History Chapter 15

What was the Union League, which began in the late 1860s?

A powerful political club for grassroots Radical Republicans

During Reconstruction, where in the South did African Americans become officeholders?

Across the South

Which adjective accurately describes Republican state governments in the Reconstruction South?

Ambitious in goals

How do scholars now view Freedmen's Bureau officials?

As dedicated and idealistic

What did the presidential candidates of 1876, Samuel J. Tilden and Rutherford B. Hayes, have in common?

Both supported the idea of southern home rule.

Which institutions were a central focus of African American culture in the Reconstruction South?

Churches

Why did some African Americans in the Reconstruction South resist the idea of desegregated schools?

Fear for children's safety

What were the "Redemption" governments of the South in the late 1800s?

Governments formed of ex-Confederates

What was radical about the Fourteenth Amendment?

It defined citizenship in national rather than state terms

What benefit did sharecropping offer African Americans over the old institution of slavery?

It ended gang labor and allowed freedmen to work on their own terms.

As of 1876, which state no longer had any U.S. military units remaining?

Mississippi

Republican policies in the South during Reconstruction emphasized what policies?

Modernizing and democratizing southern institutions Expanding and implementing public education

Which provision did the Senate remove from the original civil rights bill of 1870 when it passed the law in 1875?

The requirement for integration of churches

What do you think the cartoonist of the English magazine Puck was trying to convey with the cartoon showing President Grant and his cabinet in an impossible acrobatic stunt?

the extent of corruption in the Grant administration made a third term unlikely.

How was Reconstruction taught in American children schools at least until the 1960s?

As the illegitimate regime of lazy blacks

Why did the freedmen insist that they needed to receive grants of land?

As the only way to guarantee their freedom

What triggered the 1873 depression in the United States?

Bankruptcy of the Northern Pacific Railroad

What was the term used for the laws passed by southern state legislatures under President Andrew Johnson's Reconstruction plan that were designed to ensure that African Americans would remain a cheap, controlled labor force?

Black Codes

What former slave became Mississippi's second black U.S. senator in 1874?

Blanche K. Bruce

Under President Andrew Johnson's Reconstruction plan, how could high-ranking Confederate military officers regain their property and win amnesty?

By petitioning the president

How did the Supreme Court ruling in U.S. v. Cruikshank (1876) weaken the Fourteenth Amendment?

By saying it did not apply to the actions of private citizens

How did sharecropping develop as an agricultural system in the post-Civil War South?

By way of strained, need-based negotiations between landlords and freedmen

What did the Democrats and former Confederates of the South label northerners who participated in rebuilding the South?

Carpetbaggers

Republicans in April 1866 successfully gathered two-thirds majorities to override President Johnson's vetoes and pass what act?

Civil Rights Act

What law was struck down in the Civil Rights Cases (1883) decision by the Supreme Court?

Civil Rights Act of 1875

Why did Congress pass the Civil Rights Act of 1875 after the bill had remained on Capitol Hill for five years?

Congress passed the law to honor Charles Sumner, who had died the year before.

Why did Congress believe it was important for military commanders in the occupied South to supervise new state constitutional conventions?

Congress wanted to ensure that new constitutions guaranteed black suffrage.

What position did Frederick Douglass assume on the issue of women's voting rights during Reconstruction?

Douglass asked women to allow black male suffrage to take priority.

Why was the outcome of the 1876 election given to an electoral commission to determine?

Electoral votes from three states were disputed.

With what was President Andrew Johnson charged when he was impeached in 1868?

Engaging in misconduct and infringing on the powers of Congress

What was the primary reason Republican governments across the South fell one by one to Democrats in the mid-1870s?

Ex-Confederate politicians, using terrorism, silenced the black and Republican vote.

Republicans in the South were a coalition of what groups?

Former Whigs, a few former Democrats, newcomers from the North, and African Americans

Which statement describes African Americans who emerged as political leaders during the period of Republican rule in the South?

Formerly free blacks and skilled slaves

Which amendment to the Constitution, passed by Congress in 1866 and ratified in 1868, prohibited any state from abridging "the privileges or immunities" of any citizen or depriving "any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law"?

Fourteenth

Which organization was created in 1865 to aid former slaves?

Freedmen's Bureau

What incident proved to be the final outrage for Republicans in Congress that convinced them that they had to tighten the rules of Reconstruction under Andrew Johnson in 1866?

Georgians elected Confederate vice president Alexander Stephens to Congress.

Which of the following best assesses the role of Ulysses S. Grant in the impeachment crisis of 1868?

Grant had stepped down as secretary of war in favor of Edwin Stanton, precipitating the crisis.

Why did Republicans nominate Rutherford B. Hayes for the presidential election of 1876?

He came from the important swing state of Ohio

What did President Andrew Johnson's opposition to the Fourteenth Amendment succeeded in achieving?

Helping Republicans win an overwhelming majority in Congress in 1866

Where did American women first win the right to vote?

In Wyoming through territorial law

By the late 1870s, how did the majority of freedmen and freedwomen in the South live?

In poverty with uncertain political rights

What general trend can be seen in the Reconstruction measures shown in this table?

Increasing congressional efforts to ensure the rights of African Americans

What statement describes Abraham Lincoln's Ten Percent Plan for Reconstruction?

It included general amnesty to all but high-ranking Confederates willing to pledge loyalty to the Union.

Which of the following best assesses the significance of the election of 1876 for the South?

It made little immediate difference in the South, where Redeemers had already assumed power.

Why did the Grant administration's reaction to the depression that began in 1873 deepen resentment toward Washington Republicans?

It rejected calls for providing relief for debt and unemployment.

Who assassinated Abraham Lincoln in April 1865?

John Wilkes Booth

In early 1877, who replaced Supreme Court Justice David Davis on the electoral commission empowered to settle the disputed presidential election of 1876?

Joseph P. Bradley

What was the name of the paramilitary force that was founded in Tennessee and used violence against Republicans and blacks across the South?

Ku Klux Klan

Why did wage labor not become common in cotton-producing areas of the South?

Landowners did not have the cash to pay wages.

In which state did Reconstruction-era governments last the longest?

Louisiana

Nathan Bedford Forrest was best known during the Civil War for commanding southern troops that carried out what action?

Massacring black Union troops at Fort Pillow

Race riots that occurred in 1866 in which of the following cities increased Republicans' determination to reform the South?

Memphis

Which former Confederate general was the first leader of the Ku Klux Klan?

Nathan Bedford Forrest

The Black Codes instituted by southern state governments created under Andrew Johnson's Reconstruction plan aimed to achieve what goal?

Place African Americans in a situation as close to slavery as possible

Which aspect of work in the Reconstruction South was a crucial priority for freedmen?

Preventing black women from performing field labor

What group was behind the Reconstruction Act of 1867, which divided the conquered South into the five military districts shown here?

Radical Republicans

Which act divided the South into five military districts?

Reconstruction Act

Why did the Democratic loser of the contested 1876 election, Samuel Tilden, urge Democratic House members to go along with the decision of the electoral commission?

Republican candidate Hayes had indicated his willingness to offer substantial patronage to the South.

What was significant about the results of the 1866 congressional elections?

Republicans won enough seats to override President Andrew Johnson's vetoes.

In an 1865 published letter to his former master in Tennessee, Jourdon Anderson asked "if there would be any safety for my Milly and Jane. . . . I would rather stay here and starve—and die, if it come to that—than have my girls brought to shame by the violence and wickedness of their young masters." Judging by this statement, what was one of the most important benefits of black freedom after the Civil War?

Safety from a master's sexual violence

Who was Rutherford B. Hayes's Democratic opponent, who defeated him in the popular vote in the 1876 election?

Samuel J. Tilden

Which statement describes the outcomes of the postwar struggle for land in the South between white former landowners and freedmen?

Some black families in South Carolina acquired land, but whites had most confiscated lands restored to them.

African Americans constituted a majority in the lower house of which state legislature in 1868?

South Carolina

What did American women's rights leaders hope to gain from Reconstruction?

Suffrage

What did the Supreme Court rule in the case of Minor v. Happersett (1875)?

Suffrage rights were not inherent in citizenship

African American colleges and universities, like Fisk, Tougaloo, and the Hampton Institute, which formed during Reconstruction, first focused on training freedmen for what purpose?

Teaching

Republican Radicals in the House followed the lead of which congressman from Pennsylvania?

Thaddeus Stevens

Which political leader supported reparations for slaves in the form of the planters' land?

Thaddeus Stevens

Which Reconstruction measure included a provision that authorized federal authorities to sue on behalf of those whose rights of citizenship had been violated?

The Civil Rights Act of 1866

Disappointed that the Fifteenth Amendment did not extend the right to vote to women, leading suffragists such as Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton formed what group?

The National Woman Suffrage Association

Which statement best describes the constitutional revolution associated with Reconstruction?

The Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments laid the foundation for the civil rights movement of the twentieth century.

Which of the following can be inferred from this political cartoon from the weekly magazine The Judge?

The artist sympathized with the anger and frustration of women.

According to the Fourteenth Amendment, which of the following granted U.S. citizenship?

The federal government

Why did the economic troubles brought on by the panic of 1873 hit southern governments particularly hard?

The southern economy had already been growing slowly before the downturn.

In the election of 1876, on what grounds did Republican officials certify the states of Louisiana, Florida, and South Carolina for Rutherford B. Hayes?

There was ample evidence of Democratic voter fraud.

What set classical liberals apart from other Republicans in the early 1870s?

They believed in free trade, small government, and limited voting rights.

Why were the odds stacked against freedmen who became sharecroppers?

They could not escape debt.

Which statement describes Republican governments of the Reconstruction South?

They depended on the federal government for protection.

Why are the Republican Reconstruction governments of the South categorized as reforming governments?

They expanded education and health care.

Why did many Republicans believe after 1874 that Reconstruction needed to end?

They had suffered a stunning defeat in the 1874 midterm elections.

What does the map suggest about the nature of southern black institutions during Reconstruction?

They had to form beyond the borders of plantations.

Why did some Republicans begin to revolt against the Grant administration in the early 1870s?

They lost faith in their party because of the economic depression.

What did Republicans in Congress do in 1865 to block implementation of President Andrew Johnson's Reconstruction plan?

They refused to admit southern delegates to Congress.

Why were Supreme Court decisions of the 1870s and 1880s regarding the Civil War amendments and civil rights acts significant?

They restricted the impact of these amendments and rulings.

What service, in addition to religious services, did churches provide African Americans after the Civil War?

They served as social centers.

Why did some Republicans in the Senate vote to acquit President Andrew Johnson of criminal misconduct at the end of his impeachment trial?

They thought that removing a president over a policy dispute would be a dangerous precedent.

What characteristics did the freedmen and scalawags of the Republican governments of the South share?

They were both southern born and opposed ex-slaveholders' power.

What made the failure of the Freedman's Savings and Trust Company (FSTC) in 1874 so tragic?

This bank was predominantly used by black farmers, charities, and small businesses.

Which provision was part of the Wade-Davis Bill of July 1864, the first congressional plan for Reconstruction?

Those who had fought against the United States could not form new governments.

During Reconstruction, the term "scalawag" referred to what group of southern whites?

Those who supported Reconstruction

Why did Congress pass the Enforcement Laws in 1870?

To try to stop violence perpetrated by the Ku Klux Klan and similar groups

Who was the first historian to challenge white supremacist interpretations of Reconstruction?

W. E. B. Du Bois

In which scandal did President Grant appear to have perjured himself to protect Orville Babcock, his private secretary, from conviction?

Whiskey Ring

In the South of the late 1800s, sharecroppers found themselves tied to the land and in debt to landlords and merchants in a system of forced labor known as

peonage.

Why did Congress pass the Fourteenth Amendment?

to provide constitutional protection for freedmen's civil rights