History Chapter 21: Lesson 2 - The Ideas of the Enlightenment

What was John Wesley's mythical experience and what did this lead to?

"the gift of God's grace" assured him of salvation, leading to John to bring the English people "glad tidings" of salvation .

Henry Fielding

-English writer -wrote the History of Tom Jones, a Foundling

Mary Wollstonecraft

-English writer -early feminist who denied male supremacy -advocated equal education for women -founder of the modern European and American movements for woman's rights -wrote "A vindication of the rights of women" -argued that woman are entitled to the same rights as men.

Haydn

-Father of the Symphony -spent most of his life as a musical director for wealthy Hungarian princes -wrote The Creation and The Seasons, which conveyed universal themes of beginnings and everyday life.

Voltaire

-The greatest figure of the Enlightment -was well-known for his criticism of Christianity. -contributed to the Enlightment by championing deism

Mozart

-child prodigy -wrote The Marriage of Figaro, The Magic Flute, and Don Giovanni (the three greatest operas in the world)

Montesquieu

-contributed to the Enlightment by writing the 'Spirit of the Laws' and by developing the separation of powers -French Noble -stated that England's government had three branches

Jean-Antoine Watteau

-created rococo -made, his masterpiece, the Embarkation for Cythera (the best example of rococo) -his paintings are filled with an exterior of happiness with and interior of sadness underneath.

Balthasaur

-one of the greatest architects of the 18th century -created two masterpieces.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

-the most famous philosophe -argued that the natural world is good and believed that that reason and emotion are both important. -contributed to the enlightenment by creating the social contract and discourse on the origins of the inequality of mankind.

Diderot

-writer -contributed to the Enlightment by writing the Encyclopedia and fighting for the reform of society.

What were the 3 basic roles that Adam Smith gave to the government?

1st: it should protect society from invasion (the function of the army) 2nd: the government should defend citizens from injustice (the function of the police). 3rd: it should keep up certain public works that private individuals alone could not afford—roads and canals

Why was the scientific method important to the Enlightment?

Because they hoped that by using the scientific method, they could make progress toward a better society than the one they had inherited.

What did Adam Smith believe?

Capitalism

What did the Enlightment thinkers believe?

Enlightenment thinkers began to believe that if environments were changed and people were exposed to the right influences, then they could be changed to create a new, and better, society.

the two most famous musicians of the Enlightenment?

Franz Joseph Haydn and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (who preferred to write classical music)

How do Haydn's interests as a composer reflect the influence of Enlightenment ideas?

Haydn wrote music for public concerts. A broader audience suggests the influence of the Enlightenment ideas of equality.

What was Voltaire's believe?

He believed that the universe was like a clock, god was the clockmaker, had created it, set it in motion, and allowed it to run without his interference and according to its own natural laws.

Who were the men who influenced the intellectuals of the Enlightenment?

Issac Newton and John Locke

What was John Locke's belief?

Locke's ideas suggested that people were molded by the experiences that came through their senses from the surrounding world.

When was the first daily newspaper printed?

London, 1702

the most famous new religious and evangelical movement made by John Wesley.

Methodism

Who were the 3 three individuals dominated the intellectual landscape?

Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Diderot.

What was Isaac Newton's belief?

Newton believed that the physical world and everything in it was like a giant "world machine," operating according to natural laws that could be uncovered through systematic investigation.

What are two ways in which philosophes sought to change the world?

Philosophers sought to change the world politically and intellectually. I.E. Laissez-faire and The social contract.

Adam Smith

Scottish moral philosopher and a pioneer of political economics. -Father of Capitalism and Economics. -One of the key figures of the Scottish Enlightenment. -believed that the government should let people do as they please.

What did John Wesley believe?

That everyone can be saved from sin by faith (salvation)

Why were salons important?

That's how ideas spread from one individual to another

What did the Enlightment thinkers reason with Newton?

The Enlightenment thinkers reasoned that if Newton was able to discover the natural laws that governed the physical world they would be able to make an ideal society.

An eighteenth century philosophical movement of intellectuals who were greatly impressed with the achievements of the Scientific revolution.

The Enlightment

A French group that were interested in identifying the natural economic laws that governed society.

The Physiocrats

What were the 3 branches of .England's government?

The executive (the monarch), the legislative (Parliament), and the judicial (the courts of law).

social science

The study of the social features of humans and the ways in which they interact and change. ex: History, economics, political science.

What did the philosophes believe about Newton's methods?

They believed that his methods could be used to discover natural laws underlying all areas of human life which is social sciences

How were European rulers guided by Enlightenment thought?

They ruled based on the thought that they were a higher race.

What did American philosophes do with the separation of powers?

They translated them and worked them into the United States Constitution

What did Adam Smith write?

Wealth of Nations

How did Mary Wollstonecraft use the Enlightenment ideal of reason to advocate rights for women?

Wollstonecraft believed that since women have reason, they should have rights.

generation

a group of individuals born and living at the same time

What came to maturity in the late 1760s?

a new generation of philosophes

Why was Rococo so popular in the 1730s?

because it emphasized grace, charm, gentle action, and reflected the Enlightment culture of the time.

How did books and reading grow?

because the Enlightenment's ideas were spread to the literate elite of the European Society.

Why weren't books popular before the 18th century?

because they were aimed at small groups of the educated elite.

Why were books popular during the 18th century?

because they were appealing to the higher classes of society since they began to us realistic social themes.

the concept, made by the Physiocrats and Adam Smith, that the state should not impose government regulations but should leave the economy alone.

capitalism

an eighteenth-century religious philosophy based on reason and natural law

deism

a system, made by Adam Smith, in which private businesses are able to compete with each other with little control by the government.

free enterprise system

why was seperation of powers created

in order to prevent any one person or group from having too much power

what happened after Methodism after Wesley's death?

it became a separate Protestant group.

What effect did the Encyclopedia?

it became a weapon against the old French society

What did the sadness in Watteau's paintings mean?

it depicted the fragility and passing of nature of pleasure, love, and life.

What impact did the palace of Louis XIV have on Europe?

it improved architecture as it led to European palaces to be model more on the Italian baroque style of the 1500s rather than the French classical style of Versailles.

What does laissez-faire mean?

let people do as they choose/want

A French word used to describe the intellectuals of the Enlightenment.

philosophe meaning "philosopher"

What role did philosophes play in the Enlightenment?

philosophers pushed for changes in the government and the church. Many philosophers thought of plans to change the political system and laws within the church. Philosophers followed Isaac Newton as a model with the belief of logic and reason.

What were Balthasar Neumann's 2 masterpieces?

pilgrimage church of 14 Saints & the Residence, the palace of prince bishop of Wurzburg.

What was the Enlightenment's favorite word to use?

reason

What were common words used by thinkers of the Enlightment?

reason, natural law, hope, progress

an artistic style that replaced baroque in the 1730s; it was highly secular, emphasizing grace, charm, and gentle action

rococo

the elegant urban drawing rooms where, in the eighteenth century, writers, artists, aristocrats, government officials, and wealthy middle-class people gathered to discuss the ideas of the philosophes

salons

a form of government in which the executive, legislative, and judicial branches limit and control each other through a system of checks and balances

separation of powers

What were the two problems that Wollstonecraft identified?

she said that the same people who argued that women must obey men also said that government based on the arbitrary power of monarchs over their subjects was wrong. She also said that the power of men over women was equally wrong.

the concept that an entire society agrees to be governed by its general will and all individuals should be forced to abide by it since it represents what is best for the entire community

social contract

What was the a notable reform that the Methodist societies influence?

the abolition of slavery

What led to new religious movements?

the desire of ordinary Protestants for greater depths of religious experience.

What was an important aspect of the growth of publishing and reading in the 18th century?

the development of the of magazines and newspapers for the general public.

What was important to the Enlightenment?

the growth of books and reading.

What would happened to the ideas of the Enlightment?

they became of a force for reform and revolution

What did physiocrats believe?

they could discover natural economic laws that governed society which means they believed in laissez-faire.

What was the purpose of the Encyclopedia (according to Diderot)?

to change the general way of thinking.

What was the role of philosophy according to the philosophes?

to change the world

What else did the ideas of the Enlightenment have an impact on?

world of culture, art, music, and literature

Were the Enlightenment ideas spread through the salon and the literate elite of the European society?

yes