Johnson
Blanco County, Texas, House of Representatives, "new dealer" for farmers, FDR helped him
Cuban missile crisis
Blockaded Cuba, made deal to remove US missiles in Turkey and to promise to never take over Cuba if Soviet Union removes their missiles in Cuba
Aryans
Blue eyed blond germans
H
Bomb - Hydrogen bomb, more destructive than atomic bomb, Soviets and America fighting to get done first, America Won
what was the H
Bomb? - the hydrogen bomb, which was more destructive than the atomic bomb
Christmas Bombings
Bombed Hanoi and Haiphong only pausing in Christmas Day
Yalu River
Border between China and North Korea
Montgomery Bus Boycott
Boycott lead by MLK until supreme court ruled bus segregation was illegal
Other Generals
Bradley, Patton, MacArthur, Nimitz
September 3rd, 1939
Britain and France Declare war but really do nothing
Heydrich's death
British forces tracked him down and killed him -> in response Hitler had the town of Ludice destroyed
A Philip Randolph
Brotherhood of sleeping car porters, organized labor march in DC
Black Market
But rationed item without coupon at inflated prices (illegal)
Voting Rights Act of 1965
By LBJ, eliminated literacy tests, federal government could enroll voters denied suffrage by local governments
The Other America
By Michael Harrington, shown light on poverty
Vietnamization
By Nixon and Henry Kissinger (National Security Advisor, German Immigrant), gradual withdraw of US troops from Vietnam, so South Vietnam would have larger combat rule
Domino Theory
By President Eisenhower, countries on brink of communism were row of dominos waiting to fall
Silent spring
By Rachel Carson, exposed effects of pesticides
Unsafe at any speed
By Ralph Nader, criticized car industry
Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)
By Tim Hayden and Al Haber, believed that corporations and large institutions took over America, called for restoration of "Participatory Democracy" and "Individual freedom"
Chamberlain VS Churchill
CB appeased hitler to avoid war while CH became hero for leading Allies to victory
James Farmer
CORE Director, announced SNCC were in Nashville to pick up where CORE freedom riders left off (drove riders to Montgomery)
Freedom Summer
CORE and SNCC registered African Americans to vote in Mississippi, non violent resistance but followed by a lot of violence from whites
War Department
Called for mass evacuation of Japanese from Hawaii
Freedom Summer
Campaign in Mississippi to register African AMericans to vote; Most were white northern college students; 3 freedom summer teens were murdered; Violence towards all volunteers
Japanese advances
Captured much of China, conquered empire dwarfting 3rd Reich
Defense in Atlantic
Cargo ships turned into convoys, increased ship production
Winston Churchill
Chamberlain's opponent, disagreed w munich agreement
Winston Churchill
Chamberlains rival and thought Munich was appeasement
Manhattan Project
Code name for OSRD program, research work extended across US
Nikita Khrushchev
Com party leader in USSR after Stalin passed a way (1953-1964)
William Calley Jr.
Commanded a US Platoon to slaughter innocent citizens in My Lai (Northern South Vietnam)
Douglas MacArthur
Commanded the Allied forces in the Philippines
Douglas MacArthur
Commander of Allied forces on Philippines during Pearl Harbor, controlled forces occupying Japan, ordered by Roosevelt to leave Philippines, pledged "I shall return," introduced Free Market, new constitution contain Women's suffrage and basic freedoms, brilliant Allied strategist of WWII
Admiral Chester Nimitz
Commander of American Naval Forces in Pacific, defended isla nd of Midway
Dwight D. Eisenhower
Commander of Operation torch
Vietcong
Communist guerilla forces relied on by National Liberation Front. Supported NV and began a civil war against Diem's gov't.
Vietcong
Communist guerilla forces relied on by National Liberation Front; Supported NV and began a civil war against Diem's gov't.
Vietcong
Communist guerrilla force that was fighting southern Vietnam government forces; Armed and supplied by the NLF to fight for Vietnam.
Ho Chi Minh
Communist leader North Vietnam (died 1969)
Ho Chi Minh
Communist leader of North Vietnam; First priority was to free vietnam from France, hen Japan, then US control; Organized Vietminh fight; Blamed landlords for North's poverty.
Mao Zedong
Communist leader of china after civil war
Joseph Stalin
Communist leader of the Soviet Union. Totalitarian dictator sided with the Allies against Germany
Nikita Khrushchev
Communist party leader after Stalin died; kept US on edge with changes and behavior; Built the Berlin Wall
North China
Communists
People's Republic of China
Communists
Mao Zedong
Communists leader, peasant support, improve food production
Democratic People's Republic of Korea
Communists, North Korea, Kim II Sung led government
Franchise
Company that offers similar products or services in many locations. This also refers o the right, sold as an individual, to do business using the parent company's name and the system that the parent company developed.
Korean War
Conflict between north and south korea. Started when *communist party north attacked south*. US&UN sided w south, China sided w North. Soviets supported North $$ and weapons; Increased fear of communist aggression; One of the most high alert military tense spot in the world
Neutrality acts
Congress passed a series of acts, starting in 1935 in an effort to keep the United States out of future wars.
Tonkin Gulf Resolution
Congressional measure that gave LBJ authority to wage war in Vietnam
Lyndon B. Johnson
Great Society; fought against the war on poverty and worked to improve health insurance and education
Special forces
Green Berets, Elite branch of Military
Camelot
Court of King Arthur, opened on broadway the year Kennedy was elected
Satellite Nations
Countries dominated by Russia (communism), Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Poland.
Satellite Countries
Countries that are under Soviet Control. (Eastern Europe)
Wolf Pack Attack
Group of German U-boats would wait to sink convoys in North Atlantic
American Machine
Criticized by FSM, powerful business and government institutions
Fall 1972
Cuban Missile Crisis
Bay of Pigs
Cuban exile attack on Cuba to take down Castro; failed miserably
Fidel Castro
Cuban leader who openly supported aid from the Soviet Union
Recession
Current Economy
Nixon
Current president, 1st pull out troops from Vietnam, there was still a war, bombed Laos and Cambodia
D
Day - 1st day of invasion of France, attempted to trap Germans (not very successful
D
Day - June 6, 1944 date allied invasion of france during WWII; Largest sea and land invasion in history
D
Day - June 6th, 1944. This was the first day of Operation Overload. This was the first day of the invasion. Shortly after midnight, three divisions parachuted down behind German lines. They were followed in the early morning hours by thousands upon thousands of seaborne soldiers- the largest land-sea-air operation in army history
D
Day - date of Allied invasion of France during WWII, Allies broke through German defenses/largest land of sea invasion
D
Day - invasion of Germany-controlled France; led by Eisenhower
what happened on D
Day? - 3m+ Allies attacked Normandy to liberate France (set up phantom attack but still VERY brutal, largest sea/land invasion in history)
U.S. destroyer Reuben James
Days after the attack on the Kearny this boat was sunk by a German U-boat which killed for than 100 sailors.
what happened on the day of pearl harbor?
Dec 7, 1941 Japan bombed Hawaii (US' largest naval base in the pacific)
Battle of the Bulge
Dec. 16, 1944 Hitler made an attempt to split the advancing Allied Armies by trying to recapture Antwerp. Germany surrendered
Clark Clifford
Defense secretary, supports LBJ Vietnam Policy, said war was not able to be won
Robert Kennedy
Democrat who ran for president; assassinated before the election could take place
What 4 political parties ran in 1948?
Democrat, Dixiecrat, State Rights, Republican
Eugene McCarthy
Democrat, Ran for president to end Vietnam War, Minnesota senator, his popularity caused Robert Kennedy to run
Weimar Republic
Democratic government to make the world "safe for democracy" and able to go to peace agreements
John Kennedy
Democratic nominee, active leadership, 2nd youngest president, Roman Catholic, accused of practicing brinksmanship
Hubert Humphrey
Democratic nominee; replaced RFK
LBJ
Democratic president from 1963-1969 and died in 1973; Involvement in Vietnam war hurt his popularity an cut into his Great Society funding; Passed civil rights law
JFK
Elected democratic president in 1960 at 43 year old; Had one of the closest elections (Kennedy v Nixon);Faced Cuban Missile Crisis, Civil Rights, Space Race; Assassinated in 1963
Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD)
FDR created this to bring scientists into the war effort. This spurred improvements in radar and sonar, new technologies for locating submarines underwater. They secretly developed the atomic bomb
General Erwin Rommel
Desert Fox, leader of afrika corps
Vietcong
Destroyed traditional front, used Jungle (Turned into Stalemate) and Hit and Runs
Flexible Response
Developed by Kennedy, strengthen military to broaden options, prevent nuclear war
Five Year Plan
Direct industrialization, economic activity placed under state management
Geneva Accords
Divided Vietnam along 17th parallel, communists controlled north, anti communists controlled south
Inchan
Due to MacArthur's orders where the UN and South korean forces invaded north korea-> was a huge success and now South was winning
Brinkmanship
Dulles proposed that the United States could prevent the spread of communism by promising to use all of its force, including nuclear weapons, against any aggressor nation. The willingness of the united States under President Eisenhower, to go to the edge of all-out war became known as this. Under this policy, the United States trimmed its army and navy and expand its air force and buildup of nuclear weapons.
Internment camps
During WWII about 110,000 Japanese Americans were forced into internment camps because of the attack on Pearl Harbor. Americans feared that they weren't loyal to America.
Baby boom
During the late 1940s and through the early 1960s, the birthrate (number of live births per 1000 people) in the U.S. soared. At the height of this, in 1957, one American infant was born every seven seconds- and total of 4,308,000 that year. The height of the this was 1955.
What were (at least) 3 key events of the civil rights movement and why?
Emmett Till's murder (Mississippi, Montgomery Bus Boycott, Little Rock Nine, Woolworth's sit-ins 1960, Freedom Rides through the south, James Meredith integrating Ole Miss, Children's March in Alabama, Freedom Summer, MLK assassination
Haile Selassie
Emperor of Ethiopia, 1930-1974. Forced to exile by Italy, but British helps get back
Hirochito
Emperor of Japan-> wanted to do away with communism, socialism, materialism and individual rights
V
E Day - This is Victory in Europe Day. This is May 8th, 1945. The war was finally over. General Eisenhower accepted the unconditional surrendered of the Third Reich
V
E Day - victory in europe war is over
Miranda v. Arizona (1966)
E. Miranda arrested in 1963 in AZ and then confessed to murder/rape. Miranda argued that his confession was coerced and police hadn't read him his rights. Created "Miranda Warning" so that police had to read ppl their rights.
Attacks on Pearl Harbor
Early morning December 7, 1941, a Japanese dive-bomber swooped low over Pearl Harbor. He was followed by more than 180 Japanese warplanes launched from 6 aircraft carriers. Japan destroyed or damaged 21 ships, including 8 battle ships.
German Democratic Republic
East German
Alliance for Progress
Economic and technical assistance to Latin American countries
Project Head Start
Education program for underprivileged preschoolers
Gamal Abdel Nasser
Egypt head of Government, improved relations with soviets and America
Convert action in Guatemala
Eisenhower believed that Guatemala's government had Communist sympathies because it had given more than 200,000 acres of American-owned land to peasants. In response, the CIA trained an army, which invaded Guatemala. The Guatemalan army refused to defend the president, and he resigned. The army's leader became dictator of the country.
Convert actions in Guatemala
Eisenhower believed that Guatemala's government had communist sympathies. In response the CIA trained an army which invaded Guatemala. The Guatemalan army refused to defend the president and he resigned.
Fidel Castro
Eisenhower cut off diplomatic relations with Cuba because of this revolutionary leader. He openly declared himself a communist and welcomed aid from the Soviet Union.
The Eisenhower Doctrine
Eisenhower issued this warning in January 1957. This said that the United States would defend the Middle East against an attack by any communist country. In March Congress approved the doctrine.
Eisenhower Doctrine
Eisenhower released this because of the Soviet Union's prestige in the Middle East. He issued this warning in January 1957. It said that the United States would defend the Middle East against an attack by any Communist country. In March congress officially approved the doctrine.
Fall 1952
Eisenhower runs and wins for presidency
Interstate Highway Act
Eisenhower signed this in 1956. This authorized the building on nationwide highway network-41,000 miles of expressway.
Summit in US
Eisenhower tried to over "open skies" policy but Khrushchev says no then he visited Iowa and Pennsylvania but Disney land said he couldn't go there
Brinkmanship
Eisenhower's policy of always being on the brink of war to fight against communism
Eisenhower Doctrine
Eisenhower's promise of US aid to any *Middle Eastern Nation* fighting communist aggression.
JFK
Elected (D) President in 1960 against Nixon in one of the closest elections in the 20th cent. He faced the Cuban Missile Crisis, the Civil Rights Movement, the Space Race, and Vietnam. Was assassinated in 1963.
Office of Price Administration (OPA)
FDR created this. It fought inflation by freezing prices on most goods.
Community Action Program
Encouraged poor to participate in public-works programs
Hamlet Program
Enforced by Diem, move villagers to protected areas
Benito Mussolini
Established Totalitarian in Italy, created fascist party
Rationing
Establishing fixed allotments of goods deemed essential for the military. Under this system, households received ration books with coupons to be used for buying such scarce goods as meat, shoes, sugar, coffee, and gasoline.
Election
Eugene McCarthy vs. Hubert Humphrey (LBJ VP)
Advisory Committee on Uranium
FDR created this in 1941 to study the discovery by Germans which was splitting uranium atoms, releasing an enormous amount of energy.
Zoot Suit Riots
For 10 days, mobs roamed the city assaulting Mexican Americans; Riots broke out in 7 cities; Mexican AMericans still stayed loyal to the US
Bataan Death March
Forced march of more than 70,000 Americans and and filipino prisoners during WWII up the bataan peninsula to internment camps; Many prisoners were either sick, wounded, or dead; Marched 65 miles
Internment
Forced relocation and imprisonment; Gov't moved most Japanese Americans to internment camps because of Pearl Harbor
Senator William Fulbright
Foreign relations committee, Said LBJ lacked candor, televised interviews for LBJ officials to defend his policies
Rome Berlin Axis
Formed alliance between Hitler and Mussolini
Warren Commission
Formed by LBJ to investigate JFK's assassination and concluded that Harvey Lee Oswald was guilty and acted alone.
Whittaker Chambers
Former communists spy accused Alger Hiss of spying for Soviet Union
Taiwan
Formosa to westerners, Chiang Mai and government fled here
Maginot Line
Fortifications built along France's border, not effective
Black Panthers
Founded by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale, to fight police brutality in ghetto, promoted self sufficiency, believed blacks shouldn't be drafted, sold copies of books by Mao Zedong (communist leader)
Suez Crisis
Great Britain and the United States agreed to help Egypt finance construction of a dam at Aswan on the Nile river. Abdel-Nassar tried to play the Soviets and the U.S. with each other, by improving relations with each other to get more aid. After learning that Nassar was making deals with the Soviets, Dulles with drew his offer of a loan. Angered, Nassar responded by nationalizing the Suez canal that was owned by France and Great Britain.
Korematsu vs United States
Fred Korematsu was convicted of defying the military order to leave his home. Korematsu appealed that conviction. Korematsu argued that executive order 9066 was unconstitutional because it was based on race. He lost the trial, and was forced to go an internment camp.
FSM
Free Speech Movement -> part of war protestors
Charles de Gaulle
French General led Free French Forces during WWII; became president of France
Daladier and Chamberlain
French Premier and British Prime Minister invited to Munich by Hitler
Indochina
French at war with Vietnam to gain control of vietnam
Laissez faire
French meaning "allow to do" - in business, it refers to a system where companies are allowed to conduct business without interference from the government
Peace Corps
Fulfilled campaign promise, volunteer assistance to the nations of Asia, Africa, Latin America (Kennedy's Kiddie Korps)
Servicemen's Readjustment Act
GI Bill of Rights, free education and training for veteran, federal loans guarantees to buy property
Suez War
Gamal Abdel-Nassan tried to deal w/ Soviets and US secretly to build canal in egypt -> so US pull their help out then Nassan tried to nationalize canal and Brian and France invade but UN told them to stop
Napalm
Gasoline based bomb, set fire to Jungle, dropped by US
Nuremberg trials
General MacArthur tried Nazis for death camps & Japanese soldiers for war crimes
Omar Bradley
General in the U.S Army. North Africa/Europe. D-Day
George Marshall
General that created the WAAC because of work force needs
William Westmoreland
General who kept requesting troops for Vietnam- government complied
Dwight D. Eisenhower
General who led D-Day; later became president
Francisco Franco
General who rebelled against Spanish republic with other Spanish army officers; caused Spanish Civil War
Omar Bradley
General who unleashed air and land bombardment to take control of Paris
Marshall plan
George Marshall came up with this. This is where the U.S. would provide aid to all European nations that needed it.
East Germany
German Democratic Republic
Battle of the Bulge
German army pounded middle of US defense
Nazism
German fascism
St. Louis
German ocean liner full of Jewish refugees was denied entrance into US
Schutzstaffel
German security squadron, rounded up jews and shot them on the spot
Battle of the Atlantic
German subs fired on Am. Ships on East Coast to cut off Britain's lifeline
Klaus Fuchs
German-born physicist gave Soviet Union info on atomic bomb
Dec 11, 1941
Germany + Italy declare war due to Triparte Act
Battle of Stalingrad
Germany moved into Stalingrad and took over 90% of the city by Sep. 1942
Battle of Stalingrad
Germany moved to stalingrad and took over 90% of the city in 1942; Turning point on eastern front
Surrender terms
Germany occupy part of France, Marshal Philippe Petain head of government in Vichy France
Battle of Britain
Germany set up an air and sea raid on Britain in Summer of 1940. Hitler called off after British Royal Air Force shot down
Battle of Britain
Germany set up an air and sea raid on Britain in the summer of 1940; Hitler called off invasion after 2 months because the british royal air force shot down 185 German planes.
The effects of the Treaty of Versailles
Germany was angry because they didn't think the treaty was fair. The peace settlement had not fulfilled President Wilson's hope if a world "safe for democracy". When governments in Europe tried to become a democracy they floundered and collapsed. Then dictators were able to seize power.
Battle of the Bulge
Germany's final attempt at a victory; failed
Joachim von Ribbentrop
Germany's foreign minister
Axis powers
Germany, Italy and Japan
Axis powers VS Allies
Germany, Italy, Japan VS US, GB, SU
Appeasement
Giving up principles to pacify an aggressor.
Vietminh
Goal was to win Vietnam Independence from foreign Tula, led by Ho Chi, declared Vietnam independent at city of Hanoi
Operation Rolling Thunder
Gradual aerial bombing in NV by US
Syngman Rhee
He headed South Korea's government
Neville Chamberlain
He is the British prime minister
Kim II Sung
He lead North Korea's government
Lieutenant Colonel James Doolittle
He led 16 bombers on April 18th on raiding Tokyo and other Japanese cities.
Matthew B. Ridgway
He led the U.S. Eighth army.
General Douglas MacArthur
He led the combined forces against North Korea. Truman fired him because he wanted to go against him and invade China which could have possibly started WW3.
Mao Zedong
He led the communists in China. Because of him much of Northern China was under communist control.
Vernon Jordan
He led voter-registration drives that enrolled about 2 million African Americans.
James Earl Ray
He murdered MLK.
Ray Kroc
He paid the McDonald brothers 2.7 million dollars for the franchise rights to their McDonalds drive-in.
Andrew Young
He served as the UN ambassador and Atlanta's mayor
Lee Harvey Oswald
He shot a killed JFK on November 22, 1963
Reverend Jess Jackson
He sought the democratic nomination for president in 1984 and 1988.
Joseph Stalin
He took control of Russia after V.I. Lenin died. He focused on creating a communist state. He became a dictator and formed a totalitarianism government. He was part of the big three.
Martian Luther King Jr.
He was 26 and the pastor of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church. He was elected to lead the boycott. In 1948, He had just earned a Ph.D. degree in theology from Boston University.
Harry S. Truman
He was FDR's vice president, and he became the nation's 33rd president after FDR dies of a stroke.
Harry S. Truman
He was FDR's vice president. He suddenly became the president after FDR died in 1945. He had to ability to make difficult decisions and to accept full responsibility for their consequences.
Robert Kennedy
He was JFK's brother who was his attorney general.
C. Douglas Dillon
He was JFK's secretary of treasury he was a veteran of nuclear diplomacy.
Winston Churchill
He was Neville Chamberlain's political rival in Great Britain. In his eyes, signing the Munich Agreement, Daladier and Chamberlain had adopted a shameful policy of appeasement.
Emmett Till
He was a 14-year-old African-American boy who had allegedly flirted with a white woman. Because of this in 1955 he was murdered.
Charles de Gaulle
He was a French general. After France fell he fled to England, where he set up a government-in-exhale. De Gaulle proclaimed defiantly, "France has lost a battle, but France has not lost the war."
Klaus Fuchs
He was a German-born physicist who in 1950 admitted to giving the Soviet Union information about America's atomic bomb. This information probably enabled Soviet scientist to develop their own atomic bomb years earlier then they would have otherwise.
Klaus Fuchs
He was a German-born physicist who in 1950 admitted to giving the Soviet Union information about American's atomic bomb. This information probably enabled Soviet Scientists to develop their own atomic bomb years earlier than they would have otherwise.
McGeorge Bundy
He was a Harvard University dean, who was JFK's national security adviser.
J. Robert Oppenheimer
He was a Jewish American scientist that helped in the Manhattan project, and help create the atomic bomb.
J. Robert Oppenheimer
He was a Jewish American scientist. He helped Create the atomic bomb in the Manhattan project.
Yuri A. Gagarin
He was a Soviet cosmonaut, who on April 12, 1961, became the first human in space.
Yuri Gagarin
He was a Soviet cosmonaut, who on April 12, 1961, became the first human in space. He was considered a hero to the Soviet Union.
Francis Gray Powers
He was a U-2 pilot. He flew the U-2 in it's last flight. this flight took place on May 1st. Four hours after he had entered Soviet airspace, a Soviet pilot shot down his plane, and he was forced to parachute into Soviet-controlled territory. He was sentenced to ten years in prison.
John Glenn
He was a United States Marine Corps aviator, engineer, astronaut, and a senator from Ohio. He was the first American to orbit the Earth, circling it three times. He was part of the Mercury 7.
Joe Rosenthal
Photographer captured second flag raised atop Mount Suribachi, more important image that Lowery's
who were the 3 fascist leaders in europe in the 1930s
Hitler (germany/Axis), Mussolini (italy/Axis), Franco (spain/Neutral)
Miracle of Dunkirk
Hitler Orders his arm to stand down and not attack soldiers (mistake) -> Churchill orders that anything that can float come and pick up soldiers ended up saving 300,000
Battle of the Bulge
Hitler attacked a major Allied port, Allies ended Hitler's ability to wage an offensive war
June 1940
Hitler invades France through Ardenne and defeat army the allies flee to DUNKIRK
September 1st, 1939
Hitler invades Poland using Blitzkreig warfare (planes -> tanks -> soldiers) -Germany Wins
Operation Barbarossa
Hitler invades Russia -> sends 3 million soldiers -> soviets practice scorched earth policy
Rhineland
Hitler sent troops there, German demilitarized region, League did nothing (against treaty)
The master race
Hitler thought that Aryans were a superior people and that their strength and purity must be preserved. To accomplish this, the Nazi condemned to slavery and death not only the Jews but other groups that they viewed as inferior or unworthy or as "enemies of the state."
Battle of the Atlantic
Hitler tried to cut off the 3,000-mile-long shipping lanes form North America to Britain. At first Hitler was winning the battle of the sea, but then Allies starting using convoys which were escorted by destroyer ships with sonar. The Allies won.
German Presidential Election
Hitler tries to run against Von Hinderburg but fails -> Hinderburg makes him chancellor (v.p)
May 1940
Hitler turned west and invades Netherlands, Denmark, Norway, Belgium
Battle of the Bulge
Hitler wanted to take back the Belgian Port of Antwerp. On December 16th tanks drove 60 miles into Allied territory creating a bulge in the lines that gave this desperate lasting ditch. The battle lasted a month. Germany had been pushed back and at the end they had lost so many troops, and war supplies that the only thing they could do was retreat.
Austria
Hitler's first target
Battle of Stalingrad
Hitler's goal was to capture Soviet oil fields in the Caucasus Mountains. He also wanted to wipe out Stalingrad, a major industrial center on the Volga River. He had captured 9/10 of Stalingrad until winter came, and the Soviet army closed around Stalingrad, trapping Germans in and around the city. The German commander surrendered on January 31, 1943. Two days later his troops surrendered.
Security squadrons
Hitler's special elite Nazi death squad. These people rounded up Jews- men, women, children, and babies- and shot them on the spot
Security squadrons
Hitler's special elite Nazi death squad. These people rounded up Jews- men, women, children, and babies- and shot them on the spot.
Medicare
Hospital insurance and low cost medical insurance for 65 and up
HUAC
House Un-American Activities Committee, investigated real and suspected communists (1938-1975)
HUAC
House Un-American Activities Committee-> brought people from movie industry to trial for communism
HUD
Housing and Urban Development
Charles Hamilton Houston
Howard University law professor, chief legal counsel for NAACP, focused on inequalities of segregated education
Black panthers
Huey Newton and Bobby Seal founded this political party to fight police brutality in the ghetto. The party advocated self-sufficiency for African American communities, as well as full employment and decent housing.
Black Panthers Leaders
Huey Newton and Bobby Seale
New Left
Huge changes in American Society, youth movement
Hungary Rebellion
Hungary tried to become democratic but Khrushchev brings in tanks and crushed rebellion quickly
The leader
Il Duce
Mussolini
Il Duce, anticommunist, leader of italy
New politics
Image replaced word as the natural language of politics after JFK won the debate against Nixon
Lou Lowery
Photographer documented men hoisting American flag atop Mount Suribachi
After North invaded south
Imprisoned them for "reeducation" or labor
Black Shirts
In 1922, the thousands of followers of Mussolini who marched on Rome where given this nickname because they had black uniforms
China vs. Japan
In 1931 Japan militarists launched a surprise attack and seized control of the Chinese province of Manchuria. Within several months, Japanese troops controlled the entire province.
Nuremberg Laws
In 1935, these laws stripped Jews of their German citizenship, jobs and property.
Thurgood Marshall
In 1938, Houston placed a team of his best law students under the direction of this man. Over the next 23 years, Him and his NAACP lawyers would win 29 out of the 32 cases argued before the Supreme Court.
Chelmno
In 1941 this is where the first of 6 death camps were opened in Poland.
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
In 1942, James Farmer founded this to confront urban segregation in the North. That same year they also staged their first sit-in at a segregated Chicago restaurant.
Morgan vs. Virginia
In 1946, the Supreme Court ruled unconstitutional those state laws mandating segregated seating on interstate buses.
South Korea
In 1948 the Republic of Korea was established in the zone that had been occupied by the United States. Its government was headed by Syngman Rhee, and was based in Seoul, Korea.
Crisis in Little Rock
In 1948, Arkansas had become the first Southern state to admit African Americans to state universities without being required by a court order. However, Governor Orval Faubus publicly for segregation. In September 1957, he ordered the National Guard to turn away the "Little Rock Nine".
Alger Hiss
In 1948, a former Communist spy named Whittaker Chambers accused this man of spying for the Soviet Union. A jury convicted him of perjury, for lying about passing the documents, and sent him to jail.
Alger Hiss and Whittaker Chambers
In 1948, a former communist spy Chambers accused Hiss of spying for the Soviet Union. To support his charges Chambers produced microfilm of government documents that he claimed had been typed on Hiss' typewriter.
Sweatt vs Painter
In 1950, the high court ruled in this case that state law schools must admit black applicants, even if separate black schools exist.
Alan Freed
In 1951, in Cleveland, Ohio he was a disc jockey, who was among the first to play rock 'n' roll.
Termination policy
In 1953, the federal government announced that it would give up responsibility for Native American tribes. This eliminated federal economic support, discontinued the reservation system, and distributed tribal lands among individual Native Americans.
The Suez Crisis
In 1955 Great Britain and the U.S. agreed to help Egypt finance construction of a dam at Aswan on the Nile River. Gama; Abdel-Nasser Egypt's head of government, tried to play the Soviets and the U.S. with each other to get more aid. Dulles withdrew his offer of a loan. Nasser was angry and he nationalized the Canal which effected Great Britain, France, and Israel. They sent troops to fight by the UN was quick to step in and end the fighting.
Miranda V Arizona 1966
In 1963 Ernest Miranda was arrested. He confessed to kidnapping and raping and was convicted. He appealed bc he said the confession was forced and police had not read him his rights under fifth amendment; One of Warren courts highly controversial decisions
Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
In 1963, testing nuclear weapons in space, underwater, or anywhere in the atmosphere was prohibited
Freedom Summer
In 1964 many Northern volunteers moved down to Mississippi to register AA's to vote. (3 men were kidnapped and murdered, along with police allowing violence)
Economic Opportunity Act (EOA)
In 1964, Congress enacted this act which approved nearly $1 billion dollars for youth programs, antipoverty measures, small business loans, and Job training. This created the Jobs Corps, VISTA, Project Head Start and the Community Action Program.
Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka
In this case, the father of an eight-year-old Linda Brown had charged the board of education of Topeka, Kansas, with violating Linda's rights by denying her admission to an all-white elementary school four blocks from her house. The nearest all-black elementary school was 21 blocks away. The Supreme Court unanimously struck down segregation in schooling as an unconstitutional violation of the Fourteenth Amendment's Equal Protection Clause.
Taxes
Inflation increased, LBJ asked for tax increase to help with cost of war, achieved this by reducing Great Society budget
The battle of Okinawa
In April 945, U.S. Marines invaded Okinawa. The Japanese unleashed more than 1,900 kamikaze attacks on the Allies during this campaign, sinking 30 ships, damaging more than 300 more, and killing 5,000 seaman. The fighting ended June 21, 1945. More than 7,600 Americans had died, and 110,000 Japanese died. 2 Japanese generals chose suicide over the shame of surrender
Yalta conference
In February 1945, FDR, Churchill, and Stalin met at the Black Sea resort in this city, in the Soviet Union. For eight days, they discussed the fate of Germany and the postwar world. Roosevelt convinced Churchill to agree to a temporary division of Germany into four zones, one for the Americans, the British, the Soviets, and the French. Stalin also agreed to join the war against Japan.
George F. Kennan
In February 1946, he was an American diplomat in Moscow who proposed a policy of containment
Manchuria
In Japan, controlled by militarists, League of Nations did nothing
Women's army corps
In July 1943, after thousands of women had enlisted, the U.S. Army draped the "auxiliary" statue, and granted WAC's full U.S. army benefits.
Women's Army Corps (WAC)
In July 1943, after thousands of women had enlisted, the U.S. Army dropped the "auxiliary" status, granting them full U.S. Army benefits. Woman worked as nurses, ambulance drivers, radio operators, electricians, and pilots
Geneva Summit
In July 1955, Eisenhower travel to Geneva, Switzerland, to meet with Soviet leaders. This is where Eisenhower put forth his "open skies" proposal. Although the Soviet Union rejected this proposal, the world hailed the "Spirit of Geneva" as a step toward peace.
Marshall Plan
In June 1947, Secretary of State George Marshall proposed that the U.S. provide aid to all European nations who needed it after the bitter winter of 1946-47. Over the next 4 years, 16 countries received 13 billion dollars in aid. By 1952, Western Europe was flourishing.
Berlin blockade
In June 1948, Stalin closed all highway and rail routes into West Berlin. He did this instead of going to war with France, the United States and Britain.
Bay of pigs invasion
In March 1960, President Eisenhower gave the CIA permission to secretly train Cuban exiles for an invasion of Cuba. The exiles hoped it would trigger a mass uprising that would overthrow Castro.
Taiwan (Republic of China)
In May 1949, Chiang and the new remnants of this demoralized government fled to this island which westerners called Formosa. This was the little part of China that was not communist.
Taiwan
In May 1949, Chiang and the remnants of this demoralized government fled to this island which Westerners called Formosa. This was the little part of China that were not communist
Leyte Island
In October 1944 18,000 Allied troops and 738 ships converged this Island in the Philippines. When General MacArthur returned to the Philippines he announced, "People of the Philippines: I have returned."
Battle of Stalingrad
In Soviet Union, Hitler wanted to capture oil fields in Caucasus Mts., wipe out City, Soviet soldiers surrounded German soldiers, Soviet Union won, lost a lot of soviets
Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka
In this case, the father of eight year old Linda Brown had charged the board of education of Topeka, Kansas with violating Linda's rights by denying her admission to an all-white elementary school four blocks from her house. The nearest all-black school was 21 blocks away.
Federal Employee Loyalty Program
Included Loyalty Review Board, dismiss disloyal employees
Pearl Harbor
Japan's surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii
Berlin airlift
In attempt to break the blockade American and British officials began to fly food and supplies into West Berlin. For 327 days, planes took off and landed every few minutes, around the clock. IN 277,000 flights, they brought in 2.3 million tons of supplies- everything from food, fuel, and medicine to Christmas presents. By May 1949, the Soviet Union realized it was beaten and lifted the blockade.
U.S. destroyer Kearny
In mid-October, a U-boat torpedoed this boat and 11 lives were lost
Planned Obsolescence
In order to encourage consumers to purchase more goods, manufacturers purposely designed products to become obsolete- that is, to wear out or become outdated- in a short period of time.
Gov George Wallace
In reply to the Birmingham and Bull Connor and he said he doesn't care what people see
Berlin Blockade
In response to US , Britain and France combining their sectors-> the Soviet Union blockaded the Allied part of Berlin
Blacklist
In response to the Hollywood ten, executives instituted this list of people whom they condemned for having a communist background.
White flight
In the 1950s, millions of middle-class white Americans left the cities for the suburbs, taking with them precious economic resources and isolating themselves from other races and classes. The urban crisis prompted by this had a direct impact on poor whites and nonwhites. The cities lost not only people and businesses, but also the property they owned and income taxes they had paid.
Affirmative action
In the 1960s the government began to promote this. This is an action or policy favoring those who tend to suffer from discrimination, especially in relation to employment or education; positive discrimination.
Reverse discrimination
In the late 1970s some people began to criticize affirmative action programs that set minority hiring or enrollment quotas and deprived whites of opportunities.
Gary Cooper
In the movie industry, trialed
De Facto Segregation
In the north, exists by practice and custom
Wolf pack attacks
Individual surface attacks by individual U-boats. Up to groups of 40 submarines patrolled areas in the North Atlantic where convoys could be expected.
Henry J. Kaiser
Industrialist, built shipyards, produced war supplies fast
Convert action in Iran
Iran's prime minister, Mohammed Mossadegh nationalized Iran's oil fields (they were previously greatly owned by Great Britain). To protest, the British stopped buying Iranian oil. As the Iranian economy faltered, the U.S. feared that Mossadegh might turn to the Soviets for help. In 1953, the CIA gave several million dollars to anti-Mossadegh supporters. The CIA wanted to pro-American Shah of Iran to return to power. Their plan worked and he returned to power, and he turned control of Iranian oil fields to Western companies.
Convert actions in Iran
Iran's prime minister, Mohammed Mossadegh nationalized Iran's oil fields. To protest this Britain stopped buying Iranian oil. Their economy faltered and the U.S. feared that Mossadegh would turn to the soviets for helping. The CIA gave several million dollars to anti-Mossadegh supporters.
Kissinger's Agreement
It allowed for the North Vietnamese to stay in southern Vietnam which the South Vietnam refuses to agree to so Nixon starts a bombing campaign on the North (huge!)
New Frontier
JFK broad vision of progress, exploration of science
Mandate
JFK lacked, clear indication voters approved of plans
New Frontier
JFK's broad vision of progress; talked of Americans being new pioneers and exploring new areas of space & science
Flexible response
JFK's policy of increasing the number of military forces/weapons, which gave the US more options than just nuclear threats and weakened comm. movement in other countries.
Alliance for Progress
JFK's program that gave economic aid to Latin America; Not successful; Wanted to change Latin America's resent of the US because they thought US had too much power over their region.
Peace Corps
JFK's program that sends American volunteers to assist developing nations with improvement projects; Still around today
University Of Mississippi
James Meredith won a federal court case which allowed him fond the first black student to attend the school but the gov refused to let him go so JFK had to get involved
Tet
January 30th, beginning of the Lunar New Year, weeklong truce between north and south
Dec 7, 1941
Japan attacks pearl harbor -> had modefined torpedos and smaller submarines
Japan and Us
Japan starts expanding to meet resource needs -> invades Manchuria and refuses to leave so US acts an embargo
Potsdam Conference
July 1945 meeting in potsdam Germany; leaders were truman, churchill, and stalin; Divided Germany into 4 zones of occupations; Stalin refused to allow free elections in poland, going against his promise in Yalta.
The Night of the Long Knives
June 30-July 2 1934; Hitler orders that people who oppose him or challenge him be put in Jail
John Doerr
Justice Department Official reported attack on Montgomery
Kennedy's Response to children march
Kennedy made a speech saying now he's going to suppose civil rights -> MLk and a group of people arrange a march on D.C. where he makes the "I have a dream speech"
Kennedy and Diem
Kennedy thinks Ngo Diem is the reason the south cannot win so he authorizes a coup and against Kennedy's wishes Diem is assassinated and soon after Kennedy is as well
Nov 22, 1963
Kennedy was assassinated
Robert Kennedy
Kennedy's Attorney General
Dead Rusk
Kennedy's Sec of State
Mcgeorge Bundy
Kennedy's advisor for national security
New Frontier
Kennedy's domestic policy -> created peace corps , end of prejudice , send someone to the moon
The Best and the Brightest
Kennedy's journalists and cabinet, McGeorge Bundy (nationals security), Robert McNamara (secretary of defense), Dean Rusk (secretary of state), Robert Kennedy (Attorney General)
Flexible Response
Kennedy's policy of increasing the number of military forces and conventional weapons; Wanted to give the US more military options; Included troops to lead secret operations to weaken foreign communist movements
Peace Corps
Kennedy's program that sent American volunteers to assist developing nations with improvement projects. Nicknamed "Kiddie Corps" due to youth involved.
Robert McNamara
Kennedy's sec of defense
Flexible Response
Kennedy's way of dealing with the soviet union during the cold war
Jimmy Lee Jackson
Killed, followed by MLK hike from Selma to Montgomery which gained federal protection
DMZ
Korea is still technically at war and the Demilitarized Zone is a two mile separation between north and south
Nov 9, 1938
Kristellnacht (Night of Broken Glass)
Robert McNamara
LBJ Secretary defense
Dean Rusk
LBJ Secretary of State, urged escalation, defeat of communism is important
Civil Rights Act of 1964
LBJ signed this law to ban segregation in public and prohibit employers from not hiring people based on discrimination of any kind.
hubert humphrey
LBJ's vp, ran against mccarthy
Civil Rights Act of 1957
LBJ, attorney general got more power to oversee school desegregation, government authority over violations to African American voting rights
Concentration camps
Labor camps. The camps held the "undesirables." Life in the camps was a cycle of hunger, humiliation and work that almost always ended in death.
Concentration camps
Labor camps. These were originally set up to imprison political opponents and protesters. They were used to warehouse the other "undesirables". Life in the camps was a cycle of hunger, humiliation, and work that almost always ended up in death.
Zhou En
Lai - Communists China Foreign Minister, joined North Korea in war
Collectives
Large government owned farms
Collectives
Large government-owned farms, each worked by hundreds of families.
Auschwitz
Largest death camp
Douglass MacArthur
Leader of UN forces in Korea until he tried to invade china against president trumans wishes and gets fired
Mao Zedong
Leader of com china from 1946-1976
Mao Zedong
Leader of the communist party (1946-1976) Also known as Chairman Mao; Millions of people died as a result of politicall purges; US feared china would join soviets and threaten the US
The Pentagon Papers
Leaked by Defense Department worker Daniel Ellsberg, meant for McNamara, revealed LBJ plan to enter the war before announcing it and to not end the war if the North persisted
Hitler Reaction to Lend
Lease Act - had German U-boats attack US merchant ships
Lend
Lease Act - law that allowed the U.S yo loan weapons and other war supplies to Britain and later Soviet Union to fight against Axis
Lend
Lease Act - lend arms to countries with defense vital to US; through this, sent weapons to Soviet Union
Lend
Lease Act - the US will supply materials to any nation who's defense is vital to the US (Britain)
Lend
Lease Plan - US would lend or lease war supplies to any defense vital to US, helped Britain and Soviet Union
Thurgood Marshall
Led Houston's best law students, won almost all cases in Supreme Court
Ngo Dinh Diem
Led South Vietnam under a western-style gov't as a committed anti-communist (US provided aid even though he had corrupt/brutal gov't)
Francisco Franco
Led Spanish army officers, rebel, became Spanish dictator
Lieutenant Colonel James Doolittle
Led air raid attack on tokyo
Operation overlord
Led by General Dwight Eisenhower, invasion of France, free western Europe
Indochinese Communist Party
Led by Ho Chi Minh ("He who enlightens," U.S. used to be allies with him) led revolts organized Vietnam Independence Movement from Soviets and China
Walk against fear
Led by James Meredith and continued by MLK (SCLC), Floyd Mckissick (CORE), Stokely Carmichael (SNCC)
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
Led by MLK, stage protests and demonstrations in south, Ella Baker was first director
Brown v. Board of Education
Led by Marshall, an all white school in Topeka, Kansas close to her house would not accept her, ruled school segregation unconstitutional (violate 14th)
8th army
Led by Matthew Ridgway, spearhead
Khmer Rouge
Led by Pol Pot was Cambodian, Communist, wanted Peasant Society
General Douglas MacArthur
Led combined UN forces, launched surprise attack behind enemy lines at Inchon, troops in Pusan moved North, trapping North Korea, fired by Truman from
Ngo Dinh Diem
Led south Vietnamese govt. Ardent nationalist and anti communist; Guaranteed US support; Predicted to lose 1956 elections so he refused to participate; Killed by own generals
George Patton
Led the Third Army to take control of Paris
38th Parallel
Line between North Korea and South Korea, north side surrendered to Soviets, south surrendered to US
38th Parallel
Line of altitude that divides north and south korea; The first time UN forces had fought in a major conflict; Ended Korean War
Little Rock Nine
Little Rock Central High school was to be integrated by 9 Black students-> there was a struggle but the kids ended up attending father Eisenhower was forced to take action and send the 101st airborne division
School desegregation crisis in Little Rock
Little rock elected two men on the school board who publicly backed desegregation and the school superintendent also supported desegregation. However, Governor Orval Faubus publicly showed support for segregation. In 1957, he ordered the National Guard to turn away the Little Rock Nine.
Lebensraum
Living space
The Longoria incident
Longoria was a Mexican-American World War II hero who had been killed in the Philippines. The only undertaker in his hometown in Texas refused to provide Longoria's family with funeral services. This outraged Mexican Americans, and they stepped up their efforts to stamp out discrimination.
Worst Riots
Los Angeles (due to unfair treatment), Baltimore Chicago Kansas City and D.C. (Due to MLK death)
Reciprocal Trade Association
Lower trade barriers by giving president power to make foreign agreements
Election of 1964
Lyndon Johnson vs Barry Goldwater
Compromise
MFDP would get 2 out of 68 seats and promised to ban discrimination at 1968 convention in return
Protests in Birmingham
MLK and Shuttlesworth held demonstrations here. They were arrested on April 12th (Good Friday). On May second more than a thousand African-American children marched here. They were beat and arrested. Continued protest, an economic boycott, and negative media coverage finally convinced the officials here to end segregation.
Open City
MLK speech in Chicago about blacks being treated brutally
1977
MLK was awarded presidential medal of freedoms
April 4, 1968
MLK was shot and killed by James Earl Ray
Nuclear Weapons
MacArthur wanted to use nuclear weapons against Chinese cities
Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP)
Made by SNCC, headed by Fannie Lou Hamer
Peace With Honor
Maintain US dignity with withdraw from Vietnam War, maintain clout in negotiations
Feb 1965
Malcom X was murdered by two members of the nation of Islam
Philip Caputo
Marine Lieutenant in Vietnam, later wrote books
Atlanta, Georgia
Martin Luther King was arrested here for a demonstration, Kennedy helped get him out of jail
Ben West
Mayor of Nashville -> said segregation was immoral
Greensboro, North Carolina sit in; Feb 1960
Mcain, McNeil, Ezell Blair, and Richmond staged a demonstration in which protestors sit down in a location and refuse to leave; Non Violent resistance; Targeted Wool WOrth Store; Inspired many other African americans
JFK's proposals
Medical care for elders, rebuild urban areas, aid education
Yippies
Member of the youth international party
Hollywood Ten
Men who did not cooperate because they believed it was unconstitutional, sent to prison
Anti
Mexican zoot-suit riots - These began when 11 sailors in Los Angeles reported that they had been attacked by zoot-suit-wearing Mexican Americans. The riots lasted almost a week and resulted in the beating of hundreds of Mexican-American youth and other minorities.
The Other America: Poverty in the United States
Michael Harrington published this in 1962, after living among the nation's poor across America. It was a shocking account that starkly illuminated the issue of poverty. He not only confirmed that widespread poverty existed but also exposed its brutal reality.
CIA first mission
Middle East, Iran's Prime Minister, Mohammed Mossadegh, placed private industries (owned by GB) under Iranian control, US gave money to anti Mossadegh supporters (Shah)
African Americans
Migrated south to north or midwest
SNCC and CORE
Militant, sold and became we will overrun instead of we will overcome
Old Left
Move Nation toward socialism and communism
Ethiopia
Mussolini took control, league did nothing
Tripartite Pact
Mutual defense treaty between Germany, Italy, Japan, goal was to keep US out of war
MAD
Mutually Assured Destruction
Mein Kampf
My struggle, written by Hitler, defined Nazism as German fascism, extreme nationalism
Medgar Evers
NAACP field secretary and WWII veteran, suspected murder by Byron de la Beckwith
thurgood marshall
NAACP lawyer who was also the first black supreme court justice
Fairleigh Dickinson University
NJ, students marched due to "general student discontent"
Columbia University
NYC, April, protested community policies, police arrived
Holocaust
Name now used to describe the systematic murder of jews by the nazis; Mass murder of jews were a direct result of a racist nazi ideology that considered aryans superior to others.
Gamal Abdel
Nasser - He was Egypt's head of government.
Suez Canal
Nasser nationalized it, refused ships going into Israel, GB, France, Israel sent troops
Kent State
Nat'l Guard killed unarmed protesters
Henry Kissinger
Nat'l security/later sec. of state for Nixon & began secret peace negotiations w NV
Henry Kissinger
National security advisor to Richard Nixon; Later became Secretary of State for Nixon; Began secret peace negotiations with north Vietnam; Deeply involved in shaping Nixon's foreign policy
Fascism
Nationalism put country interests before individuals, one strong leader with small group
Chiangmai Kai Shek
Nationalist leader of china -> failed during civil war and fled to Taiwan which the US recognize as the official china
Yamamoto
Naval Leader in Japan, designed Pearl Harbor Invasion
Chester Nimitz
Naval commander during Battle of Midway
Erwin Rommel
Nazi General; commanded troops in Africa. Know as "Desert Fox"
National socialist German workers party
Nazi party
Wannsee
Near Berlin, Hitler's top officials met and decided to start killing Jews with cyanide gas
Potsdam Conflict
Near Berlin, last wartime conference, big three
McCarthyism
Negative catchphrase for extreme reckless charges of disloyalty
Henry Kissinger
Negotiated with Le Duc Tho, he dropped insistence for North to evacuate soldiers from south before US withdrew their soldiers, finally "Peace is at hand," rejected by Thieu Regime (South Vietnam)
J. Robert Oppenheimer
Physicist that directed the Manhattan Project to develop nuclear weapons
Ho Chi Minh Trail
Network of paths, small roads, and tunnels that led from North Vietnam through Laos and Cambodia to South Vietnam; the mjor supply route pf vietcong; LBJ believed destroying pathways would cut off supplies and cause them to lose
Dwight D. Eisenhower
New President, Republican
Kristallnacht
Night of broken glass, November, Nazis attacked Jewish homes, businesses, synagogues, blamed it on the Jews
Cuban Missile Crisis
Nikita Khrushchev promised to defend Cuba with Soviet arms. During the summer of 1962, the flow to Cuba of Soviet weapons increased greatly. On October 14, photos taken by American planes revealed Soviet missiles based in Cuba- and some of them contained missiles ready to launch. On October 22, Kennedy informed an anxious nation of the existence of Soviet missiles sites in Cuba and of his planes to remove them.
Little Rock Nine
Nine African American students who volunteered to enroll in Central High; People protested and tried to block their way into school; Eisenhower sent troops to protect them; Ernest Green was the first to graduate
Vietnamization
Nixon says he will gradually take troops out of Vietnam and have South Vietnamese take over
Election of 1960
Nixon vs. Kennedy; Kennedy wins
The Election Results
Nixon wins 301 electoral votes; Humphrey gets 191; and George Wallace gets 46
Good Neighbor Policy
No intervention in Latin America
Totalitarian
No rights, suppressed opposition, Russia became
NATO Alliance
North Atlantic Treaty Organization, pledged support
Which gov't did the Soviet Union/ china support in Korean war
North Korea
June 25, 1950
North Korea Invades South Korea
Korean War
North Korean surprise attack; MacArthur wanted nuclear bombs to fight this, got declined and fired
March 1975
North Vietnam attacks South Vietnam and take over government the south asks for help but Gerald Ford (the now President of US) says no
Tet Offensive
North Vietnamese attack on US and South Vietnam during their New Year
Agreement
North troops could be in south but Nixon would respond with full force to violations of the peace treaty, Saigon eventually fell to North
Phong Harbor
North's largest harbor, Chinese and soviets brought supplies here, was bombed by US ordered by Nixon
France after invasion
Northern Part is controlled by Germany while the south is controlled by German-allied french
The democratic people's republic of Korea
Northern korea led by Kim IL Sung
Dien Bien Phu
Northwestern Vietnam, taken over, French surrendered
Tim O'Brien
Novelist, sent to Vietnam
Kristallnacht
November 9-10, 1938. This was known as the "Night of Broken Glass." Nazi storm troopers attacked Jewish homes, businesses, and synagogues across Germany and Austria.
Kristallnacht
November 9-10th. Nazi storm troopers attacked Jewish homes businesses, and synagogues across Germany and Austria.
Fight against Inflation
Office of Price Administration (OPA) froze prices on goods (successful), raised income tax to leave people with less money
Kent State University
Ohio, protesters burned ROTC building, mayor called in National Guard who fired into the crowd of protesters
Guadalcanal
On August 1942 this is where 19,000 troops stormed into the Solomon Islands. When the Japanese abandoned this Island 6 months later, they called it the Island of Death. This was Japan's first defeat on land.
A date which will live in infamy
On December 8, 1941 Roosevelt gave the Infamy Speech that talked about Pearl Harbor and declaring war against Japan. This saying comes from the first line of the speech where FDR describes the previous day (Dec. 7th) as this.
Korean War
On June 25, 1950, North Korean forces swept across the 38th parallel in a surprise attack on South Korea. 16 nations in the UN sent 520,000 troops to aid South Korea. The war ended in a cease-fire.
Germany takes Austria
On March 12,1938 Hitler and German troops marched into Austria unopposed. A day later Austria had become a part of Germany.
Sputnik
On October 4th the Soviet Union launched this in the space race. It was the world's first artificial satellite. It traveled around the earth at 18,000 miles per hour, and it circled the globe every 96 minutes. It launch was a triumph of Soviet technology.
Gypsies
One of the groups that the Nazis turned against in Germany. Nazis believed that these people were an "inferior race."
Freemasons
One of the groups that the Nazis turned against in Germany. The Nazis charged them as supporters of the "Jewish conspiracy" to rule the world.
Jehovah's Witnesses
One of the groups that the Nazis turned against in Germany. These people refused to join the army or salute Hitler.
Immigration Act of 1965
Opened door for non Europeans, ended quotas based on nationality
Gerald Coffee
Plane shot down in North Vietnam, kept as a prisoner of war
Pusan Pocket
Pocket where south koreans are pinned in begging of Korean War
Final Solution
Policy of Genocide (murder of entire population)
Containment
Proposed by George F. Kennan (US diplomat in Moscow) prevent any extension of communist rule to other countries
Eugene "Bull" Connor
Public Commissioner
Doves
Opposed war
Conscientious Objector (CO)
Opposed war because of religious beliefs
Brown II
Ordered school desegregation implemented "with all deliberate speed"
Black Panthers
Organization of militant African Americans founded in 1966; Formed by Huey Newton an Bobby Seale; Protected people in Urban neighborhoods from police abuse; Created anti poverty programs; People liked their style
Montgomery Improvement Association
Organized Boycott and lead by MLK
James Farmer
Organized Freedom Riders Movement; Albany, Georgia
March through Washington
Organized by A. Philip Randolph and Bayard Rustin, walk from monument to Lincoln Memorial
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
Organized by Ella Baker, at North Carolina Shaw University, students challenged system, staged a sit in
March on Washington
Organized by SDS, LBJ changed deferments of college students, must be good academically to be granted deferment
Concentration Camps
Originally for political opponents (labor camps)
Neutrality Acts
Outlawed arms sales and loans to nations in war
Crematoriums
Ovens where the dead were burned.
President Directive
Passed by Roosevelt, prohibited discrimination in federal Agencies and war companies
United Nations
Peacekeeping body, America and Soviet Union used it to spread their influence
Freedom riders
People of the civil rights activists who rode buses through the South in the early 1960s to challenge segregation.
Blacklist
People thought to have communists backgrounds
Marriage
People wanted to marry before soldiers were shipped overseas
Gilded Age
Period of rapid wealth accumulation by entrepreneurs from approximately the 1870's-1890's
Inner cities
Poverty grew rapidly in these decaying places. In here lived some of the nations poorest people. The poor had trouble keeping a job because they got sick more and longer than any other group.
Cold War
Power struggle between the US and the soviet union that lasted from 1945-1991; US vs Soviet Union
MLK death
Predicted murder in Memphis, killed by James Earl Ray
Which president issued an executive order that desegregated the armed forces?
President Harry Truman in 1948
John F. Kennedy
President during the Bay of Pigs invasion and the Cuban Missile Crisis
War Powers Act
President must inform congress when sending forces in a hostile area without a declaration of war
Fidel Castro
President of Cuba (49 yrs) after leading a revolution to overthrow the capitalist dictator, which angered the US. He survived many attempted assassinations from the US and turned to Comm. Soviet Union for an alliance. (Nationalist in beginning)
Air Force One
Presidential aircraft landed in Dallas
Winston Churchill
Prime minister of Great Britain after Chamberlain, hero to Allies
Hideki Tojo
Prime minister of Japan in WWII, sided with Germany to expand Japanese control in Pacific Ocean, was executed
POWS
Prisoners of War -> most popular camp was Hanoi Hilton -> prisoners were tortured and made to admit that they were wrong
Atomic Bomb
Product of Manhattan Project, led by Leslie Groves, research directed by Robert Oppenheimer, tested in Alamogordo, New Mexico, President Truman agreed, opposed by Eisenhower
Great Society
Program introduced by LBJ for reform and aid for underprivileged AMericans; Expanded Roosevelt's New Deal and improved health care education
26th Amendment
Prohibited US/Fed gov't from using age as a reason to deny a citizen the right to vote (18 was min. limit)
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Prohibited discrimination because of race
Second Civil Rights Act
Prohibited discrimination, granted government new powers to enforce the law
The effects of the march
Randolph agreed to call off the march because FDR issued an executive order calling on employers and labor unions "to provide for the full and equitable participation of all workers in defense industries, without discrimination because of race, creed, color, or national origin."
Robert McNamara
Registered to be head of World Bank
Hitler Manipulates
Reichstag catches on fire and Hitler instantly blames the communists -> he goes to Hinderburg and persuades him to declare a state of emergency which takes away Germans basic rights (arrest w/o trial, Habeac Corpus) -> then Hitler pushed the enabling act which will allow him to pass any law he wants without Reichstag approval -> a few days before act is put to vote Hitler arrests 2/3 of the reichstag -> he is now dictator
Richard Nixon
Rep. president elected in 1968 and 1972 but resigned in 1974 to avoid impeachment over watergate scandal. But also withdrew US troops from Vietnam.
Seymour Hersh
Reported the My Lai Massacre in new york times
Richard Nixon
Republican elected president in 1968-1972; Withdrew US from Vietnam; Reduced tension with China during Cold War; Negotiated SALT I
Dwight D Eisenhower
Republican president elected in 1952 and reelected in 1956; "Moderate republican"; Took a "middle of the road" approach economy which made it better
President Richard Nixon
Republican, expert on foreign policy, JFK Rival
Nixon
Republican, had greatest political comeback, restore law and order, lost race for California governor, end war in Vietnam
General Delos Emmons
Resisted mass evac, would have destroyed economy
Fidel Castro
Revolutionary Cuban leader, communist, ally with Russia, succeeded Fulgencio Batista
Molotov
Ribben-Trapp Pact - Hitler and Stalin agree to split Poland and not to attack each other
Molotov
Ribbentrop nonaggression pact - This was an agreement between the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany. The treaty renounced warfare between the two counties. It also included a secret protocol dividing several eastern Europe counties between the parties. Hitler later broke this pact.
California Primary
Robert Kennedy wins and is almost guaranteed Democrst Nominee but as he leaves he is shot and killed
Telstar
Satellite, relayed live TV from Maine to Europe
Brown v. Board of Education
Schools were ordered to desegregate (slow-going progress) as violation of the 14th amendment in 1954
Security squadron
Schutzstaffel
Robert McNamara
Sec of Defense who advises Johnson about war
Dean Rusk
Sec of State who advices Johnson about war
Lyndon B Johnson (LBJ)
Swore into Presidency after Kennedy's assassination in 1963. He ran again in 1964, won, and formed Medicaid/Medicare in Great Society
Atlantis Charter
Roosevelt + Churchill meet to discuss plans after war; will support self-determination (choose their own gov); build upon peace based freedom from fear or want; build a system to garuntee international security (United Nations)
The Yalta Conference
Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin (Big Three) met in Soviet Union to celebrate defeat of Germany and to discuss what to do with Germany. Stalin - country devastated by German forces, favored harsh approach, wanted to keep Germany divided into 4 occupation zones (areas controlled by Allied military force, one each for US, British, Soviets, French). Roosevelt - acted as mediator when Churchill disagreed, prepared to make concessions to Stalin so that Soviet Union stood by commitments to join war against Japan in Pacific, prepared to make concessions to Stalin for Stalin's support for new world peacekeeping organization (United Nations)
Yalta Conference
Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin met in Yalta, Soviet Union to discuss Germany's fate and post war world, U.N was created
Yalta Conference
Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin met in Yalta, Soviet union to discuss germany's fate and the post world war (Jan 1945); Stalin agreed to join the war in japan; The united nations was created
Montgomery Bus Boycott
Rosa parks (seamstress from Alabama, NAACP Officer) refused to give up seat, Jo Ann Robinson and E. D. Nixon (NAACP Leader) suggested bus boycott
Hungary
Ruled by Soviets, wanted democratic
Brown v. Board of Education
Ruled school segregation unconstitutional
Morgan v. Virginia
Ruled segregated bus seating unconstitutional
Plessy v. Ferguson
Ruled that Louisiana Law (requiring railroads to make separate but equal accommodation) didn't violate 14th amendment
Adolf Hitler
Ruler of Third Reich; Nazism
Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)
Run by Robert Weaver (Af. Am.) Giving money to build low rent public housing and help families pay for private housing
Nikita Khrushchev
Russian Leader, pro communists, peaceful
Sputnik
Russian, first Artificial satellite
Korean War
SK & NK gov'ts both claimed control of Korea, resulting in violence. still very high stress environment
Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP)
SNCC organized this new political party because they needed a voice in the political arena if sweeping change was going to occur. Fannie Lou Hamer was their voice.
nonaggression pact
SU (communist) & Germany (fascist) signed this to forge peace between them
Zoot Suit Riots
Sailors accused Mexican Americans of attacking them in Los Angeles, white mobs beat mex. Am. Senseless
Fair Deal
Series of reform programs proposed by Harry S truman; intended to provide full employment and higher min wage, and a national insurance plan*
GI Bill
Service Men Readjustment Act which offered WWII veterans education benefits loans for houses, farmland, etc
GI Bill
Service men Read Justment Act which offered WWII veterans educational benefits and loans for houses farms and businesses; Nearly 9 million veterans took advantage of its educational benefits
New Frontier
Set of domestic and foreign policy proposal announced by president JFK in his 1961 inaugural address; JFK's call inspired many young people to become involved in reform movements .
Shirley Chisholm
She became the first African American women in the US House of Representatives.
Rosie the riveter
She is a cultural icon of the Untied States. She represented the American women who worked in factories and shipyards during World War 2, many of whom produced munitions and war supplies. She became the subject and title of a song and Hollywood movie during WW2.
Gerda Weissmann
She was a Jewish, who lived in Poland When she was 15 years old she got put into a labor camp. She was the only one out of all of her family and friends who survived the Nazis' campaign.
Medgar Evers
She was a NAACP field secretary and World War II veteran. She was murdered.
Alice Walker
She was a prize-winning novelist, who traveled to Africa to discover her spiritual roots. After returning home in 1964, she worked on voter registration, taught African American history and writing, and wrote poetry and fiction.
Jo Ann Gibson Robinson
She was a professor at the all-black Alabama State College, and the president of the Women's Political Council.
Rosa Parks
She was a seamstress and a NAACP official. On December 1, 1955, she took a seat in the front row of the "colored" section of a Montgomery bus. As the bus filled up, the driver ordered her and three other African-American passengers to empty the row they were occupying so that a white man could sit down without having to sit next to any African Americans. She refused to get up, and because of this she was arrested.
Martha Gellhorn
She was a special correspondent for Collier's Weekly. She went to Spain to cover the civil war and ended up meeting and marrying Ernest Hemingway.
Maya Angelou
She was a teenager who was living in San Francisco when the United States got involved in World War 2.
Winona Espinosa
She was a wife and a mother who had become a riveter and bus driver during the war.
Annie Dillard
She was one of the kids who grew in the 1950s. During school they would have air-raid drills to practice incase of an atomic bomb.
Fannie Lou Hamer
She was the daughter of Mississippi sharecroppers, and she was the voice of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party. She gave a speech for them in the 1964 Democratic National Convention.
Ella Baker
She was the first director of the SCLC. She was the granddaughters of slaves. While with NAACP, she had served as a national field secretary, traveling over 16,000 miles throughout the South. From 1957- 1960, she used her contacts to set up branches of the SCLC in Southern Cities. She Helped Organize the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC).
Rachel Carson
She wrote the book Silent Spring
Chiang Kai
Shek - Nationalist government, supported by US, officials found it inefficient and corrupt
Nonaggression Pact
Signed by Stalin with Hitler and agreed to divide Poland between them
Nuremberg War Trials
Surviving Nazi leaders, trial for war crimes against humanity and peace, made individual responsibility law (Nazi could not escape punishment by claiming they were merely "following orders")
Black Power
Social and political movement in 1960 that called for greater African American economic and political power; Led to the creation of the Black Panthers
Black Power
Social/political movement that called for greater economic/political power for AA's. Some supporters branched off to form the Black Panther Party (who believed in arming themselves). BP was non-violent but the BPP was seen as violent.
Adolf Hitler
Soldier from WWI, became leader of Nazi Party, became chancellor
Guadalcanal
Solomon Islands, island of death, marked Japan's first defeat on land
Which gov't did the US support in Korean war
South Korea
Republic of Korea
South Korea, government lead by Syngman Rhee, Democratic based in Seoul
Ngo Dinh Diem
South Vietnam president (during Eisenhower presidency), canceled election because of Ho Chi Popularity, supported by U.S., corrupt, banned Buddhist Practices, assassinated
Nguyen Van Thieu
South Vietnam ruler
Ngo Dinh Diem
South Vietnam's president after the Geneva Accords
General William Westmoreland
South Vietnam, requested more troops, deceived US about enemy's size and strength, was not impressed by Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN)(South Vietnam Army), strategy was to wear down enemy by continuous harassment, supported by McNamara when he said Vietcong surrender was imminent
ARVN
South Vietnamese Army; Army of The Republic of Vietnam
Army of the Republic of Vietnam
South Vietnamese army which Westmoreland found unimpressive
SCLC
Southern Christian Leadership Conference -> Led MLK was about non-violent civil disobedience
The Republic of Korea
Southern Korea led by Syngmar Rhee
Vietcong
Southern rebels -they support communism
Armistice
Stalemate, communism contained but Korea still two nations
besides the 3 fascist leaders, who else was a totalitarian ruler in the 1930s?
Stalin (communist, first w Axis then Allies) & Tojo (JP prime minister, w Axis)
Three Powers at Yalta conference
Stalin , Truman , and Attlee
West Berlin blockade
Stalin cut off all highways and rail routes into West Berlin. As a result no food or fuel could reach that part of the city.
March 5 , 1953
Stalin dies and Koreans start to cooperate in negations
Yalta
Stalin promised free election in his captured territories but did not follow through
Nonaggression pact
Stalin signed this with Hitler. This was signed on August 23,1939, and it says that Germany and Russia would never attack each other.
Yalta Conference
Stalin, Churchill, Roosevelt discussed post-war world, FDR acted as a mediator as they decided to divide Germany into 4
War on Poverty
Started by JFK and continued by LBJ; economic opportunity act funded by programs from the Great Society; Decreased poverty rates
War on Poverty
Started by Kennedy but continued by LBJ. Economic opportunities that funded programs like medicare/medicaid.
Air raid drills
Started during Eisenhower's Presidency
Operation Rolling Thunder
Started war, by LBJ., bombed North Vietnam after killing Americans
Sweatt v. Painter
State law schools must admit blacks
Black Power
Stokely Carmichael came up with this phrase. Carmichael said it was a "call for black people to begin to define their own goals...and to lead their own organizations.
Battle of the Coral Sea
Stopped Japanese drive (for the first time since Pearl Harbor) toward Australia, fighting done by planes, not a single shot fired
Battle of Midway
Strategic island northwest of Hawaii, US won, turning point of Pacific war, US had broken the Japanese code, Americans gad "avenged Pearl Harbor"
Nuremberg Laws
Striped Jews of German citizenship, jobs, and property
Student Non Violent Coordinating Committe
Student organization formed in 1960 to coordinate civil rights demonstrations and provide training for protesters; Encouraged other African AMerican student leaders to organize
SDS
Students for democratic society -> military industrial complex -> thought companies were making money off the war and that's why it was continuing
Iwo Jima
Sulfur Island, Critical to US; Japanese-controlled island, critical to US as base from which bombers might reach Japan, most heavily defended spot, Allies captured Mount Suribachi (island's highest point)
The Ho Chi Minh Trail
Supplies the vietcong in the south as they fight south Vietnam gov (it passes through Laos and Cambodia)
Hawks
Supported war, called anti war acts "Disloyal," "support our men in Vietnam and "America- Love it or hate it"
Hawk
Supporter of one of the most divisive wars
Brown v Board of Education
Supreme court struck down segregation in schools as an unconstitutional violation of the 14th amendment; Schools desegregated but districts were segregated affecting 12000000 children in 21 states (not just in south)
Emperor Hirohito
Surrendered on US ship (Missouri) in Tokyo bay; Former Prime Minister Hideki Tojo was sentenced to death for atrocities against civilians or prisoners of war.
John Connally
Texas governor
The Bay of Pigs
The 1961 Bay of Pigs Invasion was an unsuccessful attempted invasion by armed Cuban exiles in southwest Cuba, planned and funded by the United States, in an attempt to overthrow the government of Fidel Castro. This action accelerated a rapid deterioration in Cuban-American relations, which was further worsened by the Cuban Missile Crisis the following year.
Italian campaign
The Allies captured Sicily in the summer in 1943. Because of this the Italian government forced dictator Benito Mussolini to resign.
Occupation of Japan
The Allies occupied Japan at the end of WWII. It was led by general Douglas MacArthur with support from the British commonwealth.
Nuremberg trials
The Allies put 24 surviving Nazi leaders on trial for crimes against humanity, crimes against the peace and war crimes. The trials were held in Southern Germany near this town. The defendants included Hitler's most trusted party officials, government ministers, military leaders, and powerful industrialists. 12 out of the 24 defendants were sentenced to death, and most of the remaining were sent to prison.
The big three
The big three met at the Yalta conference . The big three were Roosevelt (United States), Churchill (Britain), and Stalin (Soviet Union). They were against the Axis powers.
Luftwaffe
The German air force
Which countries joined NATO
US, GB, Cananda (10 others, belgium, denmark, france, iceland, italy, norway, portugal, luxembourg) promised to defend one another against attack
Brinkmanship
The Eisenhower administrations policy of being willing to go to the very brink of war to oppose communist expansion.
The Hungarian uprising
The Hungarian people rose in revolt against the Soviet Union, in 1956. They wanted a democratic government. Imre Nagy formed a new government. The soviets response was brutal. In November 1956, Soviet tanks rolled into Hungary and killed approximately 30,000 Hungarians. The Soviets overthrew the Nagy government and replaced it with Soviet leaders. Nagy was executed. The Eisenhower Doctrine, and the UN did nothing to help Hungary.
Hungarian uprising
The Hungarian people rose in revolt against the Soviet Union. They wanted a democratic government. Imre Nagy formed a new government. The Soviet's response was brutal.
Battle of Leyte Gulf
The Japanese threw their whole fleet in this battle, and tried out their new tactic kamikaze. This battle was a disaster for Japan. They lost 3 battleships, 4 aircraft carriers, 13 cruisers, and almost 500 planes.
Battle of Midway
The Japanese tried to take the island of Midway. Americans knew they were coming because they cracked a code that the Japanese had created. Chester Nimitz defended the island. Americans sent torpedo planes and dive bombers to the attack. The results were devastating for Japan. This battle was a turning point in the Pacific War. Soon the Allies began island hopping and winning more territory back from the Japanese.
Cold war
The state of hostility, without direct military conflict that developed between the United States and the Soviet Union after World War II. This would dominate global affairs, and U.S. foreign policy from 1945 until the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991.
Birmingham Letters from Jail
Written by MLK to white religious leaders that thought he was pushing to fast
Nixon Makes New Agreement
The North Vietnamese allow the troops to stay with warning of harsh consequences if they try to remove southern government
Wendell Willkie
The Republic running against FDR for his third term. He lost and FDR was re-elected
Election of 1964
The Republicans nominated conservative Senator Barry Goldwater. The democrats nominated Lyndon Johnson. The two candidates had 2 very different view points on how the government should be run. LBJ won in a landslide.
Tonkin Gulf Resolution
USS Maddox (US destroyed), shot at by north here and was protecting this place, granted Johnson with military powers in Vietnam (still not war)(secret raids)
Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)
The Soviet Union developed these. These are guided ballistic missiles with a minimum range of 5,500 km primarily designed for nuclear weapons delivery.
Sputnik
The Soviets launched the world's first artificial satellite called this on October 4, 1957.
Selective Training and Service Act
Under the law 16 million men between the ages of 21 and 35 were registered. Of these 1 million were to be drafted for one year but were only allowed to serve in the Western Hemisphere.
Appeasement
The act of giving into an aggressor to preserve peace; french and british leaders allowing hitle to take over sudatenland
William Westmoreland
The commander of US troops in Vietnam
War Powers Act
The congress repeal the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution and replace it with this act -> president can send combat troops anywhere but they must tell congress in 48 hours and within 90 days congress will decide if they stay
Genocide
The deliberate and systematic murder of an entire population. Hitler used this as a "Final solution" to get rid of the Jews.
Election of 1960
The democratic nominee was John Kennedy. The republican nominee was vice president Richard M. Nixon. The election was very close but JFK won. Two big things that helped him win was their televised debate and civil rights issues.
Alamogordo, New Mexico
The first test of the atomic bomb took place the morning of July 1 6, 1945, in an empty expanse of desert near this city. The bomb had worked.
The Manhattan project
The goal of this project was to create the atomic bomb. many scientist and Americans worked on this project.
Dec 1961
The goal was to go on a march and use Jail no Bail strategy to overcrowd jails but it didn't work because the jails were ready -> even MLK was arrested but his bail was mysteriously paid
Selective Service System
They expanded their draft and eventually provided another 10 million soldiers to meet the armed forces' needed.
Il Duce
The leader
March 1973
The longest war in US history comes to an end
Kennedy Mystique
The new first family fascinated the public. People were very interested that JFK could read 1,600 words a minute. The first lady captured....
Tripartite pact
The pact that the axis powers signed that was a mutual defense treaty.
Governor George Wallace
The president sent troops to force this man to honor a court order desegregating the University of Alabama.
26th Amendment
The right of citizens of the US who are 18 years or older to vote shall not be denied by the US or any state on account of age.
NAACP legal strategy
The strategy was to focus on the inequality between the separate schools that many states provided.
Holocaust
The systematic murder of 6 million Jews across Europe.
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
The twelve original nations of this pledged military support to one another in case an member was attacked. This was a defense alliance.
Population shifts
The war triggered one of the greatest mass migrations in American history.
West Germany
The western part of Germany official became a nation. It was the Federal Republic of Germany. It also included West Berlin.
Sputnik
The worlds first artificial satellite launched by the Soviets
Axis powers
Their goal was to keep the US out of war. This was Germany, Italy and Japan. They all signed the Tripartite Pact and became know as this...
92nd Infantry Division
Their nickname was the buffalos. In just six months of fighting in Europe, the Buffaloes won 7 Legion of Merit awards, 65 Silver Stars, and 12 Bronze Stars for courage under fire.
Birmingham, AL
There was a march in Alabama which resulted in MLK and a bunch of other people arrests, them they decided to send children out for the march but Bull Connor orders for the police to send dogs and fire hoses to attack the children -> the world sees this and JFK is appalled
Vietcong's Advantage
They have tunnels and has guerilla warfare -> the US try to fight them by going into tunnels these soldiers are called 'tunnel rats' they also have lots of boobytraps
Neutrality acts 1 and 2
These acts outlawed arms sales or loans to nations at war.
Allies
These are the nations that fought the Axis powers.
Jim Crow laws
These laws aimed at separating the races. These laws forbade marriage between blacks and whites and established many other restrictions on social and religious contact between the races. There were separate schools as well as separate streetcars, waiting rooms, railroad coaches, elevators, witness stands, and public restrooms. The facilities provided for whites were always inferior to those for whites.
Nuremberg laws
These laws stripped Jews of their German citizenship jobs and property
People who didn't fit in the master race
These people included homosexuals, the mentally deficient, the mentally ill, the physically disabled, and the incurably ill.
Persons of exceptional merit
These people included physicist Albert Einstein , author Thomas Mann, architect Walter Gropius, and theologian Paul Tillich. They were part of the among the 100,000 refugees the United States accepted
The United States and Britain
These two countries joined forces after Pearl Harbor to fight against the Axis powers.
Dixiecrats
These were Southern Democrats. They formed the States' Rights Democratic Party, and nominated their own presidential candidate, Governor J. Strom Thurmond of South Carolina.
Camelot years
These were called this because JFK's youthful glamour and his talented advisers, the Kennedy white House reminded many of a modern-day camelote.
Frozen TV dinner
These were complete ready-to-heat individual meals on disposable aluminum trays. These made it easy for people to eat without missing their favorite shows.
Satellite nations
These were countries dominated by the Soviet Union. These countries included Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania and Poland.
Satellite nations
These were countries dominated by the Soviet Union. These countries included Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, and Poland.
miracle drugs
These were drugs like penicillin, that saved countless lives on and off the battlefield.
Braceros
These were hired hands. After WW2 in the U.S. there was a shortage of agricultural laborers, so the federal government started a program where these people from Mexico were allowed into the United States to harvest crops. Hundreds of thousands of these people entered the United States on a short-term basis between 1942-1947.
Suburbs
These were homes in small residential communities surrounding cities. These were invented by William Levitt. They were built to help the housing crisis that occurred when veterans returned.
Doolittle's Raid
These were raids led by Colonel James Doolittle. They happened on April 18th. It involved 16 bombers. The next day in the headlines it said "Tokyo Bombed! Doolittle Do'od It." It was a Pearl Harbor-style air raid over Japan, and it lifted American's sunken spirits. At the same time, it dampened spirits in Japan.
Interstate highways
These were roads linking the major cities while connecting schools. shopping centers and workplaces to residential suburbs. These made high-speed, long-haul trucking possible.
Ghettos
These were segregated Jewish areas in certain Polish cities. Jews were ordered into these and they were dismal, and overcrowded. they were sealed off with barbed wire and stone walls.
Beats or beatniks
These were what followers of the beat movement were called. They lived nonconformist lives. They tended to shun regular work and sought a higher consciousness through Zen Buddhism, music and sometimes, drugs.
Japan Times
They boasted that the United States, now reduced to a third-rate power, was "trembling in her shoes."
Immigration Act of 1965
This opened the door for many non-European immigrants to settle in the United States by ending quotas based on nationality.
GI
This originally stood for galvanized iron, but later stood for government issue. Now the abbreviation stands for American soldiers.
Iron curtain
This phrase came to stand for the division of Europe. This phrase was used by Winston Churchill in his speech in Foltin, Missouri. Stalin thought that Churchill's words were a call to war.
Civil Rights Act of 1964
This prohibited discrimination based on race, religion, national origin, and sex and granted the federal government new powers to enforce its provisions.
Civil rights act of 1964
This prohibited discrimination because of race, religion, national origin and gender.
Civil Rights Act of 1964
This prohibited discrimination because of race, religion, national origin, and gender. It gave all citizens the right to enter libraries, parks, washrooms, restaurants, theaters, and other public accommodations.
Amendment 24
This prohibits both Congress and the states from conditioning the right to vote in federal elections on payment of a poll tax or other types of tax.
Medicare
This provided hospital insurance and low-cost medical insurance for almost every American age 65 or older.
Secondary Education Act of 1965
This provided more than $1 billion in federal aid to help public and parochial schools purchase textbooks and new library materials. This was the first major federal aid package for education in the nation's history.
Cash and carry
This provided provision that allowed warring nations to buy U.S. arms as long as they paid in cash and transported them in their own ships
Japanese American Citizens League (JACL)
This pushed the government to compensate those sent to the camps for their lost property.
Water Quality Act of 1965
This required states to clean up rivers, and for the government to search out the worst chemical polluters.
22nd amendment
This says that no person can be elected president more than twice, and no person who has held the president or acted as president for more 2 terms can be elected again.
Detroit fight
This started as a tussle between blacks and whites at the beach turned into a riot when white sailors nearby joined the fray. The fighting lasted for 3 days, and when FDR sent federal troops to restore order, 9 whites and 25 blacks lay dead or dying.
Fascism
This stressed nationalism and placed the interests of the state above those of individuals. People who believed this argued, power must rest with a single strong leader and a small group of devoted party members.
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
This was August 6th and 9th 1945. Enola Gay released the first atomic bomb over Hiroshima (an important Japanese military center). Since Japan still hadn't surrendered three days later a second bomb was dropped on Nagasaki, leveling half the city. Because of this Emperor Hirohito surrendered.
Royal Air Force (RAF)
This was Britain's air force. On September 15, 1940 they shot down over 185 German planes; at the same time, they only lost 26 aircrafts.
I like Ike
This was Eisenhower's campaign. In the campaign that raised the specter of the rise of communism in China and Eastern Europe. They also criticized the growing power of the federal government and the alleged bribery and corruption among Truman's political allies.
Axis Powers
This was Germany, Japan, and Italy. They were enemies of the allies. They caused many deaths and together they wanted to take over Europe then take over the world.
The Great Society
This was LBJ's program to reduce poverty and racial injustice ad to promote a better quality or life in the United States.
Ballots or bullets
This was Malcolm X's new slogan. It makes if you and I don't use the ballot, we are going to be forced to use the bullet. So lets try the ballot.
Tehran conference
This was Nov 28- Dec. 1, 1943. This was a strategy meeting between Stalin, FDR, and Churchill. They met in Tehran, Iran and it was the first meeting between the big three.
Whistlestop campaign
This was Truman's campaign. he traveled from one end of the country to the other by train, speaking from the rear platform. Day after day people heard the president denounce the "do-nothing, 80th Congress."
Enola Gay
This was a B-29 bomber who released an atomic boomb, code named Little Boy, over Hiroshima.
Hull 440
This was a Liberty ship. Henry J. Kalser invited reporters to come Way One, in his Richmond, California shipyard, to watch as his workers assembled it in a record-breaking 4 days.
Women's Auxiliary Army Corps (WAAC)
This was a U.S. army unit created during WW2 to enable women to serve in noncombat positions
Silent Spring
This was a book by Rachel Carson, that exposed the hidden danger of the effects of pesticides in the environment.
Unsafe at Any Speed
This was a book written by Ralph Nader, that criticized the U.S. automobile industry for ignoring safety concerns.
Telstar
This was a communications satellite that the Soviet Union created. It relayed live television pictures across the Atlantic Ocean from Maine to Europe.
Operation Overload
This was a plan to invade France and free western Europe from the Nazis. The Allies created a fake army, and gave it fake radio messages to attack the French port of Calais, knowing that Germany could hear them. Hitler ordered his generals to keep a large army at Calais. On August 25th French resistance forces and American troops liberated the French capital from German occupation. By Sept. 1944, the Allies had freed France, Belgium, and Luxembourg.
Peace corps
This was a program of volunteer assistance to the developing nations of Asia, Africa, and Latin America.
"open skies"
This was a proposal by Eisenhower. It said that the U.S. and the Soviet Union would allow flights over each others territory to guard against surprise nuclear attacks. The Soviets declined this proposal.
Open skies
This was a proposal by Eisenhower. It said that the United States and the Soviet Union would allow flights over each others territory to guard against surprise nuclear attacks. The Soviets declined this proposal.
Alliance for progress
This was a second foreign aid program, that offered economic and technical assistance to Latin American countries.
Alliance for progress
This was a second foreign aid program, that offered economic and technical assistance to Latin American countries. Between 1961 and 1969, the U.S. invested almost $12 billion in Latin America, to deter these countries form picking up Fidel Castro's revolutionary ideas.
The great arsenal of democracy
This was a slogan FDR used in a radio broadcast. It symbolized siding with the Allies.
I have a dream Speech
This was a speech given by MLK during the March on Washington. He talks about how one day he hopes that segregation will be over and people will not be judged because of the color of their skin.
"Checkers" speech
This was a speech given by Richard Nixon to respond to people who had accused him of profiting from a secret slush fund set up by wealthy supporters. He denied the charges, but he did admit to excepting a cocker spaniel named Checkers from a political supporter.
Jazz
This was a style of music characterized by the use of improvisation. Musicians who played this type of music were Miles Davis, Sonny Rollins, Charles Parker, Dizzy Gillespie, and Thelonius Monk.
Freedom 7
This was a tiny capsule on top of a huge rocket booster.
Civil Rights Act of 1957
This was a voting rights measure that was the first civil rights legislation since Reconstruction.
Office of price administration
This was agency established by Congress to control inflation during World war 2. They rationed foods, such as meat, butter, cheese, vegetables, sugar and coffee.
Volunteers in Service to America (VISTA)
This was also called the Domestic Peace Corps. This was established in 1964.
The grand alliance
This was an alliance made during WWII, which joined together the U.S. (FDR), The Soviet Union (Stalin), and Great Britain (Churchill).
Congress on Racial Equality (CORE)
This was an international group founded in 1942 by James Farmer to work against segregation in Northern cities. They played a big part in the civil rights movement.
Limited Test Ban Treaty
This was between the Soviet Union and the United States. It barred nuclear testing in the atmosphere.
Hot line
This was between the White House and Kermlin. This dedicated phone enabled the leaders of the two countries to communicate at once should another crisis arise.
Beat movement
This was centered in San Francisco, Los Angeles, and New York City's Greenwich Village. This expressed the social and literary nonconformity of artist, poets, and writers.
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
This was created on April 4,1949. The 12 members of this pledged military support to one another in case any member was attacked. The nations included Belgium, Denmark, France, Great Britain, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, and Portugal, the United States and Canada. Greece and Turkey joined in 1952, and West Germany joined in 1955.
Relocation centers
This was euphemisms for prison camps.
V for victory
This was first introduced by Winston Churchill in one of his speeches. It is the same sign as the peace sign except for back then it stood for victory.
Montgomery Improvement Association
This was formed by leaders of the African-American community, including many ministers, to organize the bus boycott.
Black panthers
This was founded in Oakland, California, in October 1966, by Huey Newton and Bobby Seal. This was a political party that fought police brutality in the ghetto. They preached self-defense and sold copies of the writing of Mao Zedong.
Eisenhower years
This was from 1953-1961
March on Washington
This was held in Washington D.C. on August 28, 1963. The purpose of the march was to stand up for civil and economic rights for African Americans during a time when racism was more prevalent through society.
Casablanca conference
This was in 1943. Roosevelt, Churchill, and their commanders met in Casablanca. The two leaders agreed to only accept the unconditional surrender of the Axis powers.
Yalta conference
This was in 1944. Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin met at Yalta in the Soviet Union. For 8 days the three discussed the fate of Germany and the postwar world.
Potsdam Conference
This was in 1945. The big 3 met for the last time in Potsdam near Berlin. It was Clement Attlee (he replaced Churchill), Truman (he replaced FDR), and Stalin. At Yalta, Stalin promised FDR free elections in Poland and other eastern Europe countries. He broke that promise.
Containment
Truman to prevent extension of Communist rule to other countries
Truman Doctrine
Truman's policy announced in 1947 to prevent spread of communism; US sent $400 million in economic and military aid to Greece and Turkey
what was the Truman Doctrine?
Truman's policy announced in 1947 to prevent the spread of communism
Munich Agreement
Turned Sudetenland over to Germany
Francis Gary Powers
U-2 pilot that was shot down
George S. Patton
U.S Army general, Africa/Europe, Strict, tricked Germans
Douglas MacArthur
U.S General, Pacific, Japan, "I shall return"
Big three
US (Truman), Great Britain (Clement Attlee), Soviet Union (Stalin)
Warren Court
US Supreme Court between (1953-1969) that expanded civil rights/liberties/judicial-federal power (Ex. ended segregation and praying in public schools)
The Atlantic Charter
US and Britain pledged; collective security, disarmament, self-determination, economic cooperation, freedom of seas
Limited Test Ban Treaty
US and Russia banned nuclear testing in atmosphere
Brinkmanship
US and Soviet Union trimmed army and navy, expanded air force and nuclear bombs
Dec 8, 1941
US declares war on Japan
What is containment?
US foreign policy followed during Cold War that sought to prevent the expansion of Soviet communism
containment
US foreign policy followed during the cold war that sought to prevent the expansion of soviet communism; US saw it as a defensive strategy, soviets saw it as an offensive one
German American Bund
US group who supported Nazi's
Tet Offensive
US held a truce for Tet (and Vietnamese New Year) but the VC launched and Simultaneous attack in 100s of cities
The Gulf of Tonkin Incident
US military patrol ships are off the coast of Vietnam and USS Maddox claims it is being attacked and fires back, allegedly
marshall plan
US program of giving aid to Western European countries to help them rebuild their economies after WW2
Marshall Plan
US program of giving aid to help rebuild our economy; some members of congress thought that communists might gain control of western european nations if their econom did not recover
LBJ New Policy
US seeks to end the war, escalation and bombing would end
My Lai Massacre
US troops were sent to innocent village and murdered 200+ people. They were later tried but were released bc they were "just following orders" while their Lt. was convicted.
Bay of Pigs
Unsuccessful attempted invasion of Cuba in 1961 led by Cuban exiles (who were trained and funded by the CIA) Planned by Eisenhower but blame fell on Kennedy when it backfired.
Bay of Pigs Invasion
Unsuccessful attempted invasion of Cuba led y cuban exiles in april 1961; Trained and funded by the CIA; Made the US look weak and embarrass JFK admin; Paid reason
Search and Destroy Missions
Uprooting civilians suspected of being involved in Vietcong, killing their livestock, burning village
General Delos Emmons
Urged army to create 100th Battalion ( Purple Heart Battalion, made up of Hawaiian Nisei - parents came from Japan)
Malcolm X
Urged followers to take control of communities, joined Nation of Islam (black muslims), thought blacks better than whites, went on trip to Mecca and was with orthodox Islams who preached racial equality so he had new attitude, shot and killed
Truman Doctrine
Us will support free people resisting communism. (Containment)
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Used spies to get info, carried out secret operation to weaken opposing governments
Tet offensive
Vietcong launched attacks on Tet, bombed cities, Saigon, and the US embassy (Vietcong lost)
Geneva Accord
Vietnam is divided at the 17th parallel and north becomes communist south non-communist and two years later an election will be held to see which gov is in charge
The Living Room War
Vietnam war was televised
Student Non
Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) - Formed by civil rights activist Ella Baker, made to coordinate non-violent demonstrations and training for protesters
VISTA
Volunteer In Service to America (domestic peace corps)
Abraham Lincoln Battalion
Volunteers from US who went to help fight against Franco during Civil war
Battle of the Bulge
WWII battle in which allied forces ended Germany's ability to wage an expensive war; Heavy US casualties and crippled Germanic army
Berlin Wall
Wall built in 1961 by SU that divided Berlin n in 2 (East--com and West--dem). ((West was best)) It was demolished by citizens in 1989.
how did the US gov't pay for the war?
War bonds & taxes
Nuremberg Trials
War crime trials of high ranking Nazi officials held by the international Military Tribune in Nuremberg, Germany; 12 leaders were surrendered to death
Eisenhower Doctrine
Warning that US would defend Middle East from communist control
Reapportionment
Way States redraw election districts based on changing number of people
How did we get invovled?
We get invovled by first helping the French then getting into the wat ourselves.
Korean Negotiations
Were drawn out to both sides always leaving and during these talks fighting continued
Federal Republic of Germany
West Germany
Europe
West was democratic, east was communist
Sudetenland
Western border of Czechoslovakia with German speakers, Main defense, Germany annexed Czechoslovakia
Zoot Suit
Worn by Mexican Americans, dress suit, long jackets, hats, symbol of rebellion against tradition
Marshall Plan
Written by George Marshal-> said that the US would give financial help to any European country wanting to rebuild after WWI.
Nuremberg Trials
When the Allies found out about Hitler's death camps, they put 24 of the surviving Nazi leaders on trial for crimes against humanity, crimes against the peace, and war crimes.
Vietnam Veterans
When the veterans come home they are treated poorly and many have PTSD
"White Flight"
Whites moved out of the cities because of blacks
Detroit Raid
Whites vs blacks, on Detroit river, FDR sent troops too late
Alger Hiss
Whittaker Chambers charged him for espionage but due to statue of limitations he was charged with perjury
My Lai Massacre
William Calley orders soldiers to kill 100s of women and children in My Lai
WAAC
Women would serve in noncombat positions, US dropped Auxiliary and gave them full benefits, jobs included nurses, drivers, radio operators, electricians, pilots
Robert Kennedy
Won California primary, shot by Sirhan Sirhan (Palestinian immigrant, angered by his support of Israel)
A Peter Dewey
first american killed in vietnam
Manhattan Project
a secret project involving 600+ ppl to create the atomic bomb
who was alger hiss?
a state department official who was accused of being a soviet spy
Communism
a system of government in which there is no private property and there are no economic classes
who was paul robeson?
a well known football player who was sympathetic with communism
Alger Hiss
accused for spying for SU
Gideon vs Wainwright
accused had a right to free lawyers if he cannot afford one
what was mccarthyism?
accusing people of disloyalty without evidence
when did the SU join the Allies?
after hitler broke the nonaggression pact with SU by invading SU (1941)
Nuremberg Trials
against surviving Nazi leaders; tried for crimes against peace, war crimes, and crimes against humanity
red flags of electing JFK
age (too young?); father (appeasement?); religion (separation of church and state?)
Vietminh
aka "League for Independence for Vietnam" that helped to create democratic republic of Vietnam (from Japan)
Tuskegee Airmen
all-black regiment that fought air battles against germany (won very high awards)
Ho Chi Minh Trail
allowed Minh to send weapons to the Vietcong
Immigration Act of 1965
allowed non-European immigrants into US and removed quota system
Allies
also United Nations
Bataan Death March
american & filipino units surrendered to Japan, then were forced to walk to prison camps (almost 11,000 out of 70,000 killed)
Integration
an act or instance of integrating a racial, religious, or ethnic group
what was the mccarran internal security act?
an act which made it illegal to make the united states communist
who was joseph mccarthy?
an anti-communist from wisconsin
who was john foster dulles
an anti-communist who said the US will use all force against any aggressor
Sphere of Influence
an area where foreign countries control trade or natural resources of another nation or area
Stagflation
an economic condition of slow economic growth marked by both inflation and high unemployment
limited test ban treaty
banned nuclear testing
Limited Ban Treaty
banned nuclear testing in the atmosphere
Warren Court
banned prayer in schools
warren court
bans prayer in public schools
Limited Test Ban Treaty
barred nuclear testing
Free Fire Zone
basically shoot at everything
Battle of Midway
battle in the Pacific Ocean for Midway island in June 1942, turning point in Pacific war, Allies won, code breakers
Harry Truman
became (Dem) president after FDR's death, dropped A-bombs on Japan
Harry S. Truman
became president when FD died in April 1945, elected in 1948, democrat. used atomic bomb, stared U.S Cold War policies, sent troops to South Korean
Priorities for Republican party
believed new deal programs were excessive, opposed national health insurance (Dewey)
nation of islam
black muslims
sit ins
black ppl sitting at segregated lunch counters
freedom riders
black ppl who rode buses in protest
malcolm x
black supremacist
Tuskegee airmen and buffaloes
black units
hardhats
blue collar workers who agreed with how the government reacted to anti-war protestors
H
bomb - This is a hydrogen bomb. This bomb has the force of 1 million tons of TNT (67 times the power of the bomb dropped on Hiroshima). The United States first exploded this type of bomb on November 1, 1952.
Iwo jima
bombers could reach japan
Operation Rolling Thunder
bombs are dropped on Vietnam
the other america
book by michael harrington that showed the lives of the american poor
what was the berlin airlift?
bringing food and supplies into berlin via airplane
Neville Chamberlain
british prime minister who signs munich agreement
eugene bull connor
brutal birmingham police chief
De Jure Segregation
by law
De facto Segregation
by tradition
US vs Wade
can consult your lawyer before a line -up
Manchuria
chinese area taken over by japan
Freedom riders
civil rights activists who rode an interstate bus
alan shepard
first american to go into space
doves
did not support war and questioned government
credibility gap
difference between what LBJ reported and what actually happened
hot line
direct line from us to kremlin
Heinrich Himmler
directly under Hitler leader of the SS (people in charge of Jewish elimination)
Sexism
discrimination based on gender
Geneva Accords
divided Vietnam among the 17th parallel
Nye committee
documents banks war profits
Eisenhower's Presidency and Vietnam
does nothing
Appeasement
doing what it takes to avoid conflict
Selective training and service act
draft in peacetime
Gov. Ross Barnett
dudes to let James Meredith register in schools
Progressives
early 20th century reformers seeking to return the government to the people and correcting injustices
Alliance for Progress
economic and tech assistance to Latin America - to counter Fidel Castro
Communism
economic system in which the gov't owns and operates the means of production and the goal is equal distribution of wealth and the end of all forms if private property; U.S feared communist revolution spreading around the war.
GI bill of rights
education and training for veterans and federal loan guarantees
GI Bill of Rights
education training for veterans
Détente
efforts to lower Cold War tensions in the 1960s and early 1970s
who created the domino theory
eisenhower
Hubert Humphrey
elected as the Democrat nominee
john f kennedy
elected in 1961-1963; "get america moving again"; new and young
Civil Rights Act of 1968
ended housing discrimination
what happened at the end of the korean war in 1953?
ended in a stalemate/tie, 38th parallel divided NK and SK
immigration act of 1965
ended quotas and allowed non-european immigrants to settle in US
great society
ending poverty and racial injustice
civil rights act of 1968
ends housing discrimination
Baker vs Carr
established one person one vote
Plessy v Ferguson
established separate but equal
Monopoly
exclusive control of a commodity or service in a particular market, or a control that makes possible the manipulation of prices
Totalitarian
exert complete control over citizens
de jure segregation
exists by law
de facto segregation
exists by practice/custom
beat movement
express the social and literary nonconformity of avg 50s american, also associated with drugs and buddhism
Fascism
extreme nationalism, state above individual rights
fascism
extreme nationalism; placed interests of the state above the individuals
Bloody anzio
extremely bloody battle in italy
Beer Hall Putsch
failed attempt at Hitler trying to come to power -> went to jail-> while in jail wrote Mein Kampf
walter cronkite
famous newsman "bloody experience will end in stalemate"
ernest withers
famous photographer who captured the civil rights movement
Nagasaki
fat man
France
fearing an attack built the Magind Line -> a line of defense made up of concrete gunposts but they left a hold in Ardenne (a heavily wooded area)
who were the hollywood ten?
filmmakers considered "unfriendly" to US ideals
Thurgood Marshal
first African American to names in Supreme Court
Vietminh
followers of Ho Chi Minh
why did the Nazis want to take over North Africa?
for Suez Canal Access
internment
forced relocation or imprisonment of people in Feb. 1942
Cash and carry
foreign countries can buy us guns w cash only if they provide Transportation
Officer Tibbits
found Oswald but was killed by him
ho chi minh
founded IndoChinese Communist Party (north vietnam)
James Farmer
founder of CORE
Mario Savio
founder of FSM
Tom Hayden and Al Haber
founders of the SDS
Neutrality Acts
four laws passed in late 1930s that were designed to keep the US out of international incidents; Prohibited the US from shipping arms to nations at war
rosa parks
freedom rider who refused her seat to a white man
dien bien phu
french outpost overrun by vietminh
napalm
gasoline based fire bombs
Napalm
gasoline-based bomb that set forests on fire
medicare
gave medical and hospital insurance to the elderly
medicaid
gave medical insurance to those on welfare
Nepalm
gelled gasoline to kill foliage
Nonaggression pact
genmany and soviet union share poland (Molotov-Ribbentrop); Hitler later broke this pact
Nazism
german extreme facisim
what happened at the Battle of Stalingrad?
germans wiped out 90% of Stalingrad (SU major industrial center) before winter came and SU easily overpowered hitler
what started WW1 on september 1, 1939?
germany attacked poland with "lightning war" aka Blitzkrieg so Br & Fr declared war
who won/what was the battle of britain?
germany launched a naval/air attack on GB, but the invasion was called off indefinitely due to RAF
Battle of the Bulge
germany's last ditch effort
appeasement
giving into aggression to preserve peace
what was the CIA?
government agency who used spies to gather information
Bureaucracy
government department and agencies of non-elected officials
Deficit spending
government spending more money than it receives in a fiscal year
Tonkin Gulf Resolution
granted Johnson broad military powers in Vietnam
tonkin gulf resolution
granted LBJ military powers in vietnam
Credibility gap
grew between the Johnson administration's report of Vietnam and what was actually happening
Allies
group of countries led by Britain, France, U.S, and Soviet Union that fought Axis powers in WWII
Axis Powers
group of countries led by Germany, Italy, and Japan that fought the Allies in WWII
Kerner Commission
group to study urban violence causes
Radicals
group(s) favoring fundamental changes from present
War Protest Movement
groups of college students created protests about the war and they began to blame Johnson
Wolf pack
groups of u boats
new left
growing youth movement, replaced the "old left"
Lyndon Johnson
he became the president after JFK dies.
President Johnson's response to Selma march
he made a speech using the words of the movement and passed the Voting Rights Act
Kennedy's Presidency and Vietnam
he sends US military advisors to assist Southern Vietnam
what happened when hitler threatened to go to war with czechoslovakia in 1938?
hitler wanted czech for its space/resources, and (F) Daladier & (B) Chamberlain allowed him to take over to avoid conflict
Final solution
hitlers policy of genocide
Medicare
hospital insurance for 65+ year old
Medicaid
hospital insurance for low income families
what was HUAC?
house unamerican activities committee, which investigated the influence of communism in movies
bay of pigs
huge embarrassment for the US; cuban exiles sent to invade without any cover
march on washington
i have a dream speech was given
what did kennedy say in berlin?
ich ben ein berliner; he pledges solidarity with berlin and promises to always protect them
Domino theory
if one country falls to Communism, the surrounding countries will also fall
Greensboro North Carolina sit
in (1960) - 4 AA men began the non-violent demonstrations in a racially segregated store (caused desegregation in many stores with increased support and sit-ins)
Dr Mengele
in Auschwitz preformed experience on jews was especially interested in twins
Truth
in-packaging law - This set standards for labeling consumer goods.
Inflation
increased prices for goods and services combined with the reduced value of money
mandate
indication that the US people approved of kennedy's plans
Totalitarianism
individuals have no rights
Military
industrial complex - This is an informational alliance between a nation's military and the arms industry which supplies it, seen together as a fast interest which influences public policy. This term was used in Eisenhower's farewell address.
Sit
ins - This is where African-American protesters sat down at segregated lunch counters and refused to leave until they were served.
Joseph Stalin
instituted the five-year plans into Russia which put economic activity under state management
MacArthur Constitution
introduced Free Market to reshape Japan economy, new constitution contain Women's suffrage and basic freedoms, installed democratic government to transform Japan's government
Operation overlord
invade france and free western europe
Jack Ruby
man who killed oswald
Randolph
marches for workers rights
Brinksmanship
massive retaliation (you shoot one bomb we'll shoot 1,000)
Kristallnacht
means Night of Broken Glass; Nazi attack on Jews, blamed Jews for damages
Mass media
means of communication that reach large audiences- television developed with lightning speed.
Yippies
member of the Youth International Party
yippies
members of Youth International Party
silent majority
moderates in support of the war
Audie Murphy
most decorated us soldier from the war
were Japanese in Hawaii interned during WW2?
most were not, in order to preserve their economy
where were the Japanese interned in US?
mostly in the west coast due to the majority of them living in CA
Immigration
movement of people to settle in a new country
Miranda vs Arizona
must be made aware of all rights
Holocaust
name used to describe the systematic murder of Jews by the Nazis
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
national protest group; branch of the SCLC
student nonviolent coordinating committee (SNCC)
national protester group of students
henry kissinger
national security advisor
what was the significance of taiwan (formosa)?
nationalist leaders fled there after communists take over in china
who did the united states support in china?
nationalists led by chiang kai shek
Erwin Rommel
nazi general, very skilled/victorious
Carlos Armos
new dictator of Guatemala after Operation PBSuccess
Kristallnacht
night when Nazis killed or injured many Jews and destroyed many Jewish properties "night of broken glass"
in the south
nixon immediately has black vote; kennedy works to gain image of a civil rights reformer
Immigration Act of 1965
non-European immigrants could settle in the Us by sending quotas based on nationality
what was NATO?
north atlantic treaty organization, a military alliance with the united states, canada, and western european countries
vietcong
north vietnam communist group
Liberal
noting or pertaining to a political party advocating measures of progressive political reform
3. He followed a middle
of-the-road course and avoided many controversial issues
zoot suit riots
off duty sailors attacked "zooters" and when the police came, the zooters were arrested instead of the sailors, racism of Mexican-Americans
GI Bill
offered education benefits & loans for returning veterans
Medicare
old people health insurance
Elizabeth Eckford
one of the little rock nine who could not get a ride to the school
elizabeth eckford
one of the little rock nine, didn't get the message to walk together and ended up walking alone
What did the progressive party want?
opposed Cold War/Marshall Plan, wanted to end discrimination (Wallace)
Clark Clifford
originally supported US war policy; replaced McNamara and called war unwinnable
Deregulation
reduction or removal of federal rules on business and industry
Jail No Bail Policy
refuse to pay bail to try and overcrowd the jail system
Steel belt
region in US where most of the heavy industry was once located
Rust belt
region in the northeast and midwest where heavy industry and population declined since the 1970's
Sun belt
region in the southeast and southwest which experienced heavy population and business growth since the 1970's
vietnamization
replacing US troops with south vietnamese troops
Berlin airlift
required after Stalin cut off food and fuel to West Berlin; flew in food
Robert Oppenheimer
researched atomic bomb
Suburbia
residential towns that are around major cities
peace with honor
retaining dignity while pulling out of the war
pentagon papers
revealed war plans from johnson, prove the credibility gap
Escobedo vs Illinois
right to have a lawyer present during questioning
1940 Us election
roosevelt wins again
montgomery bus boycott
rosa parks refuses to give up her seat
brown vs board of education topeka
ruled that school segregation was unconstitutional
plessy vs ferguson
ruled that schooling was to be seperate but equal
Sit ins
sat at segregated lunch counters and wouldn't leave until served
Rosa Parks
sat in the correct seat of the bus, but then refused to move to allow a black man to sit down
Brown vs Board of Education
school segregation ended
Manhattan Project
secret project done by Allied scientists to develop an atomic bomb, blew up first bomb in New Mexico
robert mcnamara
secretary of defense
dean rusk
secretary of state
Ghettos
segregated Jewish areas in Polish cities
de jure segregation
segregation by law
de facto segregation
segregation that exists by practice and custom
draft
selective service act
Anti
semitism - hatred of Jews
Marshall Plan
sent money throughout west Europe
Truman Doctrine
sent money to Greece and Turkey to prevent Communism
brigade 2506
sent to invade bay of pigs; had cover cancelled by kennedy
38th Parallel
separated North and South Korea
de gaulle
set up government in exile
Chiang Kai
shek - This was a nationalist Chinese government that between 1945 and 1949, the American government sent the Nationalists 3 billion dollars in aid.
john lewis
the first chairman of SNCC
what was the loyalty review board?
the group that investigated the government workers
camelot
the kennedy years in the white house
Petain
the leader of the German allied french in southern France
Sirhan Sirhan
the man who killed Kennedy -> said he was bc his views on Islamic politics and later says he was hypnotized
Lee Harvey Oswald
the man who shot Kennedy
Mayor Daley
the mayor and Chicago -> determined to keep protestors away so he sends the police but he becomes a huge mess
freedom summer
the movement to get black people registered to vote
A. Philip Randolph
the nation's most respected African American labor leader; led a march to push for AA rights to work, but called off after FDR promised an executive order be issued
Allies
the nations that had fought the Axis powers
Ngo Dien Diem
the non-communist leader of Southern Vietnam-> he is not well liked and oppressed Buddhists (the main religion in Vietnam) -> he refuses to hold the election
Warren Commission
the people who said what happened the day of Kennedy's assassination
Imperialism
the policy of extending a nation's power by gaining territories fro a colonial empire
McCarthyism
the practice of making accusations without proper evidence (after Joseph McCarthy, rep senator)
John Foster Dulles
the secretary of state who helped Eisenhower -> was a strong anti communist and believed in massive retaliation
38th Parallel
the separation line btw North and South Korea
Segregation
the separation of people based on race
National debt
the sum of deficit spending over time
Holocaust
the systematic murder of approx. 11 Million people -> targeted Jews, Disabled, Gypsies, homosexuals, anyone named an enemy of the state
Militarism
the tendency to regard military efficiency as the supreme ideal of the state and to subordinate all other interests to those of the military
define massive retaliation
the threat of an "overreaction" to any threat of communism
what was the marshall plan?
the united states aids all european nations to avoid communism
what was brinkmanship?
the willingness to go to the edge of war to defend the US from communism
Soviet Reaction to Marshal plan
they immediately stated that their satellite states will not be allowed to receive any money
how did the Navajo Code Talkers influence history?
they made it possible for the US to communicate secretly w/o the possibility of translation
george wallace
third party candidate, "white backlash"
Chicago Convention
this is where the Democrat Nominee will be chosen-> press goes there -> so protestors go there
Hollywood Ten
this who did not cooperate in their trials were blacklisted
Sitzkrieg
time w maginot and siegfried line
Eugene McCarthy
tired to run against Johnson for the democrat position
McCarthism
to accuse someone without evidence
Impeach
to bring an accusation against the President (House of Representatives)
Manhattan Project
to build atomic bomb
Battle of Britain
to soften britain Hilter songs the Luftwaffe (his airforce) to constantly Bomb london , Blitz bombing, British moral was wearing down and they sent their Royal Air Force -> succeeded in shooting down some planes and made Hitler angry so he now has planes attack RAF bases (mistake); Britain Wins
UN Discussions over Korea
to take action the UN security council must all vote yes -> the four members (US, Britain, France and NATIONALIST China) say yes while Soviet Union boycotted since Communist china wasn't there -> Action
E.B Nixon
told MLK to take control of Montgomery bus boycott
students for a democratic society (SDS)
tom hayden and al haber; called for restoration of a participatory democracy
Stalin
took over russia after lenin's death, COMMUNIST
batista
took power in cuba, backed by the US; defeated by resistance (led by Castro)
ho chi minh trail
trail through cambodia, laos, etc, that supplied arms to vietcong throughout vietnam
Nuremberg trials
tried nazi officials for war crimes
Water Quality Act
tried to end water pollution
Vigil Blossom
tried to help desegregate the Little Rock Highschool
Ray Bryant
was the man who killed Emmet Till -> never found guilty
Robert Weaver
was the sec of HUD -> first African American to be part of a cabinet
Rosenburgs
we're charged by Greenclass for Espionage and sentenced to death (some people protested)
Agent Orange
weed killer
Neutrality Acts
were passes to keep the Nation out of international incidents; not get involved in war
The Great Society
what Johnson called his political agenda
Operation PBSuccess
when CIA helped takeover Guatemala due to leader acting communistic
Operation Ajax
when the CIA helped takeover Iran due to their leader acting communistic
Taiwan
where Chinese nationalists fled after Civil War
holt street baptist church
where king held the montgomery bus boycott
Dien Bien Phu
where the French surrendered to Vietnam
white flight
white ppl leaving cities to live in suburbs
Matthew Ridgeway
who replaces MacArthur in Korea once he is fired
richard nixon
wins 1968 election, pulled troops from vietnam
Women's Auxiliary Army Corps
women serve in non-combat positions
what did women do during the war?
women were able to work in factories and join the war force in (only) noncombat positions
reverend shuttlesworth
worked with MLKjr
Thurgood Marshall
worked with NAACP lawyers against cases of public segregation; first African American Supreme Court justice
define arms race
working to stay ahead of the opponent in weapon technology
Michael Harrington
wrote "The Other America" which brought poverty to the eyes of the people
Rachel Carson's
wrote Silent Spring which popularized ending water pollution
Ralph Bader
wrote Unsafe at Any Speed which pushed and got seat belts in every car
New Left
youth movement that demanded changes in American society
