Discuss the Nature, Goals, and Perspectives of Anthropology, Sociology, and Political Science
The discipline of anthropology is the fruity of scientific developments in the Western World through the groundbreaking work "On the Origin of Species" (1859) of which author?
Charles Darwin
A political theory, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs.
Communism
It is a discipline that studies and analyzes the general structure of governments of all countries. It includes (executive, legislative, and judicial bodies, their constitutions, laws, administrative organizations, foreign policies, political parties and processes, economic, social, and political functions, and their cultures and traditions)
Comparative Government
The study of people with their variations and progress in terms of culture. It also deals with the description and analysis of the forms and styles of social life of past and present ages.
Cultural Anthropology
Usually entails the notion that one's own culture is superior to everyone else's. Additionally,the ethnocentrism increases one's appreciation and commitment to one's culture or cultural group.
Ethnocentrism
Social science dealing with systems of governance and power, and the analysis of political activities, political thought, political behavior, and associated constitutions and laws.
Political Science
It deals with the accumulation of principles identifying with the basis, structure, conduct, and operations of the state
Political Theory
Activities involved in getting and using power in public life, and being able to influence decisions that affect a country or a society
Politics
Study of human populations; their composition, growth, distribution, and migratory movements
Population Studies
This area also focuses on things such as fertility and mortality rates, the impact of migration on the distribution of certain populations. ex. highly urbanized area (fertility)
Population Studies
Based upon two principles: no society without government, and no society without some form of spiritual power. (NOT really optimism nor pessimism. It is neutral.being positive about knowing)
Positive Polity
A belief or preference to value other cultures as superior more than one's own, condradictory to ethnocentrism.
Xenocectrism
Importance of (studying) Culture
Ø Culture creates man to be creative and resourceful by adapting and integrating himself in the environment to survive Ø Culture determines outline of acceptable social behavior such as protocols, good manners, roles, and duties established by folkways, mores, and laws. Ø Culture carry-out meanings through different forms of verbal and non-verbal communication. Ø Culture produces tangible objects relevant to man such as instruments, tools, equipment, structures, and all technological advancements. Ø Culture contributes to the totality of living of humankind as well as on how they can make their lives enjoyable, easier, and comfortable. On Society
Branch of Social Science that deals with all aspects of human beings including their biological evolution and social and cultural features that definitively distinguish humans from other animal species.
Anthropology
Latin word " anthropos " - human being Greek word " logos " - to study
Anthropology
Systematic study of humanity, with the goal of understanding our evolutionary origins, our distinctiveness as a species, and the great diversity in our forms of social existence across the world and through time.
Anthropology
They analyze social, political, and economic problems and develop solutions to respond to present problems. Ex. In Health and medicine, education, land claim etc.
Applied Anthropology
Application of sociological ideas, concepts, theories and models to address everyday problems or situations. ex. squatters (why they came to the city,background,income, etc.)
Applied Sociology
The study of past human cultures through their material remains. It also the study of past human culture through the recovery and analysis of artifacts.
Archaeology
He study phenomena and eventually coined the term sociology in 1838. He focused on the idea of improving the development of the society and how it operates.
Auguste Comte (1798-1857)
Introduced the term Positivism through his book entitled Course on Positive Philosophy (1830-1842) and System of Positive Polity (1851-1854).
Auguste Comte (1798-1857)
The study of humans as biological organisms, including their evolution and contemporary variation.
Biological Anthropology
Introduced participant observation as a method of studying culture. "open ended inductive long-term living with and among the people to be studied, the sole purpose of which is to achieve an understanding of local knowledge, values, and practices from the native's point of view".
Bronislaw Malinowski (1884-1942)
Looking at a culture's beliefs, values, and practices from the perspective of the culture they are analyzing. It will look at the context of each culture and understand that each culture is different and best understood by the people who are a part of that culture.
Cultural Relativism
All the ways of life including arts, beliefs and institutions of a population that are passed down from generation to generation.
Culture
It comes from Latin word cultura, means "cultivation".
Culture
British anthropologist who first gave the definition of culture which is widely quoted "culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, arts, morals, law, custom, and all aspects of man as a member of society" with his book Primitive Culture (1871)
Edward B. Tylor (1832-1917)
Through his efforts, the professionalization of sociology made it through in the University of Bordeaux in 1985. He defended sociology as a separate and independent field from psychology. His notable works are The Division of Labor in Society (1893) which tackles the transformation of a society from a primitive state into a capitalist, industrial society.
Emile Durkheim (1858-1917)
He also rejected the Western idea of social evolution thus, he favored historical particularism. It assumes that each society has a unique and different form of culture that cannot be incorporated under a predominant culture. He also advocated cultural relativism or the complexity of all culture whether primitive or not. all people have equally developed cultures.
Franz Boas (1858-1942)
Is considered the Father of American Anthropology. His works focused on rejecting the biological basis of racism or racial discrimination.
Franz Boas (1858-1942)
It gives importance to the regulatory and governmental function to corporate, or business entities concerning the national economy.
Government and Business
Study of the nature and behavior of a given population and its interaction with the surrounding environment. Specifically, it focuses on how social structures adapt to the quality and quantity of natural resources and to the existence of other human groups - Studies of this kind have shown the prevalence of mental illness, criminality, delinquency, prostitution, and drug addiction in urban centers and other modern, developed locales.
Human Ecology
It is a system of agreements and treaties that entails responsibilities of one state into another.
International Law
It includes inquiries into the nation-states' foreign policy in their mutual ties on the various forces-geographic, technological, psychological, and political that contribute to shaping such policy.
International Relations
A German philosopher and economist. He made Communist Manifesto (1848) with Friedrich Engels (1820-1895). This book presents his theory of society, which different from the point of view Comte. He disagreed with Comte's positivism and believed that societies developed and progressed because of the struggles of different social classes over the means of production.
Karl Marx (1818-1883)
The term legislation is a complex mechanism that can be extended as a discipline. It tries to explain the process, composition, and organization of legislature.
Legislatures and Legislation
Study of human communication across the globe, attempting to understand how language and linguistic practices intersect with cultural processes, worldviews, ideologies and identities.
Linguistic Anthropology
Is another pioneer in the field of sociology. He emphasized the role of rationalization in the development of society. It refers essentially to the disenchantment of the world. As the world progressed, people began to justify and adopt scientific and rational attitude towards understanding the workings of the world. With this view, modern people became so rigid on science. he introduced bureaucracy as an application of scientific way of life. As bureaucracy efficiency possesses supreme value, other values such as personal relationship and intimacies are gradually rejected.
Max Weber (1864-1920)
A primitive, or less differentiated, society relies on its relative internal sameness to produce what he calls mechanical solidarity - "traditional" and small-scale societies, and it is usually based on kinship ties of familial networks
Mechanical Solidarity
Branch of science that deals with the natural world: its processes, elements, and composition. e.g. physics, chemistry, geology, biology.
Natural Science
An advanced, or more individuated, society creates (through the difference between not only individuals but also between different subgroups, or occupational groups, within the larger social order)
Organic Solidarity
It is an aspect of Political Science which are concerned with the relationship of different societal forces that dictate political opportunities and actions.
Political Dynamics
Discipline in social science concerned primarily in the state, government, and politics. It focuses widely in political theory and its practice and the analysis of political systems and behavior.
Political Science
Greek word "polis" means city-state science comes from Latin word "scire" which means to know.
Political Science
In the lexicon of early anthropologists, any of numerous societies characterized by features that may include lack of a written language, relative isolation, small population, relatively simple social institutions and technology, and a generally slow rate of sociocultural change.
Primitive Culture
It serves as an academic discipline that studies civil service and governance.
Public Administration
It pertains to laws or ordinances which control the framework of public governance. Ex. Constitutional Law, Administrative Law, Tax law and Criminal Law
Public Law
Way human interactions and relationships transform cultural and social institutions over time, having a profound impact of society. ex. civil rights movement, LGBTQ rights, feminism and environmentalism.
Social Change
System of relationships between persons and among groups with regard to the division of activity and the functional arrangement of mutual obligations within society. Ex. health care agencies, social-service groups
Social Organization
Study of how individual or group behavior is influenced by the presence and behavior of others. ex. psychological consequences of work and family life
Social Psychology
"it is a branch of discipline or branch of science that deals with human behavior in its social and cultural aspects" - Nisbet (1974)
Social Science
Is a branch of science primarily focusses in human society and social relationships. Consequently, the main difference between natural science and social science is that natural science studies natural events whereas social science studies the human society.
Social Science
It includes anthropology, sociology, political science, economics, psychology, and geography as its branches. It also the field of human knowledge that deals with all aspects of the group of life of human beings therefore, it is subject to change with the changes of the human behavior. Social scientists use empirical research methods to investigate all sorts of interpersonal and intrapersonal behaviors. Social science is
Social Science
Group of people with common territory, mutual interaction, interest and culture.
Society
Intends to consider, analyze, and/or explain objects of social reality from a sociological perspective, drawing connections between individual concepts in order to organize and substantiate sociological knowledge.
Sociological Theory and Research
Delve into social problems that affect behavior of an individual and a group. It addresses solutions to mitigate the phenomenon which cannot be explained by mere physical experiments and investigations.
Sociology
It is a systematic study of human relationship along with human society and interaction.
Sociology
Latin word "socius" - means companion or fellowship Greek word "logos" - means to study.
Sociology
Study of social life, social change, and the social causes and consequences of human behavior.
Sociology
Proposes that all business tasks must be divided among the employees. The basis for the division of tasks should be competencies and functional specializations. In this way, the workers will be well aware of their role and worth in the organization and what is expected of them. ex. government agencies, large corporations, and the military
Theory of Bureaucracy
Importance of (studying) Society
Ø human connection and interconnectedness Ø symbolizing identity of the members Ø characterizing the boundaries of a territory Ø representing political independence and economic interdependence
Importance of (studying) Politics
Øunderstand the theories, concepts and knowledge and principles of governance as well as public administration and political dynamics. Ømanifest the underlying principles of state policies and laws to be abided and respected by all Øprepares the student for possible career path in the legal profession, government service and other profession with high respect to legal matters and procedures.
Goals of Anthropology
• Internalize the concept of individual differences and diversity. • Discover universality among humans • See cultural patterns objectively • Produce new knowledge and new theories about humankind and human behavior
Goals of Sociology
• Obtain theories and principles about society • Examine social roles within the society • See the interdependency of all beings • Broaden familiarity on sociological facts.
Goals of Political Science
• Understand civic skills and humane ideals for public participation • Examine the operations of the government • Equip each of us intellectual resources that will harness you gather to greater heights
