History final
In return for financial support, what did Charles II of England secretly promise Louis XIV of France?
English laws against Catholics would be eased and England gradually re-catholicized
How did Frederick William, the Great Elector of Prussia, persuade the junker nobility to accept taxation without consent in order to fund the army?
He confirmed the Junkers' privileges, including their authority over the serfs
Why did John Calvin reject the idea of human free will?
Human free will would detract from the sovereignty of God
How did the Treaty of Utrecht resolve the problem of succession to the spanish throne
Louis XIV of France's grandson, Philip, was placed on the French throne with the agreement that the French and Spanish thrones would never be united
How did Luther benefit from his appearance before the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Worms?
Luther gained a large audience for his reform ideas, and others began to challenge the church's teachings and practices
What aided Martin Luther as his call for reform emerged?
Luther understood the power of the new printing press and authorized the publication of his works
What were Lutheran and Calvinist attitudes toward secular rulers?
Lutherans taught respect for authority while Calvinists encouraged opposition to political authorities who were considered ungodly
Why did Elizabeth I have her cousin and heir Mary, Queen of Scots, executed?
Mary became implicated in a plot to assassinate Elizabeth
Why did Protestants allow the dissolution of marriages in divorce?
Protestants viewed marriage as a contract for mutual support, and married partners who failed to provide support endangered their souls and their entire community
Which of the following best describes Martin Luther's doctrine of Salvation
Salvation came through faith alone as a free gift of God's grace
Within the Ottoman government, who staffed the top levels of the bureaucracy?
The sultan's slave corps
How did Peter the Great's westernizing reforms affect the process of marriage?
Young noble men and women were required to attend parties together and could freely chose their own spouses
The Saint Bartholomew's Day massacre led to
a lengthy civil war
When speaking of "moral economy," historians are referring to
a vision of the world in which community needs predominate over competition and profit
As a result of the Peace of Augsburg, the people of Germany
became either lutheran or catholic, depending of the preference of the political authority
In the early sixteenth century, anticlericalism focused primarily on all of the following issues except
clerical heresy
In Eastern Europe between 1500 and 1650, the growth of the commercial agriculture was accompanied by the
consolidation of serfdom
What was one of the social consequences of Peter the Great's bureaucratic system
everyone had to start at the bottom of the system and work their way up
Protestants argued that the highest form of christian life is
for each individual to serve God through his or her calling
The Edict of Nantes
granted French Huguenots the right to worship in 150 towns
How did the Peace of Westphalia mark a turning point in European history?
large-scale armed conflicts over religious faith came to an end
How did the closing of the monasteries and convents affect upper-class women?
marriage became the only occupation for upper class women
How did the nature of armed forces change in the latter half of the seventeenth century?
new techniques for training and deploying soldiers led to a rise in the professional standards of the army
The inquisitorial legal procedure differed from the accusatorial legal procedure in all of the following ways except
people were more willing to to make accusations since the authorities would bring the cases publicly
The Pilgrimage of Grace attested to
popular opposition, in northern England, to Henry VIII's reformation
France supported the Protestant princes of Germany in order to
prevent Charles V from increasing his power
Women play all of the following roles in the patronage systems except
serving on royal councils
Why did Ivan IV of Russia bind urban merchants and artisans to their towns
so that he could tax them more heavily
The final collapse of Spain as a great military power was symbolized by the defeat at the Battle of Rocroi and the resulting of the Treaty of
the Pyrenees
The Reformation of England was primarily the result of
the dynastic and romantic concerns of Henry VIII
How widespread was the influence of the Inquisition?
the inquisition effectively destroyed heresy within the Papal States but had little influence elsewhere
How did the choice to embrace or reject the Reform movement occur in a territory or region in the Holy Roman Empire?
the political leader(s) of the territory or region determined whether to introduce reforms
Why did most ordinary Poles oppose the Lutheran reform movement?
they held strong anti-german feelings
How did the princes of Moscow seek to legitimize their authority as rulers of an independent state?
they modeled their rule on the Mongol Khans
The guiding force behind Cardinal Richelieu's domestic policies was
to strengthen royal control
In religious affairs, Elizabeth I of England followed a policy that
was a middle course between Catholic and Protestant extremes
Luther's ideas about Roman exploitation of Germany
Appealed to the national sentiment of German princes
The Treat of Cateau-Cambresis ended the conflict known as the
Habsburg-Valois Wars
How did Archbishop of Canterbury William Laud create conflict in Britain in the 1630s?
He sought to impose the Anglican Book of Common Prayer on Presbyterian Scotland
What was the consequence of Rakoczy's rebellion of Habsburg rule
Hungary was never fully integrated into a centralized, absolute Habsburg state
How did famines affect the European population in the seventeenth century?
Malnutrition made people susceptible to deadly diseases, which reduced the population significantly
Henry IV of France did all of the following except
Place Cardinal Richelieu in charge of the French government
What mistaken belief did the Count-Duke of Olivares hold that brought disaster to Spain?
Spain must return to the imperial tradition of the sixteenth century in order to solve its economic and political difficulties
In Hungary, Lutheranism was
Spread by Hungarian students who had studied at the University of Wittenberg.
A new religious order for women that emerged in the sixteenth century was the
Ursuline Order
Oliver Cromwell governed England
as an absolute monarchy
Luther believed that marriage
brought spiritual advantages and was the ideal state for nearly all human beings
The calvinist doctrine of predestination led to a
confidence among Calvinists in their own salvation
Mercantilist theory postulated that
economic activity should be regulated by and for the state
The plays of Moliere and Racine
marked the finest achievements in the history of the French theater
Oliver Cromwell's protectorate is best described as a
military dictatorship
French foreign policy under Richelieu focused primarily on the
preventing of the Habsburgs from unifying the territories surrounding France
The dissolution of the English monasteries
resulted from Henry VIII's desire to confiscate their wealth
Which of the following best characterizes the English revolution of 1688?
the revolution did not constitute a democratic revolution since sovereignty was placed in the Parliament, which only represented the upper class
Louis XIV ruled
through several councils of state
In addition to reforming the church, what was the other goal of the Council of Trent?
to secure reconciliation with the Protestants
Martin Luther's first response to the Peasant's War was
to side with the peasants
The overriding goal of the Catholic religious orders established in the sixteenth century was
to uplift the moral condition of both clergy and laity
Luther believed that the church consisted of
A spiritual priesthood of all Christian believers
How did the Calvinists understand the idea of work or labor?
All work with a religious aspect were dignified
In the seventeenth century, why did rulers hesitate to crush rebellion?
Armies were expensive to deploy, and rulers feared creating martyrs
How did inquisitors view most people accused of witchcraft?
As superstitious and ignorant peasants who should be educated rather than executed
The Baroque style flourished in the context of the
Catholic reformation
Why did the English government arrive at a crisis situation by 1640?
Charles I attempted to govern without Parliament and finance his government by emergency taxes