History of Architecture - Egyptian Architecture
Papyrus
Egyptian ornament symbolized fertility is _____.
pyramid
Huge, triangular shaped burial tombs of Egyptian pharaohs built during the Old Kingdom
Beni Hasan
MIDDLE KINGDOM, cliff walls hollowed out to burial chambers, reserve columns, fluted
Amarna
New capital city of Ancient Egypt built by Akhenaton in honor of the sun god Aten.
Parts of Pyramid Complex
1) Elevated Causeway 2) Offering Chapel 3) Mortuary 4) Valley Building
Parts of an Egyptian Temple
1) Entrance Pylon 2) Hypaethral Court 3) Hypostyle Hall 4) Sanctuary 5) Avenue of Sphinx
Parts of a Slope Pyramid
1) King's Chamber 2) Queen's Chamber 3) Subterranean Chamber 4) Grand Gallery 5) Airshafts
Types of Tomb
1) Mastaba 2) Pyramid
Types of Temples
1) Montuary 2) Cult
architectural character
1) SIMPLICITY 2) MONUMENTALITY 3) SOLIDITY OR MASSIVENESS
examples of slope pyramid
1) The great pyramid of Cheops (Khufu) father 2)T The pyramid of Chephren (Khafra) son 3) Pyramid of Mykerinos (Menkaura) grandson
capital and columns
1) bud & bell 2) hathor head (god) 3) palm tree 4) papyrus 5) volute 6) polygonal columns 7) osiris pillars 8) square pillars
3 important parts of mastaba
1) outer chamber - offerings were placed 2) serdab- inner chamber containing statues of decreased fam member 3) sarcophagus- coffin
Obelisk
Pillars that stood in pairs at the front of Egyptian temples.
Pyramid Texts
earliest collection of Ancient Egyptian Death Literature; Old Kingdom; enscribed on tombs
Itjtawy
egyptian capital during the middle kingdom, location of the royal city founded by 12th dynasty king amenemhat 1
Pyramids
evolved from mastaba rectangular base, used as a tomb w/ burial chamber
Kahun/ Lahun
located in upper egypt, associated with the pyramid of senusret 2, ancient name is "mouth of the canal"
pyramid placement
looking west towards past and return to heaven
HOUSES OF ANCIENT EGYPT
made of bricks whitewash the wall- lime and water rich homes - painted blue or yellow (lotud petal) tiled rooms, with altar. high walls
palace
made of mudbrick for commoners
Temples
made out of stone bcs they respect God
Funerary Mask
made to preserve the faces of the dead
Entrance Pylon
massive sloping towers fronted by an obelisks known as gateways in Egypt
pylon
monumental gateway of an Egyptian temple
Temples
mortuary - in honir of pharaohs cult- for the worship of the gods, only high priest can enter
Banquet Scene
musicians and dancing women
Parts of Egyptian temple
next
social rank
noble families soldiers, viziers, chancellor fishermen, farmers, merchant slaves
Son of Pharaoh
normal successor to the throne
Libyans
north africa, the first conquerors who ruled Egypt after they lost their empire
battle scenes
often show the prey or foreign armies without ground lines
Sanctuary
the holiest part and accessible only to the kings and high priests
SLOPE PYRAMID
• parts: king's chamber, Queen's chamber, subterranean chamber, grand gallery, airshafts
Egypt
"land of pharaoh" and "desert land"
Osiris
Egyptian god of the underworld and judge of the dead; god of life and death
Pharaohs
Lord of the Two Lands High Priest of Every Temple
terrace
a raised, flat mound that looks like a platform with sloping sides
Step Pyramid
large scale monument in stone with no free-standing columns
Pyramid Stones
limestone, sandstone, sand, basalt similar to ruce terraces
White Crown of Upper Egypt
(hedjet) worn by pharaohs to symbolize rule over upper Egypt
Great Temple of Ammon, Kharnak, Thebes
- Most grandest temple in Egyptian planning & was commenced by Amenemhat 1; occupying an area of 1,200 ft. x 360 ft. - The grandest of all Egyptian temples, was not built upon one complete plan but owes its size, disposition and magnificence to the work of many kings. built form the Xilth Dynasty to the ptolemaic period
PYRAMIDS OF GIZA
-Khufu (146.40 m.) -Khafra (143.00 m.) -Menkaura (109.00m.)
3 TYPES OF PYRAMIDS
-Step Pyramid -Bent Pyramid -Slope Pyramid
historical influence
1) Ancient kingdom (1-10th dynasties) 2) Middle Kingdom ( 11-17 dynasties) 3) New empire (18-30) 4) The Ptolemaic period
FEATURES of EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE
1) BATTERWALL 2) HIEROGLYPHICS
Bent Pyramid
2 degrees of inclination of slope
Isis
Egyptian goddess of fertility; most important goddesses of ancient Egypt old kingdom
Geometric Forms Animals Plants
3 Types of Egyptian Ornamentation
Hathor-headed capital
4 faced capital with heads of hathor
Causeways
A causeway in a pyramid connects the pyramid itself to an external structure, such as a temple or a mortuary complex, which was part of the religious aspects of the pyramid itself.
Coffin Texts
A collection of ancient Egyptian funerary spells written on coffins
Karnak Temple Complex
A complex of ancient temples in luxor, Egypt, illustrating the short spans possible with stone masonry.
False door
A false door is a representation of a door which does not function like a real door. They can be carved in a wall or painted on it.
Sphinx
A figure of an imaginary creature having the body of a lion, and the head of a man, ram or hawk.
Kiosk
A freestanding stone canopy structure supported by columns in Egyptian Architecture. (Hypaethral, classical temple that is partly open to the sky).
Eye of Horus
A good luck sign of the Sun or Moon that the Egyptians believed protected one from evil. protection from sandstorm
Lintel
A horizontal beam used to span an opening.
Ka statue
A ka statue is a type of ancient Egyptian statue intended to provide a resting place for the ka (life-force or spirit) of the person after death.
Pharaoh
A king of ancient Egypt, considered a god as well as a political and military leader.
Luxor Temple
A large Ancient Egyptian temple complex located on the east bank of the Nile River in the city today known as Luxor (ancient Thebes) and was founded in 1400 BCE.
obelisk
A monumental, four-sided stone shaft, usually monolithic and tapering to a pyramidal tip. nasa entrance symbol of "heliopolis" the sun god square in olan pero 9-10 times the diameter of the base ung height nun pinagmulan ng monuments ex. Cleopatra's needle sa london
Sphinx
A mythical Egyptian beast with the body of a lion and the head of a human.
Sphinx
A mythical Egyptian beast with the body of a lion and the head of a human. limestone
Sphinx
A mythical beast with the body of a lion and the head of a human. (or falcon headed)
Hypostyle Hall
A pillared hall in which the roof rests on columns.
shrine
A place of worship that is often dedicated to a sacred object or person
Barque Temple
A room or building in which the image of the pharaoh or deity was revered.
Horus
A sky god, god of the pharaohs
Serdab
A small concealed chamber in an Egyptian mastaba for the statue of the deceased.
THE GREAT TEMPLE OF AMMON KHARNAK
Amenemhat I
Bent Pyramid
An Egyptian pyramid-type in which each triangular planar surface changes direction as it approaches the top. Also called the Blunt or False Pyramid.
Sloped Pyramid
An Egyptian pyramid-type in which four sloping triangular sides, with a fixed angle, culminate at an apex. And also called True Pyramid.
Step Pyramid
An Egyptian pyramid-type whose sides are stepped with tiers rather than smooth. eg. Pyramid of Djoser (Zoser)
Thebes
An ancient city in Upper Egypt that became the capital of the New Kingdom
Serdab
An inner secret chamber in mastaba containing statues and possessions of the deceased.
Cartouche
An oval shape with line at base, inside a pharaoh/god's name is inscribed in hieroglyphics. often seen on tomb walls.
Stele
An upright stone containing the name of the dead.
Thotmes I
Began the additions to the temple of Ammon, Kharnak
Mammisi Temple
Birth-House, a small egyptian side temple, kiosk, or tent-shrine, dedicated to the rites of the Goddess Isis (Wife of Osiris).
Ptolemy II
Builder of the famous Pharos or Light House.
Step Pyramid
Built at Saqqara by the architect Imhotep for King Djoser.It was built between 2630-2611 BCE. The pyramid's sides rise in a series of steps; oldest known large stone structure in the world.
Montuary Temple
Built in honor of the Pharaohs
Sacrophogus
Chamber containing the coffin reached by sn underground shaft
Battered Wall
Characteristic features of Egyptian External wall
Heiroglypics
Characteristic of wall ornament.
Massiveness, Monumental, Simplicity
Characteristics of Egyptian Architecture.
Amun-Ra
Chief of God
Chancellor
Controls the royal treasuries, granaries, and supervises the census
SPHINX
Criosphinx - ram head; lion body Hieraosphinx - hawk head; lion body
Horus
Egyptian falcon-headed solar god often the ancient Egyptians' national tutelary deity. wearing the pschent, or a red and white crown, as a symbol of kingship over the entire kingdom of Egypt.
PYLON
Egyptian gateway
Pylon
Egyptian gateway to temples is called ___.
Ammit
Devourer of souls
Set
Dread God of evil, brother of pleasure
The Land of Pharaoh and Desert Land
Egypt is also known _________ and _______.
fertile soil
Egypt's greatest wealth
Post and Lintel
Egypt's principle of construction
Internal Effect
Egyptian Architecture was designed principally for __________.
Papyrus (Symbol for Lower Egypt and Fertility) Lotus (Symbol for Upper Egypt and Fertility) Palm (Fertility)
Egyptian Ornaments
Columnar and trabeated
Egyptian System of construction.
Cult Temple
Egyptian Temple for popular worship of the ancient and mysterious gods.
Uraeus
Egyptian cobra; one of the emblems of pharaonic kingship
Sarcophagus
Egyptian coffin is also called _____.
Gorge
Egyptian cornice that consists roll and hollow moulding is called ___.
Amenophis III
Erected the "Colossi of Memnon", one of the wonders of the world
Senuserets
Erected the earliest known obelisk at Heliopolis
Temple of the gods Tomb pyramids of the kings
Everlasting monuments for the preservation of the dead
Pyramid
Evolved from Mastaba, with four sides facing the Cardinal points, they were made by 100,000 men for 100 years
Amenemhat I
Founded "Great Temple of Ammon Kharnak" Grandest of all temples
Anubis
God of the dead
Osiris
God of the dead
Thoth
God of wisdom; represented with head of ibis (a bird w/ long curved beak)
Nut
Goddess of the sky. Nut is a daughter of Shu and Tefnut. Her brother and husband is Geb. She had four or five children: Osiris, Set, Isis, Nephthys, and—in early Egyptian sources—Horus.
Abu Simbel
Great stone temple built by Ramses II
Bulls tail
Hanging from the back of the Pharaoh's kilt. It is likely that this emphasised the strength and procreative power of the ruler.
Valley Building
In the pyramid complex, embalment and interment rites took place in the _____.
Batterwall
Inclination from base to top of the facade, egyptian external wall.
Nubians
Indegenous people Sudan, People south of Egypt that expanded up and conquered Egypt
The river Nile
Irrigation turned desert lands into fruitful fields
Anubis
Jackal-headed god of mummification
Heb Sed Festival
Jubilee festival which rejuvenates the pharaoh. Occurred every 30 years and every three years thereafter to show the continuing vitality of the king. The King would take place in a short, ceremonial foot race. He would also shoot an arrow in the four directions of the compass to display that he ruled over all of Egypt.
Hypaethral Court
Large outer court open to the sky
Avenue of Sphinx
Lead to a tall portal guarded by a towering pylon.
Religion in Egypt
Monotheistic in theory Polytheistic in practice
Types of Temples
Mortuary Temple Cult Temple
Outer Chamber
One of the divisions of a Mastaba; in which were placed the offerings to the "Ka" or "double; having walls decorated with representations of festal and other scenes, valuable from a historical standpoint.
Abydos
One of the most ancient cities of Upper Egypt. According to Egyptian Mythology-the holy city where Osiris was buried, in addition to many other pharaohs
systems of construction
POST & LINTEL COLUMNAR OR TRABEATED.
Serdab Stele Pits
Parts of a Mastaba
Offering Chapel Mortuary Temple Causeway Valley Building
Parts of a Pyramid
Pylon Great Court Hypostyle Hall Sanctuary Enclosure Hall Colossal statues of the Pharaoh Obelisk Avenue of Sphinxes
Parts of an Egyptian Temple
Hatshepsut
Queen of Egypt, famous for her funerary temple at Mt. Der-El-Bahari
Temple of Queen Hatshepsut, Mt. Der-El-Bahari
Queen of Egypt, famous for her funerary temple at Mt.Der-El-Bahari
TEMPLE OF ABU SIMBEL
Rameses
HYPOSTYLE HALL
Rameses I
Effects of climate on Egypt's buildings
Simple design Few windows Flat roof Massive walls
Hieracosphinx
Sphinx which (in the form of a lion with the head of a Falcon).
Heiraosphinx
Sphinx with a body of a lion and head of a hawk
Androsphinx
Sphinx with a body of a lion and head of a man
Criosphinx
Sphinx with a body of a lion and head of a ram
CLIMATIC INFLUENCE
Structure have no downspout, drainage, gutters due to absence of rain. No windows to cut heat penetration & sandstorm.
Sanctuary
Surrounded by passages and chambers used in connection with the temple service
Pyramid temple
Temples fell into two principal types: cult temples and funerary or mortuary temples. The cult temples housed images of the gods, while the mortuary temples were created as shrines to dead kings.
Ptolemy III
The Architect of the great serapeum at Alexandria.
The Great temple of Amon-Ra
The Grandest example of Egyptian temple built is _____.
Hatshepsut Thutmose III Tutankhamun Rameses II Cleopatra
The Great Pharaohs of Ancient Egypt
Thi
The Royal Architect and Superintendent of the Great Pyramid.
Criosphinx
The Sphinx in Rek-minh-Re at Thebes, (in the form of a lion with the head of a Ram).
Memphis
The capital of Old Kingdom Egypt, near the head of the Nile Delta. Early rulers were interred in the nearby pyramids.
Osiris Pillars
The prototype of the caryatids of the Greeks.
Lotus, Papyrus and Palm
The favorite motif design of Egyptian.
Imhotep
The first architect recorded in history.
Imotep
The first artist in history whose name is known, established the tradition of monumental stone architecture in Egypt in the funerary complex and Stepped Pyramid he built for King Djoser at Saqqara.
Hatshepsut
The funeral temple at Der-el Bahari built by ___.
Androsphinx
The great sphinx at Gizeh, (in the form of a lion with the head of a man), to represent the Sky God Horus.
Fertile Soil
The greatest wealth of Egypt.
Pharaohs
The kings of ancient Egypt
tombs
The main purpose of the pyramids of Egypt was to function as
Great Temple of Abu-Simbel
The most stupendous and impressive of the rock-cut temple. The four-seated colossal statues of Rameses II is carved in the pylon.
Great Temple, Abu Simbel
The most stupendous and impressive of the rock-cut-temples.
Thotmes IV
The one responsible for the cleaning away of sand from the Sphinx
Crook
The shepherd's crook stood for kingship
Pyramid
The structure whose sides were made to face the four cardinal points.
Valley Temple
The temple closest to the Nile River associated with each of the Great Pyramids at Gizeh in ancient Egypt.
Triads e.g. Theban Triad, Abydos Triad, Memphis Triad
There was no dividing line between gods and kings. They were frequently associated in ...
Mastaba
Tomb-houses that were made to take the body at full-length are called ____. Tomb built for the Egyptian nobility rather than the royalty
MASTABA
Type of tomb that is rectangular in plan with a flat roof and sloping side.
STELE
Upright stone slab containing the name of the dead.
Hieroglyphics
Use as ornaments, pictures and writings from the walls
Nile River
What River is the Egyptians means of communication , highway and lifeline?
Cult Temple
What do you call the Egyptian temples built for the worship of the Deity (Gods)?
Mortuary Temple
What do you call the Egyptian temples for offering and worship a deceased person, usually a deified kin (Pharaoh).
2.5 to 15 tonnes
What is the weigh of each stones in the Great Pyramids.
Sycamore
What wood is used for the mummy cases?
Acacia
What wood is used for their boat?
axial planning
When a building is designed so that there is a degree of symmetry along the axis. may major and minor planning. grid like
Senuserets
Who began the Earliest Obelisk, Heliopolis?
Seti I
Who began the building of the Great Hypostyle Hall at Karnak?
Remeses I
Who completed the building of the Great Hypostyle Hall at Karnak?
Imhotep
Who designed the Saqqara Complex and Stepped pyramid of King Djoser.
Amenophis III
Who erected the Colossi of Memnon.
Isis
Wife of Osiris
Sarcohpagus
a box-like funeral receptacle for a corpse, most commonly carved in stone, and usually displayed above ground, though it may also be buried.
Mastaba
a broad pit below ground covered with a rectangular flat mound
coffin
a case or receptacle for dead human remains which is anthropoidal in shape.
Hypostyle Hall
a forest of columns, portraying the illusion of infinity and vastness of space
kheker frieze
a frieze of stylized plants usually found at the top of ancient Egyptian walls
Geb
a god of the earth and one of the Ennead of Heliopolis. His grandfather was Atum (the self-created creator god), his father was Shu (the god of air) and his mother was Tefnut (the goddess of moisture).
Hypostyle Hall
a hall with a roof supported by columns
hypostyle hall
a hall with a roof supported by columns
hypostyle hall
a hall with a roof supported by columns puro column, mejo open
Vizier
a high government official in ancient Egypt or in Muslim countries
Architrave
a main beam resting across the tops of the capitals of columns
scribe
a person who writes things down
Valley of the Queens
a place near the Valley of the Kings were wives of Pharaohs were buried in Ancient Egypt
Tanis
a port and Egypt's gateway to the Mediterranean
Nephthys
a protective goddess of the dead. was the sister of Isis and Osiris, and the sister/wife of Seth. was also the mother of Anubis. She is often shown on coffins, or in funerary scenes.
Step Pyramid
a series of successively smaller mastabas one atop of another and originally clad in polished white limestone
criosphinx
a sphinx with the head of a ram instead of a human
Obelisk
a stone pillar, typically having a square or rectangular cross section and a pyramidal top, set up as a monument or landmark.
Was scepter (dominion/power)
a symbol that appeared often in relics, art, and hieroglyphics associated with the ancient Egyptian religion. It appears as a stylized animal head at the top of a long, straight staff with a forked end.
Obelisk
a tall 4-sided narrow tapering column terminating in a pyramidion, its most sacred part
obelisk
a tall, pointed, four-sided tapered pillar, represented the mound that Atum stood on when he created the world
Mortuary Temple
a temple for the preparation of the body and the worship of the dead
Deir el-Medina
a village built for workers at the Valley of the Kings in Egypt
ornaments
a) Lotus Papyrus & Palm - fertility b) Solar Discs & Vutures w/ wings - protection c) Spiral & feather ornament- eternity d) Scarab or sacred beetle- resurrection
Pit/Shaft
allows the spirit of the dead to communicate with the living world
Ankh
an Egyptian symbol of life
Mastaba
an ancient Egyptian mudbrick tomb with a rectangular base and sloping sides and flat roof
Amarna Letters
an archive, written on clay tablets
Great Court
an area in the temple surrounded by columns
Serdab
an enclosed room containing the statue of the deceased
Valley of the Kings
an example of a corridor tomb The royal necropolis of Ancient Egypt The valley was listed in the UNESCO World Heritage site in 1987.
Mummification
an intact body is an integral part of a person's afterlife and assuring themselves a successful rebirth in the afterlife without a physical body there is no shadow, no name, no spirit, no personality and no immortality
courtyard
an unroofed area that is completely or mostly enclosed by the walls of a large building
Rameses I
began the construction of the "Great Hypostyle Hall" at Kharnak
Processional Way
brick road
Ptolemy II
built the Pharaohs or the "Light House"
Serapis
bull god
rock-cut tombs
burial places hollowed out of the faces of cliffs
Avaris
capital of Egypt under the Hyksos
sanctuary
chambers used in connection w/ the temple services holy high priest lang, bawal mga sinners mamamatay
Amun-Ra
chief god, sun god
Torus Molding
convex molding that is semicircular in profile
Amun, Amun-Re
creator god/ god of fertility and life
Nemes Crown
crown shown on King Tut's funerary mask
rock cut tombs or rick hewn tomb
cut deep into the mountains rock
Nile River
deadly, maraming crocodiles Nile is a gift to gypt and Egypt is a gift to Nile means of highway and lifeline
Tefnut
deity of moisture, moist air, dew and rain in Ancient Egyptian religion. She is the sister and consort of the air god Shu and the mother of Geb and Nut.
Re
deity of the sun. By the Fifth Dynasty in the 25th and 24th centuries BC, he had become one of the most important gods in ancient Egyptian religion, identified primarily with the noon sun. believed to rule in all parts of the created world: the sky, the earth, and the underworld. He was synonymous with the falcon,
Mentuhetep II
developed the 3rd type of tomb "Rock-cut Tomb".
Atum
father of gods, created himself; the "complete one" and also the finisher of the world, which he returns to watery chaos at the end of the creative cycle. As creator he was seen as the underlying substance of the world, the deities and all things being made of his flesh or alternatively being his ka.
Stone (sandstone, limestone, granite and marble)
favored for temples and tombs
Rameses II
finished the construction of the "Hypostyle Hall" & erection of the "Rock Temple at ABU-SIMBEL" & the "Remission" Thebes.
abacus
flat slab
Valley Building
for interment and embalment
Cult Temple
for the worship of the ancient Egyptian gods
Mortuary Temple
for the worship of the dead
Uraeus Frieze
frieze made up of multiple figures of the sacred serpent
amduat
funerary text outlining Re's journey through the duat
Book of the Dead
funerary text with spells to help the dead with their journey through the duat (underworld)
Fishing and fowling
gathering fish and birds for food
Ptah
god of craftsmen
Ptah
god of craftsmen and architects. In the triad of Memphis, he is the husband of Sekhmet and the father of Nefertum. He was also regarded as the father of the sage Imhotep.
Shu
god of dry air, wind and the atmosphere; one of the primordial Egyptian gods, a personification of dry air, spouse and counterpart to goddess Tefnut and one of the nine deities of the Ennead of the Heliopolis cosmogony.
Osiris
god of the dead and ruler of the underworld
Re-Horakhty
god, shown as falcon, Re as Horus of the 2 horizons
Hathor
goddess of the sky, women and love; mother of horus
moulding
gorge and hallow moulding
Akhet
horizon
cavetto cornice
horizontal decorative molding that crowns a building or furniture element
Egyptian Temples
huge light --> less light
Mummiform
human shaped coffin
Thot
ibis headed god of wisdom
Light and Shadows
important features in Egyptian temples
Chief Steward
in charge of the King's personal estate & household
Egyptian Columns
indicative of plant stems gathered at the base with capitals derived from the lotus bud, papyrus flower and the palm
Sanctuary (Holy of Holies)
innermost and most sacred area of the ancient Temple of Jerusalem
The river Nile
its gentle current was favorable for navigation
canopic jars
jars that stored/preserved internal organs of the deceased
Pectoral
jewelry, often represented as a brooch
important parts of pyramid
kings chamber airshaft- related to solar system queens chamber
hypaethral hall
large outer court open to the sky
Djed pillar (Osiris's backbone / stability)
one of the more ancient and commonly found symbols in ancient Egyptian religion. It is a pillar-like symbol in Egyptian hieroglyphs representing stability. It is associated with the creator god Ptah and Osiris, the Egyptian god of the afterlife, the underworld, and the dead. It is commonly understood to represent his spine.
El Kab
one of the oldest settlements of upper egypt located on the east bank of the nile
papyrus column
one resembling a bundle of papyrus stalks
amun(opet) festival scenes
priests carrying statues of amun through the streets of thebes
Uraues
protection from chaos -cobra
pyramidion
pyramid shaped uppermost piece of pyramid or obelisk
burial shaft
rectangular structure that leads into the pyramid
Avenue of Sphinxes
rows of monsters (body of lion, head of man, hawk, ram) leading to monuments.
colonnaded court
sequence of columns
King's Beard
showed power and king
God's beard
showed power and linkage to god
jamb
side posts of a doorway
Medinet Habu
site of Ramesses III (Dyn 20) mortuary temple; the temple is huge and beautifully built; inscriptions depict conquest over the Sea Peoples
bark shrine
small temple in the shape of a nile boat
Dendera
small town situated on the west bank of the nile, location of one of the best preserved temple complexes in Egypt
Frail
staff for hitting; for the fertility of the land.
Osiride statue
statue that shows subject in mummified form like osiris
Hathor Crown
sun and cow horns
ANKH
symbol of life -necklace
Winged sun disk
symbol of protection, wings of horus surrounding the sun
Rah
symbol of the sun, hope for eternal life, sun god from Heliopolis
Ma'at feather
symbol of truth
Heliopolis
the Egyptian city that was the center of sun worship
The river Nile
the Life of Egypt
Ma'at
the ancient Egyptian concepts of truth, balance, order, harmony, law, morality, and justice. Maat was also the goddess who personified these concepts, and regulated the stars, seasons, and the actions of mortals and the deities who had brought order from chaos at the moment of creation
False beard
the beard (hair piece) pharaohs wore for ceremonies attached by glue or string
Valley of the Kings
the burial places of the New Kingdom pharaohs
Deir el Bahri
the burial temple of Hatshepsut in the Valley of the Kings
Bent Pyramid
the lower part rises at a 55-degree inclination and the top sections is shallower at 43 degrees
Pylon
the monumental gateway of an Egyptian temple
Stele
the offering chapel has the name of the deceased inscribed on it
The strong belief in the afterlife
the outstanding feature of the religion of the Egyptians
Pharaohs
the political and religious leader of Egypt
Mud Brick
the principal building material for domestic buildings
Subsidiary/Ka~ Pyramid
the resting place after death, for kings of Egypt. They were considered more important than palaces because they were the tombs of Egyptian pharaohs. Since the people of Egypt believed kings continued to reign after death (through their life force, called ka, which continued to take part in the governing of Egypt) the tombs of the pharaohs were considered of higher importance than their palaces.
Aten
the sun that was worshiped in the Amarna period
Enclosure Wall
the wall that envelopes the entire temple
smiting
to strike or hit hard
Capital
topmost member of column
Step Pyramid
type of pyramid with sides that rise in giant steps
Mortuary Temple
used for the ministrations to deified pharaohs
vaulted burial chamber
vault where the kings were buried, top distributed weight evenly
chapter 125 (book of the dead)
weighing of the heart of the dead in the presence of the god osiris
Avenue of Sphinx
where mystical monster were placed
Atum
world creator
Red Crown of Lower Egypt
worn by pharaohs to symbolize rule over lower Egypt
BENT OR BLUNT PYRAMID
• 2 degrees of inclination of slope e.g. PYRAMID of SENEFERU
social and political influence
• MONARCHY -form of government • PHARAOH -kinh og Egypt, ruler • SON OF PHARAOH -successor of the throne • VIZIER -most powerful official, high priest • CHANCELOR -controls the royal treasuries, supervises census • CHIEF STEWARD -in charge of kings personal estate and household
religious influence
• Pyramids were built because they believe in "Life after Death" & for the preservation of the dead body. • Pharaoh is not only king but also "god" both political & religious ruler, when he dies he becomes "osiris", god of dead. • They're "monotheistic" in theory & "polytheistic" in practice.
GEOLOGICAL INFLUENCE
• STONE -Soft stone *limestone, sandstone, alabaster -Hard stone * granite, quartzite, basalt • SAND DRIED BRICKS - used in mastaba • DATE PALM • PALM LEAVES - for roofing • ACACIA -boat construction • SYCAMORE -mummy case (
Entrance Pylon
• massive sloping towers fronted by an obelisks known as gateways in Egypt
