History final

In return for financial support, what did Charles II of England secretly promise Louis XIV of France?

English laws against Catholics would be eased and England gradually re-catholicized

How did Frederick William, the Great Elector of Prussia, persuade the junker nobility to accept taxation without consent in order to fund the army?

He confirmed the Junkers' privileges, including their authority over the serfs

Why did John Calvin reject the idea of human free will?

Human free will would detract from the sovereignty of God

How did the Treaty of Utrecht resolve the problem of succession to the spanish throne

Louis XIV of France's grandson, Philip, was placed on the French throne with the agreement that the French and Spanish thrones would never be united

How did Luther benefit from his appearance before the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Worms?

Luther gained a large audience for his reform ideas, and others began to challenge the church's teachings and practices

What aided Martin Luther as his call for reform emerged?

Luther understood the power of the new printing press and authorized the publication of his works

What were Lutheran and Calvinist attitudes toward secular rulers?

Lutherans taught respect for authority while Calvinists encouraged opposition to political authorities who were considered ungodly

Why did Elizabeth I have her cousin and heir Mary, Queen of Scots, executed?

Mary became implicated in a plot to assassinate Elizabeth

Why did Protestants allow the dissolution of marriages in divorce?

Protestants viewed marriage as a contract for mutual support, and married partners who failed to provide support endangered their souls and their entire community

Which of the following best describes Martin Luther's doctrine of Salvation

Salvation came through faith alone as a free gift of God's grace

Within the Ottoman government, who staffed the top levels of the bureaucracy?

The sultan's slave corps

How did Peter the Great's westernizing reforms affect the process of marriage?

Young noble men and women were required to attend parties together and could freely chose their own spouses

The Saint Bartholomew's Day massacre led to

a lengthy civil war

When speaking of "moral economy," historians are referring to

a vision of the world in which community needs predominate over competition and profit

As a result of the Peace of Augsburg, the people of Germany

became either lutheran or catholic, depending of the preference of the political authority

In the early sixteenth century, anticlericalism focused primarily on all of the following issues except

clerical heresy

In Eastern Europe between 1500 and 1650, the growth of the commercial agriculture was accompanied by the

consolidation of serfdom

What was one of the social consequences of Peter the Great's bureaucratic system

everyone had to start at the bottom of the system and work their way up

Protestants argued that the highest form of christian life is

for each individual to serve God through his or her calling

The Edict of Nantes

granted French Huguenots the right to worship in 150 towns

How did the Peace of Westphalia mark a turning point in European history?

large-scale armed conflicts over religious faith came to an end

How did the closing of the monasteries and convents affect upper-class women?

marriage became the only occupation for upper class women

How did the nature of armed forces change in the latter half of the seventeenth century?

new techniques for training and deploying soldiers led to a rise in the professional standards of the army

The inquisitorial legal procedure differed from the accusatorial legal procedure in all of the following ways except

people were more willing to to make accusations since the authorities would bring the cases publicly

The Pilgrimage of Grace attested to

popular opposition, in northern England, to Henry VIII's reformation

France supported the Protestant princes of Germany in order to

prevent Charles V from increasing his power

Women play all of the following roles in the patronage systems except

serving on royal councils

Why did Ivan IV of Russia bind urban merchants and artisans to their towns

so that he could tax them more heavily

The final collapse of Spain as a great military power was symbolized by the defeat at the Battle of Rocroi and the resulting of the Treaty of

the Pyrenees

The Reformation of England was primarily the result of

the dynastic and romantic concerns of Henry VIII

How widespread was the influence of the Inquisition?

the inquisition effectively destroyed heresy within the Papal States but had little influence elsewhere

How did the choice to embrace or reject the Reform movement occur in a territory or region in the Holy Roman Empire?

the political leader(s) of the territory or region determined whether to introduce reforms

Why did most ordinary Poles oppose the Lutheran reform movement?

they held strong anti-german feelings

How did the princes of Moscow seek to legitimize their authority as rulers of an independent state?

they modeled their rule on the Mongol Khans

The guiding force behind Cardinal Richelieu's domestic policies was

to strengthen royal control

In religious affairs, Elizabeth I of England followed a policy that

was a middle course between Catholic and Protestant extremes

Luther's ideas about Roman exploitation of Germany

Appealed to the national sentiment of German princes

The Treat of Cateau-Cambresis ended the conflict known as the

Habsburg-Valois Wars

How did Archbishop of Canterbury William Laud create conflict in Britain in the 1630s?

He sought to impose the Anglican Book of Common Prayer on Presbyterian Scotland

What was the consequence of Rakoczy's rebellion of Habsburg rule

Hungary was never fully integrated into a centralized, absolute Habsburg state

How did famines affect the European population in the seventeenth century?

Malnutrition made people susceptible to deadly diseases, which reduced the population significantly

Henry IV of France did all of the following except

Place Cardinal Richelieu in charge of the French government

What mistaken belief did the Count-Duke of Olivares hold that brought disaster to Spain?

Spain must return to the imperial tradition of the sixteenth century in order to solve its economic and political difficulties

In Hungary, Lutheranism was

Spread by Hungarian students who had studied at the University of Wittenberg.

A new religious order for women that emerged in the sixteenth century was the

Ursuline Order

Oliver Cromwell governed England

as an absolute monarchy

Luther believed that marriage

brought spiritual advantages and was the ideal state for nearly all human beings

The calvinist doctrine of predestination led to a

confidence among Calvinists in their own salvation

Mercantilist theory postulated that

economic activity should be regulated by and for the state

The plays of Moliere and Racine

marked the finest achievements in the history of the French theater

Oliver Cromwell's protectorate is best described as a

military dictatorship

French foreign policy under Richelieu focused primarily on the

preventing of the Habsburgs from unifying the territories surrounding France

The dissolution of the English monasteries

resulted from Henry VIII's desire to confiscate their wealth

Which of the following best characterizes the English revolution of 1688?

the revolution did not constitute a democratic revolution since sovereignty was placed in the Parliament, which only represented the upper class

Louis XIV ruled

through several councils of state

In addition to reforming the church, what was the other goal of the Council of Trent?

to secure reconciliation with the Protestants

Martin Luther's first response to the Peasant's War was

to side with the peasants

The overriding goal of the Catholic religious orders established in the sixteenth century was

to uplift the moral condition of both clergy and laity

Luther believed that the church consisted of

A spiritual priesthood of all Christian believers

How did the Calvinists understand the idea of work or labor?

All work with a religious aspect were dignified

In the seventeenth century, why did rulers hesitate to crush rebellion?

Armies were expensive to deploy, and rulers feared creating martyrs

How did inquisitors view most people accused of witchcraft?

As superstitious and ignorant peasants who should be educated rather than executed

The Baroque style flourished in the context of the

Catholic reformation

Why did the English government arrive at a crisis situation by 1640?

Charles I attempted to govern without Parliament and finance his government by emergency taxes