Discuss the Nature, Goals, and Perspectives of Anthropology, Sociology, and Political Science

The discipline of anthropology is the fruity of scientific developments in the Western World through the groundbreaking work "On the Origin of Species" (1859) of which author?

Charles Darwin

A political theory, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs.

Communism

It is a discipline that studies and analyzes the general structure of governments of all countries. It includes (executive, legislative, and judicial bodies, their constitutions, laws, administrative organizations, foreign policies, political parties and processes, economic, social, and political functions, and their cultures and traditions)

Comparative Government

The study of people with their variations and progress in terms of culture. It also deals with the description and analysis of the forms and styles of social life of past and present ages.

Cultural Anthropology

Usually entails the notion that one's own culture is superior to everyone else's. Additionally,the ethnocentrism increases one's appreciation and commitment to one's culture or cultural group.

Ethnocentrism

Social science dealing with systems of governance and power, and the analysis of political activities, political thought, political behavior, and associated constitutions and laws.

Political Science

It deals with the accumulation of principles identifying with the basis, structure, conduct, and operations of the state

Political Theory

Activities involved in getting and using power in public life, and being able to influence decisions that affect a country or a society

Politics

Study of human populations; their composition, growth, distribution, and migratory movements

Population Studies

This area also focuses on things such as fertility and mortality rates, the impact of migration on the distribution of certain populations. ex. highly urbanized area (fertility)

Population Studies

Based upon two principles: no society without government, and no society without some form of spiritual power. (NOT really optimism nor pessimism. It is neutral.being positive about knowing)

Positive Polity

A belief or preference to value other cultures as superior more than one's own, condradictory to ethnocentrism.

Xenocectrism

Importance of (studying) Culture

Ø Culture creates man to be creative and resourceful by adapting and integrating himself in the environment to survive Ø Culture determines outline of acceptable social behavior such as protocols, good manners, roles, and duties established by folkways, mores, and laws. Ø Culture carry-out meanings through different forms of verbal and non-verbal communication. Ø Culture produces tangible objects relevant to man such as instruments, tools, equipment, structures, and all technological advancements. Ø Culture contributes to the totality of living of humankind as well as on how they can make their lives enjoyable, easier, and comfortable. On Society

Branch of Social Science that deals with all aspects of human beings including their biological evolution and social and cultural features that definitively distinguish humans from other animal species.

Anthropology

Latin word " anthropos " - human being Greek word " logos " - to study

Anthropology

Systematic study of humanity, with the goal of understanding our evolutionary origins, our distinctiveness as a species, and the great diversity in our forms of social existence across the world and through time.

Anthropology

They analyze social, political, and economic problems and develop solutions to respond to present problems. Ex. In Health and medicine, education, land claim etc.

Applied Anthropology

Application of sociological ideas, concepts, theories and models to address everyday problems or situations. ex. squatters (why they came to the city,background,income, etc.)

Applied Sociology

The study of past human cultures through their material remains. It also the study of past human culture through the recovery and analysis of artifacts.

Archaeology

He study phenomena and eventually coined the term sociology in 1838. He focused on the idea of improving the development of the society and how it operates.

Auguste Comte (1798-1857)

Introduced the term Positivism through his book entitled Course on Positive Philosophy (1830-1842) and System of Positive Polity (1851-1854).

Auguste Comte (1798-1857)

The study of humans as biological organisms, including their evolution and contemporary variation.

Biological Anthropology

Introduced participant observation as a method of studying culture. "open ended inductive long-term living with and among the people to be studied, the sole purpose of which is to achieve an understanding of local knowledge, values, and practices from the native's point of view".

Bronislaw Malinowski (1884-1942)

Looking at a culture's beliefs, values, and practices from the perspective of the culture they are analyzing. It will look at the context of each culture and understand that each culture is different and best understood by the people who are a part of that culture.

Cultural Relativism

All the ways of life including arts, beliefs and institutions of a population that are passed down from generation to generation.

Culture

It comes from Latin word cultura, means "cultivation".

Culture

British anthropologist who first gave the definition of culture which is widely quoted "culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, arts, morals, law, custom, and all aspects of man as a member of society" with his book Primitive Culture (1871)

Edward B. Tylor (1832-1917)

Through his efforts, the professionalization of sociology made it through in the University of Bordeaux in 1985. He defended sociology as a separate and independent field from psychology. His notable works are The Division of Labor in Society (1893) which tackles the transformation of a society from a primitive state into a capitalist, industrial society.

Emile Durkheim (1858-1917)

He also rejected the Western idea of social evolution thus, he favored historical particularism. It assumes that each society has a unique and different form of culture that cannot be incorporated under a predominant culture. He also advocated cultural relativism or the complexity of all culture whether primitive or not. all people have equally developed cultures.

Franz Boas (1858-1942)

Is considered the Father of American Anthropology. His works focused on rejecting the biological basis of racism or racial discrimination.

Franz Boas (1858-1942)

It gives importance to the regulatory and governmental function to corporate, or business entities concerning the national economy.

Government and Business

Study of the nature and behavior of a given population and its interaction with the surrounding environment. Specifically, it focuses on how social structures adapt to the quality and quantity of natural resources and to the existence of other human groups - Studies of this kind have shown the prevalence of mental illness, criminality, delinquency, prostitution, and drug addiction in urban centers and other modern, developed locales.

Human Ecology

It is a system of agreements and treaties that entails responsibilities of one state into another.

International Law

It includes inquiries into the nation-states' foreign policy in their mutual ties on the various forces-geographic, technological, psychological, and political that contribute to shaping such policy.

International Relations

A German philosopher and economist. He made Communist Manifesto (1848) with Friedrich Engels (1820-1895). This book presents his theory of society, which different from the point of view Comte. He disagreed with Comte's positivism and believed that societies developed and progressed because of the struggles of different social classes over the means of production.

Karl Marx (1818-1883)

The term legislation is a complex mechanism that can be extended as a discipline. It tries to explain the process, composition, and organization of legislature.

Legislatures and Legislation

Study of human communication across the globe, attempting to understand how language and linguistic practices intersect with cultural processes, worldviews, ideologies and identities.

Linguistic Anthropology

Is another pioneer in the field of sociology. He emphasized the role of rationalization in the development of society. It refers essentially to the disenchantment of the world. As the world progressed, people began to justify and adopt scientific and rational attitude towards understanding the workings of the world. With this view, modern people became so rigid on science. he introduced bureaucracy as an application of scientific way of life. As bureaucracy efficiency possesses supreme value, other values such as personal relationship and intimacies are gradually rejected.

Max Weber (1864-1920)

A primitive, or less differentiated, society relies on its relative internal sameness to produce what he calls mechanical solidarity - "traditional" and small-scale societies, and it is usually based on kinship ties of familial networks

Mechanical Solidarity

Branch of science that deals with the natural world: its processes, elements, and composition. e.g. physics, chemistry, geology, biology.

Natural Science

An advanced, or more individuated, society creates (through the difference between not only individuals but also between different subgroups, or occupational groups, within the larger social order)

Organic Solidarity

It is an aspect of Political Science which are concerned with the relationship of different societal forces that dictate political opportunities and actions.

Political Dynamics

Discipline in social science concerned primarily in the state, government, and politics. It focuses widely in political theory and its practice and the analysis of political systems and behavior.

Political Science

Greek word "polis" means city-state science comes from Latin word "scire" which means to know.

Political Science

In the lexicon of early anthropologists, any of numerous societies characterized by features that may include lack of a written language, relative isolation, small population, relatively simple social institutions and technology, and a generally slow rate of sociocultural change.

Primitive Culture

It serves as an academic discipline that studies civil service and governance.

Public Administration

It pertains to laws or ordinances which control the framework of public governance. Ex. Constitutional Law, Administrative Law, Tax law and Criminal Law

Public Law

Way human interactions and relationships transform cultural and social institutions over time, having a profound impact of society. ex. civil rights movement, LGBTQ rights, feminism and environmentalism.

Social Change

System of relationships between persons and among groups with regard to the division of activity and the functional arrangement of mutual obligations within society. Ex. health care agencies, social-service groups

Social Organization

Study of how individual or group behavior is influenced by the presence and behavior of others. ex. psychological consequences of work and family life

Social Psychology

"it is a branch of discipline or branch of science that deals with human behavior in its social and cultural aspects" - Nisbet (1974)

Social Science

Is a branch of science primarily focusses in human society and social relationships. Consequently, the main difference between natural science and social science is that natural science studies natural events whereas social science studies the human society.

Social Science

It includes anthropology, sociology, political science, economics, psychology, and geography as its branches. It also the field of human knowledge that deals with all aspects of the group of life of human beings therefore, it is subject to change with the changes of the human behavior. Social scientists use empirical research methods to investigate all sorts of interpersonal and intrapersonal behaviors. Social science is

Social Science

Group of people with common territory, mutual interaction, interest and culture.

Society

Intends to consider, analyze, and/or explain objects of social reality from a sociological perspective, drawing connections between individual concepts in order to organize and substantiate sociological knowledge.

Sociological Theory and Research

Delve into social problems that affect behavior of an individual and a group. It addresses solutions to mitigate the phenomenon which cannot be explained by mere physical experiments and investigations.

Sociology

It is a systematic study of human relationship along with human society and interaction.

Sociology

Latin word "socius" - means companion or fellowship Greek word "logos" - means to study.

Sociology

Study of social life, social change, and the social causes and consequences of human behavior.

Sociology

Proposes that all business tasks must be divided among the employees. The basis for the division of tasks should be competencies and functional specializations. In this way, the workers will be well aware of their role and worth in the organization and what is expected of them. ex. government agencies, large corporations, and the military

Theory of Bureaucracy

Importance of (studying) Society

Ø human connection and interconnectedness Ø symbolizing identity of the members Ø characterizing the boundaries of a territory Ø representing political independence and economic interdependence

Importance of (studying) Politics

Øunderstand the theories, concepts and knowledge and principles of governance as well as public administration and political dynamics. Ømanifest the underlying principles of state policies and laws to be abided and respected by all Øprepares the student for possible career path in the legal profession, government service and other profession with high respect to legal matters and procedures.

Goals of Anthropology

• Internalize the concept of individual differences and diversity. • Discover universality among humans • See cultural patterns objectively • Produce new knowledge and new theories about humankind and human behavior

Goals of Sociology

• Obtain theories and principles about society • Examine social roles within the society • See the interdependency of all beings • Broaden familiarity on sociological facts.

Goals of Political Science

• Understand civic skills and humane ideals for public participation • Examine the operations of the government • Equip each of us intellectual resources that will harness you gather to greater heights