History Final Lex
What was the purpose of the GI bill of rights?
-ease veterans back into civilians mainstream -most successful public assistance programs -congress tied benefits to specific public goals -encouraged veterans to attend college w/money for tuitions and books
How was taft-hartley act a counter-attack by big business?
-outlawed several of union tools or "unfair labor practices" it stopped the close shop(requirement that all workers at company or plant union members) -outlawed secondary boycotts(strikes against suppliers or consumers at a targeted big business)
What motivated African-Americans to demand full rights?
-urgent need for decent housing -they fought for freedom and still experienced discrimination so they wanted to finally close the gap of talking about american ideals to actually taking action
Central Intelligence Agency
...
International Monetary Fund
...
Levittown
...
National Security Council
...
Marshall plan
1949 european recovery program, which we hoped they would help us out in return
Levittown represented a change toward
A) affordable homes in suburban areas.
Effects of the Korean War included all of the following EXCEPT:
A) the Soviet Union became convinced of America's military invincibility.
Ronald Reagan won the 1980 election because?
Americans felt threatened by political and economic forces they couldn't control.
Effects of the Vietnam war included which of the following?
Erosion of the nation's confidence in its government.
What economic fear did Americans have at the end of the war?
Feared demobilization would bring a re-run of unemployment and inflation like the end of WW1
Which statement about the 1963 March on Washington is NOT true?
It began a period of uninterrupted unity within the civil rights movement.
How were reconversion plans obsolete?
Japans sudden surprised us, we planned for a 2 year phase out of military spending and a gradual reintroduction of veterans into domestic economy, pentagon ended up canceling 15billion$ worth of war contracts, It took a year to get the entire GI's home from Europe and South Pacific
Baby boom
New marriages started having babies, old marriages tried to catch up because they held back during the war. babies helped economy by spending $$ on diapers, bikes, household cleaning products
What was NATO?
North atlantic treaty organization included military aid, and deployment of US troops in Western Europe
Great Society
a set of domestic programs in the United States announced by President Lyndon B. Johnson at Ohio University and subsequently promoted by him and fellow Democrats in Congress in the 1960s. Two main goals of the Great Society social reforms were the elimination of poverty and racial injustice
Reagan Doctrine
a strategy orchestrated and implemented by the United States under the Reagan Administration to oppose the global influence of the Soviet Union during the final years of the Cold War. While the doctrine lasted less than a decade, it was the centerpiece of United States foreign policy from the early 1980s until the end of the Cold War in 1991.
Limited Test Ban Treaty
a treaty prohibiting all test detonations of nuclear weapons except underground. It was developed both to slow the arms race (nuclear testing was, at the time, necessary for continued nuclear weapon advancements), and to stop the excessive release of nuclear fallout into the planet's atmosphere. It was signed and ratified by the governments of the Soviet Union and United Kingdom and the United States in 1963.
Freedom Summer
(also known as the Mississippi Summer Project) was a campaign in the United States launched in June 1964 to attempt to register as many African American voters as possible in Mississippi, which had historically excluded most blacks from voting. The project also set up dozens of Freedom Schools, Freedom Houses, and community centers in small towns throughout Mississippi to aid the local black population
Southern Manifesto
(known informally as the Southern Manifesto) was a document written in February and March 1956, in the United States Congress, in opposition to racial integration of public places
Taft-Harley Act
Conservatives, wanted to reverse gains made by organized labor. It passed because anger of the strikes. Big Businesses against labor unions
What was Levittown?
Levittown, built houses for vets on Long Island, small houses but gave new families a place to start
In recent decades the largest number of new Americans has come from
Mexico.
which statement about the Iran-Contra affair is NOT true?
President Reagan and Vice-President Bush were unaware of any wrongdoing.
What desire did Americans seek to enjoy after World War II?
The promise of American Life after years of sacrifice
Which statement about riots in urban ghettos in the 1960s is true?
The riots revealed the frustrations of residents who had ligitimate grievances.
Fair Deal
Truman promised to extend the NEWDEAL and ensure greater economic opportunity for the mass of people congress: extended exisiting programs that rejected new departures result: not consistent program
How did the government attempt to deal with the housing shortage?
VA (veteran administration) mortgage program: allowed vets to get home purchase loans from private lenders w/o a down payment
Intermediate Nuclear Force Agreement
a 1987 agreement between the United States and the Soviet Union. Signed in Washington, D.C. by U.S. President Ronald Reagan and General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev on December 8, 1987, it was ratified by the United States Senate on May 27, 1988 and came into force on June 1 of that year. The treaty is formally titled The Treaty Between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on the Elimination of Their Intermediate-Range and Shorter-Range Missiles.
Congress of Racial Equality
a U.S. civil rights organization that played a pivotal role for African-Americans in the Civil Rights Movement
Containment
a United States policy using numerous strategies to prevent the spread of communism abroad. A component of the Cold War, this policy was a response to a series of moves by the Soviet Union to enlarge communist influence in Eastern Europe, China, Korea, and Vietnam. It represented a middle-ground position between détente and rollback.
Berlin Wall
a barrier constructed by the German Democratic Republic (GDR, East Germany) starting on 13 August 1961, that completely cut off (by land) West Berlin from surrounding East Germany and from East Berlin.
When Goldfield writes "Millions of young people in the second half of the 1960s expressed their alienation from American society by sampling drugs or chasing the rainbow of a youth culture" he is referring to
a counterculture.
Persian Gulf War
was a war waged by a U.N.-authorized Coalition force from 34 nations led by the United States, against Iraq in response to Iraq's invasion and annexation of Kuwait.
Gulf Tonkin Resolution
a joint resolution that the United States Congress passed on August 7, 1964, in response to a sea battle between the North Vietnamese Navy's Torpedo Squadron 135 (Moise 1996, p. 78) and the destroyer USS Maddox on August 2 and an alleged second naval engagement between North Vietnamese boats and the U.S. destroyers USS Maddox and USS Turner Joy on August 4 in the Tonkin Gulf; both naval actions are known collectively as the Gulf of Tonkin Incident.
Roe VS Wade
a landmark decision by the United States Supreme Court on the issue of abortion
Civil Rights Act of 1964
a landmark piece of legislation in the United States[1] that outlawed major forms of discrimination against racial, ethnic, national and religious minorities, and women
Voting Rights Act
a landmark piece of national legislation in the United States that outlawed discriminatory voting practices that had been responsible for the widespread disenfranchisement of African Americans in the U.S.[2]
Americans with Disabilities Act
a law that was enacted by the U.S. Congress in 1990. It was signed into law on July 26, 1990, by President George H. W. Bush, and later amended with changes effective January 1, 2009.[3]
The Taft-Hartley Act:
was an attempt by big business to reverse the gains made by organized labor.
Glasnost
a policy that called for increased openness and transparency in government institutions and activities in the Soviet Union.
Neoconservatives
a right-wing branch of American liberalism that includes endorsement of political individualism and a qualified endorsement of free markets.[
Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965
abolished the National Origins Formula that had been in place in the United States since the Immigration Act of 1924. It was proposed by United States Representative Emanuel Celler of New York, co-sponsored by United States Senator Philip Hart of Michigan and heavily supported by United States Senator Ted Kennedy of Massachusetts.
what did the victorious powers argue bitterly about?
about germany and europe, was the soviet union to dominate eastern europe as its protective buffer or was the region to open the western economic and political influence
NASA
agency of the United States government that is responsible for the nation's civilian space program and for aeronautics and aerospace research. Since February 2006, NASA's mission statement has been to "pioneer the future in space exploration, scientific discovery and aeronautics research."[5]
Massive retaliation
also known as a massive response or massive deterrence, is a military doctrine and nuclear strategy in which a state commits itself to retaliate in much greater force in the event of an attack.
Economic Recovery and Tax Act of 1981
also known as the ERTA or "Kemp-Roth Tax Cut," was a federal law enacted in the United States in 1981. It was an act "to amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 to encourage economic growth through reductions in individual income tax rates, the expensing of depreciable property, incentives for small businesses, and incentives for savings, and for other purposes
How did Fair Deal expand and limit the new deal?
americans liked what new deal had given them but were hesitant about new initiatives
Southern Christian Leadership Conference
an African-American civil rights organization. SCLC was closely associated with its first president, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. The SCLC had a large role in the American Civil Rights Movement.
Council of Economic Advisers
an agency within the Executive Office of the President that advises the President of the United States on economic policy.[1] The CEA provides much of the objective empirical research for the White House and prepares the annual Economic Report of the President.
The content of George Kennan's "long telegram" described
an aggressive USSR driven by expansionist communism.
Southeast Asia Treaty Organization
an international organization for collective defense in Southeast Asia created by the Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty, or Manila Pact, signed in September 1954 in Manila, Philippines. The formal institution of SEATO was established on 19 February 1955 at a meeting of treaty partners in Bangkok, Thailand.[1] The organization's headquarters were also in Bangkok. Eight members joined the organisation.
Bay of Pigs
an unsuccessful military invasion of Cuba undertaken by the paramilitary group Brigade 2506 in April 1961. A counter-revolutionary militia trained and funded by the United States government's Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), Brigade 2506 fronted the armed wing of the Democratic Revolutionary Front (DRF) and intended to overthrow the revolutionary leftist government of President Osvaldo Dorticós Torrado. Launched from Guatemala, the invading force were defeated by the Cuban armed forces, under the command of Prime Minister Fidel Castro, within three days.
Stagebrush Rebellion
attempted to influence environmental policy in the American West during the 1970s and 1980s, surviving into the 21st century in public lands states (generally, the 13 western states where federal land holdings include 30% to more than 50% of a state's area), and surviving in organized groups pressuring public lands policy makers, especially for grazing of sheep and cattle on public lands, and for mineral extraction policies.
Truman positioned in center in 1948
besides republicans, he faced new fringe parties on far right and far left which let him position himself in moderate center -entered campaign as underdog and soon looked like countries best option for a safe course
Jackie Robinson
black who played professional baseball for the dodgers, powerful symbol of racial change, opened the door for more blacks and Latinos
How was Levittown mass production?
bought huge scales of land, filled with tons of small houses, same floor plans, same appliances (assembly line) purchases materials by car load
What were the IMF and World bank designed to ensure?
designed to revive international trade
How did the truman administration respond to demands for civil rights?
felt pressure from black leaders and southern democrats -president created committee of civil rights who created a plan for racial justice that would take 2 decade to work
The term detente has been used to describe President Nixon's:
foreign policy that eased tensions between the US and USSR.
The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution:
gave President Johnson the power to wage undeclared war in Vietnam.
Audio tape recordings of White House meetings revealed that President Nixon
had lied about his innocence in the Watergate cover-up.
All of the following statements about Lyndon Johnson are true EXCEPT:
he was especially knowledgeable in all aspects of American foreign policy.
Alliance for Progress
initiated by U.S. President John F. Kennedy in 1961 aimed to establish economic cooperation between the U.S. and Latin America.
What were some of the costs of suburban housing development?
isolated women and children from traditional community life -blacks and immigrants were discriminated and couldn't live in the new housing
Long-term effects of NSC-68 included all of the following EXCEPT
it provided American leaders with a better understanding of local nationalist movements.
Federal Highway Act of 1956
known as the National Interstate and Defense Highways Act (Public Law 84-627), was enacted on June 29, 1956, when Dwight D. Eisenhower signed the bill into law. With an original authorization of 25 billion dollars for the construction of 41,000 miles (66,000 km) of the Interstate Highway System supposedly over a 10-year period, it was the largest public works project in American history through that time.
GI Bill of Rights
known informally as the G.I. Bill, was a law that provided a range of benefits for returning World War II veterans (commonly referred to as G.I.s). Benefits included low-cost mortgages, loans to start a business or farm, cash payments of tuition and living expenses to attend college, high school or vocational education, as well as one year of unemployment compensation. It was available to every veteran who had been on active duty during the war years for at least ninety days and had not been dishonorably discharged; combat was not required.[1] By the end of the program in 1956, roughly 2.2 million veterans had used the G.I. Bill education benefits in order to attend colleges or universities, and an additional 6.6 million used these benefits for some kind of training program.[2]
Employment Act
liberals, tuning up government taxation and spending, started off as a bill to ensure everyone a job, established the weak legislation of Council of economic advisors
How did GI bill change higher education?
making college degrees accessible to men with working-class backgrounds -brought a lot more students that could not have enrolled w/o it
Why did many union workers go on strike?
more and more workers went on strike to redress the balance; strikes interrupted the output of products from canned soup to copper wire
One of the pitfalls of the US policy of containment was that it:
often caused America to support undemocratic regimes.
Cold War
often dated from 1945-1991, was a sustained state of political and military tension between powers in the Western world, dominated by the United States with NATO and other allies; versus powers in the Eastern world, dominated by the Soviet Union with its Warsaw Pact and other allies. The Soviet Union held satellite states especially in the Warsaw Pact in Eastern Europe as well as in Asia.[1] The United States held client states especially in Central and South America, and Asia.
Viet Cong
or National Liberation Front (NLF), was a political organization and army in South Vietnam and Cambodia that fought the United States and South Vietnamese governments during the Vietnam War (1959-1975), and emerged on the winning side
Dwight Eisenhower did all of the following during his presidency EXCEPT:
place more emphasis on domestic policy than foreign policy.
Vital Center
political package named after book which linked anti-communism in foreign policy with efforts to include social economic policies to extend freedom abroad and at home
What problem was the employment act supposed to solve did not materialize?
predicted the combination of returning vets and workers canceled defense work would bring depression-level employment
Strategic Defensive Initiative
proposed by U.S. President Ronald Reagan on March 23, 1983,[1] to use ground and space-based systems to protect the United States from attack by strategic nuclear ballistic missiles. The initiative focused on strategic defense rather than the prior strategic offense doctrine of mutual assured destruction (MAD). The Strategic Defense Initiative Organization (SDIO) was set up in 1984 within the United States Department of Defense to oversee the Strategic Defense Initiative.
what was redlining?
redistricting mortgage credit and insurance to properties in neighborhoods defined as being at high risk -not giving loans or insurance to older neighborhoods because it would be a "risky investment"
Sunbelt
region of the United States generally considered to stretch across the South and Southwest (the geographic southern United States). Another rough boundary of the region is the area south of the 36th parallel, north latitude.
Developments in foreign relations in the late 1980s included
relatively peaceful revolutions that toppled Soviet control of Eastern Europe.
berlin blockade
soviet blockade of of land access to US, British and French occupation zones in Berlin we airlifted supplies and Stalin didn't stop us, he ended up giving up and we won
Evidence of a renewed Cold War in the early 1980s included all of the following EXCEPT
the American public's belief that their government had been infiltrated by Communist agents.
Deregulation
the act or process of removing or reducing state regulations.[1] It is therefore opposite of regulation, which refers to the process of the government regulating certain activities.
Office Economic Opportunity
the agency responsible for administering most of the War on Poverty programs created as part of United States President Lyndon B. Johnson's Great Society legislative agenda.
McCarthyism
the practice of making accusations of disloyalty, subversion, or treason without proper regard for evidence
War on Poverty
the unofficial name for legislation first introduced by United States President Lyndon B. Johnson during his State of the Union address on January 8, 1964. This legislation was proposed by Johnson in response to a national poverty rate of around nineteen percent. The speech led the United States Congress to pass the Economic Opportunity Act, which established the Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO) to administer the local application of federal funds targeted against poverty.
truman doctrine
tremens statement in 1947 that US should assist other nations that were facing external pressure or internal revolution;important step in cold war
New Frontier
used by liberal Democratic[1] presidential candidate John F. Kennedy in his acceptance speech in the 1960 United States presidential election to the Democratic National Convention at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum as the Democratic slogan to inspire America to support him. The phrase developed into a label for his administration's domestic and foreign programs.
Brown VS Board of Education Topeka
was a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students unconstitutional
Perestroika
was a political movement for reformation within the Communist Party of the Soviet Union during the 1980s (1986), widely associated with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev and his glasnost (meaning "openness") policy reform. The literal meaning of perestroika is "restructuring", referring to the restructuring of the Soviet political and economic system.
Dixiecrats
was a short-lived segregationist political party in the United States in 1948. It originated as a breakaway faction of the Democratic Party in 1948, determined to protect what they portrayed as the southern way of life beset by an oppressive federal government,[1] and supporters assumed control of the state Democratic parties in part or in full in several Southern states. The States' Rights Democratic Party opposed racial integration and wanted to retain Jim Crow laws and white supremacy in the face of possible federal intervention. Members were called Dixiecrats. (The term Dixiecrat is a portmanteau of Dixie, referring to the Southern United States, and Democrat.)
Korean War
was a war between the Republic of Korea and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. It was primarily the result of the political division of Korea by an agreement of the victorious Allies at the conclusion of the Pacific War at the end of World War II. The Korean Peninsula was ruled by the Empire of Japan from 1910 until the end of World War II. Following the surrender of the Empire of Japan in September 1945, American administrators divided the peninsula along the 38th parallel, with U.S. military forces occupying the southern half and Soviet military forces occupying the northern half.[15]
Operation Desert Storm
was a war waged by a U.N.-authorized Coalition force from 34 nations led by the United States, against Iraq in response to Iraq's invasion and annexation of Kuwait.
House Commitee of Un-American Activities
was an investigative committee of the United States House of Representatives. It was created in 1938 to investigate alleged disloyalty and subversive activities on the part of private citizens, public employees, and those organizations suspected of having Communist ties. In 1969, the House changed the committee's name to "House Committee on Internal Security". When the House abolished the committee in 1975,[1] its functions were transferred to the House Judiciary Committee.
Berlin Blockade
was one of the first major international crises of the Cold War. During the multinational occupation of post-World War II Germany, the Soviet Union blocked the Western Allies' railway, road and canal access to the sectors of Berlin under Allied control. Their aim was to force the western powers to allow the Soviet zone to start supplying Berlin with food and fuel, thereby giving the Soviets practical control over the entire city.
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
was one of the organizations of the American Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s. It emerged from a series of student meetings led by Ella Baker held at Shaw University in April 1960. SNCC grew into a large organization with many supporters in the North who helped raise funds to support SNCC's work in the South, allowing full-time SNCC workers to have a $10 per week salary
Marshall Plan
was the American program to aid Europe where the United States gave monetary support to help rebuild European economies after the end of World War II in order to prevent the spread of Soviet Communism.[1] The plan was in operation for four years beginning in April 1948. The goals of the United States were to rebuild a war-devastated region, remove trade barriers, modernize industry, and make Europe prosperous again.
