History Ch. 9

Saint Domingue/Haiti (First Successful Uprising)

(Trendsetter) Was the first Latin American territory to break away from Europe. They made sugar. French settlers on Saint Domingue, however, resisted the new law of the right to vote to all free men, including mulattoes, people of mixed African and European ancestry.

Theodor Herzl

A Hungarian-born Jewish journalist who covered the Dreyfus Affair; he was shocked by the anti-semitism he saw in France and other parts of Europe. He believed the problem was that Jews in Europe did not have a nation of their own.

manifest destiny

A belief shared by many Americans in the mid-1800s that the United States should expand from Atlantic to Pacific Oceans.

Toussaint L'Ouverture

A former enslaved African, led a group of mulattoes and slaves in a bloody revolt against the French settlers. His military and political actions made him a hero in Hispaniola. The king however was worried and sent a French general to Hispaniola to control of the colony away from Toussaint. Resulted in Independence.

malattoes

A person of mixed white and black ancestry, especially a person with one white and one black parent.

Dreyfus Affair

A political scandal that divided France in the 1890s, involving the wrongful conviction of Jewish army officer Alfred Dreyfus for treason.

Charles X

After his brother, Louis XVIII, died, he took the throne; he tried to rule as an absolute monarch, but when he suspended the power of the legislature, angry citizens revolted.

José María Morelos

Creole priest; he became the leader of the revolutionary movement in Mexico after Hidalgo's death. Organized a Mexican congress with representatives from many places in Mexico. Wanted all people born in Mexico, no matter their nationality, to be called American. Was a strong military leader. Was captured by Spanish authority and later executed.

Father Miguel Hidalgo

Father Miguel Hidalgo: Creole priest in southern Mexico, made the first public all for Mexican independence.

Emmeline Pankhurst

Founder of the WSPU, she said that in order to achieve reform, "You have to make more noise than anybody else."

Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU)

Group of women who were down with disruption; involved in breaking and burning stuff; drew attention to women. For these acts, many suffragists went to prison.

Michael Sadler & his report

He set out to investigate the treatment of children in Britain's textile factories. He shows the harmful conditions endured by child workers; this included physical mistreatment, long hours, and low wages. In his report, he remembered what is was like to work 13-hour days, since he worked in the mill as a young boy.

Louis XVIII

He was restored to the French throne after the Napoleonic Era, most power was with the King.

Voting Reforms (1867-1885)

In 1867, Disraeli put forth a new reform bill that would extend voting rights to more working men; the bill meant about one out of every three men could now vote. In 1885, Gladstone pushed through a reform bill that extended voting rights still further; the law created the secret ballot, to ensure voters would not be bribed or intimidated.

Women's Suffrage (1918 and 1928)

In 1918, Parliament granted the vote to women over the age of 30. Not until 1928, did British women gain the right to vote on the same basis as men.

"citizen king"

Louis Philippe was referred to as one; it means a king appeared to live simply, like ordinary citizens.

Zionism

Nationalist movement, begun in the 1890s, to re-create a Jewish state in its original homeland.

Slavery Abolition Act (1833)

Parliament abolished slavery in Great Britain and all of the British Empire. However, the act did not immediately free slaves; slaves over the age of six remained only partly free. The act also stated that the British government would compensate slave owners depending on how many slaves they freed. Parliament also passed new public health and crime laws to improve living conditions in industrial cities.

Factory Act of 1833

Parliament passed the this, which limited the working hours of children in textile factories. The act made it illegal for teenagers to work more than 12 hours a day. also, children between 9 and 13 had to receive two hours of schooling a day.

creoles

People of Spanish or Portuguese descent born in the Americas.

Anti-Semitism

Prejudice toward Jews, in France is was revealed during the Dreyfus Affair.

Approach used by suffragettes

Queen Victoria was against women's suffrage, so Disraeli argued in favor of women's voting rights in a speech before the House of Commons in 1866. He argued that if a woman could be queen or own land, she should to be able to vote. They also tried adding women's suffrage to the 1867 reform bill but they did not succeed. One group of suffragists, led by Millicent Garrett Fawcett, used a gradual approach to winning the vote. They lobbied members of Parliament, signed petitions, and worked on educating the public. But the government largely ignored their efforts.

Simón Bolívar/"the Liberator"

South American revolutionary who led independence wars in the present nations of Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. The most influential leader in the South American independence movement. Led a series of military campaigns against Spanish forces. In 1821, Bolivar's troops had defeated the Spanish in most of northern South America. Wanted to form one large, united country called the Federation of the Andes, however, that never happened. Set up the state of Gran Colombia, which included Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, and Ecuador.

José de San Martín

South American revolutionary; he led troops in Argentina, Chile, and Peru and gained independence for these nations.

Agustín de Iturbide/Emperor Agustín I

Supported the crown, eventually flips sides, called for Independence; became the first emperor of Mexico.

mestizos

Term traditionally used in Spain and Spanish America to mean a person of combined European and Amerindian descent.

Reform Act of 1832

The Industrial Revolution in Britain led to greater demands for political reform. Only wealthy landowners could vote; The Reform Act of 1832 gave industrial cities representation in Parliament for the first time. The bill also gave the vote to middle-class men, which increased the number of eligible voters by about 50 percent and significantly reduced the power of the aristocracy. However, political leaders continued to assume that only men with property and education would be responsible voters. Consequently, the bill stated that only men with a certain amount of property could vote. This requirement effectively prevented many working-class men from voting. Furthermore, British law continued to exclude women from voting. Redistributes seats; lowers voting qualifications 1 in 5.

Revolution of 1848

The Revolution of 1848 was sparked when the French government banned a banquet planned by reformers. Angry protesters, both middle and working class, took to the streets.

Louisiana Purchase

The purchase of land from France between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains that nearly doubled the size of the United States.

Chartists/People's Charter

They wanted universal male suffrage, secret ballot, payment for members of Parliament, equal electoral districts, annual general elections, get rid of property requirements for Members of Parliament. This was denied, at first, but eventually happens.

Third Republic

This assembly removed Napoleon III from power. Reforms came about such as: education made available to children, legalization of trade unions, shortened working hours, and one free day for employees.

Monroe Doctrine

U.S. President James Monroe's statement forbidding further colonization in the Americas and declaring that any attempt by a foreign country to colonize would be considered an act of hostility by the United States.

Franco-Prussian War

War fought between the French and Prussians. During battle Napoleon III was captured and surrendered to the Prussians. This defeat led the French Assembly to proclaim Third Republic.

Revolution of 1830

When Charles X citizens revolted it caused an uprising known as the Revolution of 1830. They controlled Paris, Charles then gave up the throne and fled to England.

Louis Philippe

When England formed a constitutional monarchy, he was chosen to be the first king. He was an aristocrat who was popular with the middle class. Many French people referred to him as the "citizen king." After time, he acted more like a king than a citizen; he increased the number of voters to wealthy citizens. During his reign, working people became more poor, while the middle class and aristocracy became more wealthy; which caused in an economic depression.

Louis Napoleon/Napoleon III - Second Empire

When Louis Philippe abdicated, the monarchy came to an end. The citizens formed a new government, and elected Napoleon's nephew, as president of the republic government. The French Constitution called for a new draft, and he was elected emperor and started the Second Empire. Reforms increased voting rights and new railroads, which increased trade for France.

peninsulares

colonist who were born in Spain