History of Architecture - Egyptian Architecture

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Papyrus

Egyptian ornament symbolized fertility is _____.

pyramid

Huge, triangular shaped burial tombs of Egyptian pharaohs built during the Old Kingdom

Beni Hasan

MIDDLE KINGDOM, cliff walls hollowed out to burial chambers, reserve columns, fluted

Amarna

New capital city of Ancient Egypt built by Akhenaton in honor of the sun god Aten.

Parts of Pyramid Complex

1) Elevated Causeway 2) Offering Chapel 3) Mortuary 4) Valley Building

Parts of an Egyptian Temple

1) Entrance Pylon 2) Hypaethral Court 3) Hypostyle Hall 4) Sanctuary 5) Avenue of Sphinx

Parts of a Slope Pyramid

1) King's Chamber 2) Queen's Chamber 3) Subterranean Chamber 4) Grand Gallery 5) Airshafts

Types of Tomb

1) Mastaba 2) Pyramid

Types of Temples

1) Montuary 2) Cult

architectural character

1) SIMPLICITY 2) MONUMENTALITY 3) SOLIDITY OR MASSIVENESS

examples of slope pyramid

1) The great pyramid of Cheops (Khufu) father 2)T The pyramid of Chephren (Khafra) son 3) Pyramid of Mykerinos (Menkaura) grandson

capital and columns

1) bud & bell 2) hathor head (god) 3) palm tree 4) papyrus 5) volute 6) polygonal columns 7) osiris pillars 8) square pillars

3 important parts of mastaba

1) outer chamber - offerings were placed 2) serdab- inner chamber containing statues of decreased fam member 3) sarcophagus- coffin

Obelisk

Pillars that stood in pairs at the front of Egyptian temples.

Pyramid Texts

earliest collection of Ancient Egyptian Death Literature; Old Kingdom; enscribed on tombs

Itjtawy

egyptian capital during the middle kingdom, location of the royal city founded by 12th dynasty king amenemhat 1

Pyramids

evolved from mastaba rectangular base, used as a tomb w/ burial chamber

Kahun/ Lahun

located in upper egypt, associated with the pyramid of senusret 2, ancient name is "mouth of the canal"

pyramid placement

looking west towards past and return to heaven

HOUSES OF ANCIENT EGYPT

made of bricks whitewash the wall- lime and water rich homes - painted blue or yellow (lotud petal) tiled rooms, with altar. high walls

palace

made of mudbrick for commoners

Temples

made out of stone bcs they respect God

Funerary Mask

made to preserve the faces of the dead

Entrance Pylon

massive sloping towers fronted by an obelisks known as gateways in Egypt

pylon

monumental gateway of an Egyptian temple

Temples

mortuary - in honir of pharaohs cult- for the worship of the gods, only high priest can enter

Banquet Scene

musicians and dancing women

Parts of Egyptian temple

next

social rank

noble families soldiers, viziers, chancellor fishermen, farmers, merchant slaves

Son of Pharaoh

normal successor to the throne

Libyans

north africa, the first conquerors who ruled Egypt after they lost their empire

battle scenes

often show the prey or foreign armies without ground lines

Sanctuary

the holiest part and accessible only to the kings and high priests

SLOPE PYRAMID

• parts: king's chamber, Queen's chamber, subterranean chamber, grand gallery, airshafts

Egypt

"land of pharaoh" and "desert land"

Osiris

Egyptian god of the underworld and judge of the dead; god of life and death

Pharaohs

Lord of the Two Lands High Priest of Every Temple

terrace

a raised, flat mound that looks like a platform with sloping sides

Step Pyramid

large scale monument in stone with no free-standing columns

Pyramid Stones

limestone, sandstone, sand, basalt similar to ruce terraces

White Crown of Upper Egypt

(hedjet) worn by pharaohs to symbolize rule over upper Egypt

Great Temple of Ammon, Kharnak, Thebes

- Most grandest temple in Egyptian planning & was commenced by Amenemhat 1; occupying an area of 1,200 ft. x 360 ft. - The grandest of all Egyptian temples, was not built upon one complete plan but owes its size, disposition and magnificence to the work of many kings. built form the Xilth Dynasty to the ptolemaic period

PYRAMIDS OF GIZA

-Khufu (146.40 m.) -Khafra (143.00 m.) -Menkaura (109.00m.)

3 TYPES OF PYRAMIDS

-Step Pyramid -Bent Pyramid -Slope Pyramid

historical influence

1) Ancient kingdom (1-10th dynasties) 2) Middle Kingdom ( 11-17 dynasties) 3) New empire (18-30) 4) The Ptolemaic period

FEATURES of EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE

1) BATTERWALL 2) HIEROGLYPHICS

Bent Pyramid

2 degrees of inclination of slope

Isis

Egyptian goddess of fertility; most important goddesses of ancient Egypt old kingdom

Geometric Forms Animals Plants

3 Types of Egyptian Ornamentation

Hathor-headed capital

4 faced capital with heads of hathor

Causeways

A causeway in a pyramid connects the pyramid itself to an external structure, such as a temple or a mortuary complex, which was part of the religious aspects of the pyramid itself.

Coffin Texts

A collection of ancient Egyptian funerary spells written on coffins

Karnak Temple Complex

A complex of ancient temples in luxor, Egypt, illustrating the short spans possible with stone masonry.

False door

A false door is a representation of a door which does not function like a real door. They can be carved in a wall or painted on it.

Sphinx

A figure of an imaginary creature having the body of a lion, and the head of a man, ram or hawk.

Kiosk

A freestanding stone canopy structure supported by columns in Egyptian Architecture. (Hypaethral, classical temple that is partly open to the sky).

Eye of Horus

A good luck sign of the Sun or Moon that the Egyptians believed protected one from evil. protection from sandstorm

Lintel

A horizontal beam used to span an opening.

Ka statue

A ka statue is a type of ancient Egyptian statue intended to provide a resting place for the ka (life-force or spirit) of the person after death.

Pharaoh

A king of ancient Egypt, considered a god as well as a political and military leader.

Luxor Temple

A large Ancient Egyptian temple complex located on the east bank of the Nile River in the city today known as Luxor (ancient Thebes) and was founded in 1400 BCE.

obelisk

A monumental, four-sided stone shaft, usually monolithic and tapering to a pyramidal tip. nasa entrance symbol of "heliopolis" the sun god square in olan pero 9-10 times the diameter of the base ung height nun pinagmulan ng monuments ex. Cleopatra's needle sa london

Sphinx

A mythical Egyptian beast with the body of a lion and the head of a human.

Sphinx

A mythical Egyptian beast with the body of a lion and the head of a human. limestone

Sphinx

A mythical beast with the body of a lion and the head of a human. (or falcon headed)

Hypostyle Hall

A pillared hall in which the roof rests on columns.

shrine

A place of worship that is often dedicated to a sacred object or person

Barque Temple

A room or building in which the image of the pharaoh or deity was revered.

Horus

A sky god, god of the pharaohs

Serdab

A small concealed chamber in an Egyptian mastaba for the statue of the deceased.

THE GREAT TEMPLE OF AMMON KHARNAK

Amenemhat I

Bent Pyramid

An Egyptian pyramid-type in which each triangular planar surface changes direction as it approaches the top. Also called the Blunt or False Pyramid.

Sloped Pyramid

An Egyptian pyramid-type in which four sloping triangular sides, with a fixed angle, culminate at an apex. And also called True Pyramid.

Step Pyramid

An Egyptian pyramid-type whose sides are stepped with tiers rather than smooth. eg. Pyramid of Djoser (Zoser)

Thebes

An ancient city in Upper Egypt that became the capital of the New Kingdom

Serdab

An inner secret chamber in mastaba containing statues and possessions of the deceased.

Cartouche

An oval shape with line at base, inside a pharaoh/god's name is inscribed in hieroglyphics. often seen on tomb walls.

Stele

An upright stone containing the name of the dead.

Thotmes I

Began the additions to the temple of Ammon, Kharnak

Mammisi Temple

Birth-House, a small egyptian side temple, kiosk, or tent-shrine, dedicated to the rites of the Goddess Isis (Wife of Osiris).

Ptolemy II

Builder of the famous Pharos or Light House.

Step Pyramid

Built at Saqqara by the architect Imhotep for King Djoser.It was built between 2630-2611 BCE. The pyramid's sides rise in a series of steps; oldest known large stone structure in the world.

Montuary Temple

Built in honor of the Pharaohs

Sacrophogus

Chamber containing the coffin reached by sn underground shaft

Battered Wall

Characteristic features of Egyptian External wall

Heiroglypics

Characteristic of wall ornament.

Massiveness, Monumental, Simplicity

Characteristics of Egyptian Architecture.

Amun-Ra

Chief of God

Chancellor

Controls the royal treasuries, granaries, and supervises the census

SPHINX

Criosphinx - ram head; lion body Hieraosphinx - hawk head; lion body

Horus

Egyptian falcon-headed solar god often the ancient Egyptians' national tutelary deity. wearing the pschent, or a red and white crown, as a symbol of kingship over the entire kingdom of Egypt.

PYLON

Egyptian gateway

Pylon

Egyptian gateway to temples is called ___.

Ammit

Devourer of souls

Set

Dread God of evil, brother of pleasure

The Land of Pharaoh and Desert Land

Egypt is also known _________ and _______.

fertile soil

Egypt's greatest wealth

Post and Lintel

Egypt's principle of construction

Internal Effect

Egyptian Architecture was designed principally for __________.

Papyrus (Symbol for Lower Egypt and Fertility) Lotus (Symbol for Upper Egypt and Fertility) Palm (Fertility)

Egyptian Ornaments

Columnar and trabeated

Egyptian System of construction.

Cult Temple

Egyptian Temple for popular worship of the ancient and mysterious gods.

Uraeus

Egyptian cobra; one of the emblems of pharaonic kingship

Sarcophagus

Egyptian coffin is also called _____.

Gorge

Egyptian cornice that consists roll and hollow moulding is called ___.

Amenophis III

Erected the "Colossi of Memnon", one of the wonders of the world

Senuserets

Erected the earliest known obelisk at Heliopolis

Temple of the gods Tomb pyramids of the kings

Everlasting monuments for the preservation of the dead

Pyramid

Evolved from Mastaba, with four sides facing the Cardinal points, they were made by 100,000 men for 100 years

Amenemhat I

Founded "Great Temple of Ammon Kharnak" Grandest of all temples

Anubis

God of the dead

Osiris

God of the dead

Thoth

God of wisdom; represented with head of ibis (a bird w/ long curved beak)

Nut

Goddess of the sky. Nut is a daughter of Shu and Tefnut. Her brother and husband is Geb. She had four or five children: Osiris, Set, Isis, Nephthys, and—in early Egyptian sources—Horus.

Abu Simbel

Great stone temple built by Ramses II

Bulls tail

Hanging from the back of the Pharaoh's kilt. It is likely that this emphasised the strength and procreative power of the ruler.

Valley Building

In the pyramid complex, embalment and interment rites took place in the _____.

Batterwall

Inclination from base to top of the facade, egyptian external wall.

Nubians

Indegenous people Sudan, People south of Egypt that expanded up and conquered Egypt

The river Nile

Irrigation turned desert lands into fruitful fields

Anubis

Jackal-headed god of mummification

Heb Sed Festival

Jubilee festival which rejuvenates the pharaoh. Occurred every 30 years and every three years thereafter to show the continuing vitality of the king. The King would take place in a short, ceremonial foot race. He would also shoot an arrow in the four directions of the compass to display that he ruled over all of Egypt.

Hypaethral Court

Large outer court open to the sky

Avenue of Sphinx

Lead to a tall portal guarded by a towering pylon.

Religion in Egypt

Monotheistic in theory Polytheistic in practice

Types of Temples

Mortuary Temple Cult Temple

Outer Chamber

One of the divisions of a Mastaba; in which were placed the offerings to the "Ka" or "double; having walls decorated with representations of festal and other scenes, valuable from a historical standpoint.

Abydos

One of the most ancient cities of Upper Egypt. According to Egyptian Mythology-the holy city where Osiris was buried, in addition to many other pharaohs

systems of construction

POST & LINTEL COLUMNAR OR TRABEATED.

Serdab Stele Pits

Parts of a Mastaba

Offering Chapel Mortuary Temple Causeway Valley Building

Parts of a Pyramid

Pylon Great Court Hypostyle Hall Sanctuary Enclosure Hall Colossal statues of the Pharaoh Obelisk Avenue of Sphinxes

Parts of an Egyptian Temple

Hatshepsut

Queen of Egypt, famous for her funerary temple at Mt. Der-El-Bahari

Temple of Queen Hatshepsut, Mt. Der-El-Bahari

Queen of Egypt, famous for her funerary temple at Mt.Der-El-Bahari

TEMPLE OF ABU SIMBEL

Rameses

HYPOSTYLE HALL

Rameses I

Effects of climate on Egypt's buildings

Simple design Few windows Flat roof Massive walls

Hieracosphinx

Sphinx which (in the form of a lion with the head of a Falcon).

Heiraosphinx

Sphinx with a body of a lion and head of a hawk

Androsphinx

Sphinx with a body of a lion and head of a man

Criosphinx

Sphinx with a body of a lion and head of a ram

CLIMATIC INFLUENCE

Structure have no downspout, drainage, gutters due to absence of rain. No windows to cut heat penetration & sandstorm.

Sanctuary

Surrounded by passages and chambers used in connection with the temple service

Pyramid temple

Temples fell into two principal types: cult temples and funerary or mortuary temples. The cult temples housed images of the gods, while the mortuary temples were created as shrines to dead kings.

Ptolemy III

The Architect of the great serapeum at Alexandria.

The Great temple of Amon-Ra

The Grandest example of Egyptian temple built is _____.

Hatshepsut Thutmose III Tutankhamun Rameses II Cleopatra

The Great Pharaohs of Ancient Egypt

Thi

The Royal Architect and Superintendent of the Great Pyramid.

Criosphinx

The Sphinx in Rek-minh-Re at Thebes, (in the form of a lion with the head of a Ram).

Memphis

The capital of Old Kingdom Egypt, near the head of the Nile Delta. Early rulers were interred in the nearby pyramids.

Osiris Pillars

The prototype of the caryatids of the Greeks.

Lotus, Papyrus and Palm

The favorite motif design of Egyptian.

Imhotep

The first architect recorded in history.

Imotep

The first artist in history whose name is known, established the tradition of monumental stone architecture in Egypt in the funerary complex and Stepped Pyramid he built for King Djoser at Saqqara.

Hatshepsut

The funeral temple at Der-el Bahari built by ___.

Androsphinx

The great sphinx at Gizeh, (in the form of a lion with the head of a man), to represent the Sky God Horus.

Fertile Soil

The greatest wealth of Egypt.

Pharaohs

The kings of ancient Egypt

tombs

The main purpose of the pyramids of Egypt was to function as

Great Temple of Abu-Simbel

The most stupendous and impressive of the rock-cut temple. The four-seated colossal statues of Rameses II is carved in the pylon.

Great Temple, Abu Simbel

The most stupendous and impressive of the rock-cut-temples.

Thotmes IV

The one responsible for the cleaning away of sand from the Sphinx

Crook

The shepherd's crook stood for kingship

Pyramid

The structure whose sides were made to face the four cardinal points.

Valley Temple

The temple closest to the Nile River associated with each of the Great Pyramids at Gizeh in ancient Egypt.

Triads e.g. Theban Triad, Abydos Triad, Memphis Triad

There was no dividing line between gods and kings. They were frequently associated in ...

Mastaba

Tomb-houses that were made to take the body at full-length are called ____. Tomb built for the Egyptian nobility rather than the royalty

MASTABA

Type of tomb that is rectangular in plan with a flat roof and sloping side.

STELE

Upright stone slab containing the name of the dead.

Hieroglyphics

Use as ornaments, pictures and writings from the walls

Nile River

What River is the Egyptians means of communication , highway and lifeline?

Cult Temple

What do you call the Egyptian temples built for the worship of the Deity (Gods)?

Mortuary Temple

What do you call the Egyptian temples for offering and worship a deceased person, usually a deified kin (Pharaoh).

2.5 to 15 tonnes

What is the weigh of each stones in the Great Pyramids.

Sycamore

What wood is used for the mummy cases?

Acacia

What wood is used for their boat?

axial planning

When a building is designed so that there is a degree of symmetry along the axis. may major and minor planning. grid like

Senuserets

Who began the Earliest Obelisk, Heliopolis?

Seti I

Who began the building of the Great Hypostyle Hall at Karnak?

Remeses I

Who completed the building of the Great Hypostyle Hall at Karnak?

Imhotep

Who designed the Saqqara Complex and Stepped pyramid of King Djoser.

Amenophis III

Who erected the Colossi of Memnon.

Isis

Wife of Osiris

Sarcohpagus

a box-like funeral receptacle for a corpse, most commonly carved in stone, and usually displayed above ground, though it may also be buried.

Mastaba

a broad pit below ground covered with a rectangular flat mound

coffin

a case or receptacle for dead human remains which is anthropoidal in shape.

Hypostyle Hall

a forest of columns, portraying the illusion of infinity and vastness of space

kheker frieze

a frieze of stylized plants usually found at the top of ancient Egyptian walls

Geb

a god of the earth and one of the Ennead of Heliopolis. His grandfather was Atum (the self-created creator god), his father was Shu (the god of air) and his mother was Tefnut (the goddess of moisture).

Hypostyle Hall

a hall with a roof supported by columns

hypostyle hall

a hall with a roof supported by columns

hypostyle hall

a hall with a roof supported by columns puro column, mejo open

Vizier

a high government official in ancient Egypt or in Muslim countries

Architrave

a main beam resting across the tops of the capitals of columns

scribe

a person who writes things down

Valley of the Queens

a place near the Valley of the Kings were wives of Pharaohs were buried in Ancient Egypt

Tanis

a port and Egypt's gateway to the Mediterranean

Nephthys

a protective goddess of the dead. was the sister of Isis and Osiris, and the sister/wife of Seth. was also the mother of Anubis. She is often shown on coffins, or in funerary scenes.

Step Pyramid

a series of successively smaller mastabas one atop of another and originally clad in polished white limestone

criosphinx

a sphinx with the head of a ram instead of a human

Obelisk

a stone pillar, typically having a square or rectangular cross section and a pyramidal top, set up as a monument or landmark.

Was scepter (dominion/power)

a symbol that appeared often in relics, art, and hieroglyphics associated with the ancient Egyptian religion. It appears as a stylized animal head at the top of a long, straight staff with a forked end.

Obelisk

a tall 4-sided narrow tapering column terminating in a pyramidion, its most sacred part

obelisk

a tall, pointed, four-sided tapered pillar, represented the mound that Atum stood on when he created the world

Mortuary Temple

a temple for the preparation of the body and the worship of the dead

Deir el-Medina

a village built for workers at the Valley of the Kings in Egypt

ornaments

a) Lotus Papyrus & Palm - fertility b) Solar Discs & Vutures w/ wings - protection c) Spiral & feather ornament- eternity d) Scarab or sacred beetle- resurrection

Pit/Shaft

allows the spirit of the dead to communicate with the living world

Ankh

an Egyptian symbol of life

Mastaba

an ancient Egyptian mudbrick tomb with a rectangular base and sloping sides and flat roof

Amarna Letters

an archive, written on clay tablets

Great Court

an area in the temple surrounded by columns

Serdab

an enclosed room containing the statue of the deceased

Valley of the Kings

an example of a corridor tomb The royal necropolis of Ancient Egypt The valley was listed in the UNESCO World Heritage site in 1987.

Mummification

an intact body is an integral part of a person's afterlife and assuring themselves a successful rebirth in the afterlife without a physical body there is no shadow, no name, no spirit, no personality and no immortality

courtyard

an unroofed area that is completely or mostly enclosed by the walls of a large building

Rameses I

began the construction of the "Great Hypostyle Hall" at Kharnak

Processional Way

brick road

Ptolemy II

built the Pharaohs or the "Light House"

Serapis

bull god

rock-cut tombs

burial places hollowed out of the faces of cliffs

Avaris

capital of Egypt under the Hyksos

sanctuary

chambers used in connection w/ the temple services holy high priest lang, bawal mga sinners mamamatay

Amun-Ra

chief god, sun god

Torus Molding

convex molding that is semicircular in profile

Amun, Amun-Re

creator god/ god of fertility and life

Nemes Crown

crown shown on King Tut's funerary mask

rock cut tombs or rick hewn tomb

cut deep into the mountains rock

Nile River

deadly, maraming crocodiles Nile is a gift to gypt and Egypt is a gift to Nile means of highway and lifeline

Tefnut

deity of moisture, moist air, dew and rain in Ancient Egyptian religion. She is the sister and consort of the air god Shu and the mother of Geb and Nut.

Re

deity of the sun. By the Fifth Dynasty in the 25th and 24th centuries BC, he had become one of the most important gods in ancient Egyptian religion, identified primarily with the noon sun. believed to rule in all parts of the created world: the sky, the earth, and the underworld. He was synonymous with the falcon,

Mentuhetep II

developed the 3rd type of tomb "Rock-cut Tomb".

Atum

father of gods, created himself; the "complete one" and also the finisher of the world, which he returns to watery chaos at the end of the creative cycle. As creator he was seen as the underlying substance of the world, the deities and all things being made of his flesh or alternatively being his ka.

Stone (sandstone, limestone, granite and marble)

favored for temples and tombs

Rameses II

finished the construction of the "Hypostyle Hall" & erection of the "Rock Temple at ABU-SIMBEL" & the "Remission" Thebes.

abacus

flat slab

Valley Building

for interment and embalment

Cult Temple

for the worship of the ancient Egyptian gods

Mortuary Temple

for the worship of the dead

Uraeus Frieze

frieze made up of multiple figures of the sacred serpent

amduat

funerary text outlining Re's journey through the duat

Book of the Dead

funerary text with spells to help the dead with their journey through the duat (underworld)

Fishing and fowling

gathering fish and birds for food

Ptah

god of craftsmen

Ptah

god of craftsmen and architects. In the triad of Memphis, he is the husband of Sekhmet and the father of Nefertum. He was also regarded as the father of the sage Imhotep.

Shu

god of dry air, wind and the atmosphere; one of the primordial Egyptian gods, a personification of dry air, spouse and counterpart to goddess Tefnut and one of the nine deities of the Ennead of the Heliopolis cosmogony.

Osiris

god of the dead and ruler of the underworld

Re-Horakhty

god, shown as falcon, Re as Horus of the 2 horizons

Hathor

goddess of the sky, women and love; mother of horus

moulding

gorge and hallow moulding

Akhet

horizon

cavetto cornice

horizontal decorative molding that crowns a building or furniture element

Egyptian Temples

huge light --> less light

Mummiform

human shaped coffin

Thot

ibis headed god of wisdom

Light and Shadows

important features in Egyptian temples

Chief Steward

in charge of the King's personal estate & household

Egyptian Columns

indicative of plant stems gathered at the base with capitals derived from the lotus bud, papyrus flower and the palm

Sanctuary (Holy of Holies)

innermost and most sacred area of the ancient Temple of Jerusalem

The river Nile

its gentle current was favorable for navigation

canopic jars

jars that stored/preserved internal organs of the deceased

Pectoral

jewelry, often represented as a brooch

important parts of pyramid

kings chamber airshaft- related to solar system queens chamber

hypaethral hall

large outer court open to the sky

Djed pillar (Osiris's backbone / stability)

one of the more ancient and commonly found symbols in ancient Egyptian religion. It is a pillar-like symbol in Egyptian hieroglyphs representing stability. It is associated with the creator god Ptah and Osiris, the Egyptian god of the afterlife, the underworld, and the dead. It is commonly understood to represent his spine.

El Kab

one of the oldest settlements of upper egypt located on the east bank of the nile

papyrus column

one resembling a bundle of papyrus stalks

amun(opet) festival scenes

priests carrying statues of amun through the streets of thebes

Uraues

protection from chaos -cobra

pyramidion

pyramid shaped uppermost piece of pyramid or obelisk

burial shaft

rectangular structure that leads into the pyramid

Avenue of Sphinxes

rows of monsters (body of lion, head of man, hawk, ram) leading to monuments.

colonnaded court

sequence of columns

King's Beard

showed power and king

God's beard

showed power and linkage to god

jamb

side posts of a doorway

Medinet Habu

site of Ramesses III (Dyn 20) mortuary temple; the temple is huge and beautifully built; inscriptions depict conquest over the Sea Peoples

bark shrine

small temple in the shape of a nile boat

Dendera

small town situated on the west bank of the nile, location of one of the best preserved temple complexes in Egypt

Frail

staff for hitting; for the fertility of the land.

Osiride statue

statue that shows subject in mummified form like osiris

Hathor Crown

sun and cow horns

ANKH

symbol of life -necklace

Winged sun disk

symbol of protection, wings of horus surrounding the sun

Rah

symbol of the sun, hope for eternal life, sun god from Heliopolis

Ma'at feather

symbol of truth

Heliopolis

the Egyptian city that was the center of sun worship

The river Nile

the Life of Egypt

Ma'at

the ancient Egyptian concepts of truth, balance, order, harmony, law, morality, and justice. Maat was also the goddess who personified these concepts, and regulated the stars, seasons, and the actions of mortals and the deities who had brought order from chaos at the moment of creation

False beard

the beard (hair piece) pharaohs wore for ceremonies attached by glue or string

Valley of the Kings

the burial places of the New Kingdom pharaohs

Deir el Bahri

the burial temple of Hatshepsut in the Valley of the Kings

Bent Pyramid

the lower part rises at a 55-degree inclination and the top sections is shallower at 43 degrees

Pylon

the monumental gateway of an Egyptian temple

Stele

the offering chapel has the name of the deceased inscribed on it

The strong belief in the afterlife

the outstanding feature of the religion of the Egyptians

Pharaohs

the political and religious leader of Egypt

Mud Brick

the principal building material for domestic buildings

Subsidiary/Ka~ Pyramid

the resting place after death, for kings of Egypt. They were considered more important than palaces because they were the tombs of Egyptian pharaohs. Since the people of Egypt believed kings continued to reign after death (through their life force, called ka, which continued to take part in the governing of Egypt) the tombs of the pharaohs were considered of higher importance than their palaces.

Aten

the sun that was worshiped in the Amarna period

Enclosure Wall

the wall that envelopes the entire temple

smiting

to strike or hit hard

Capital

topmost member of column

Step Pyramid

type of pyramid with sides that rise in giant steps

Mortuary Temple

used for the ministrations to deified pharaohs

vaulted burial chamber

vault where the kings were buried, top distributed weight evenly

chapter 125 (book of the dead)

weighing of the heart of the dead in the presence of the god osiris

Avenue of Sphinx

where mystical monster were placed

Atum

world creator

Red Crown of Lower Egypt

worn by pharaohs to symbolize rule over lower Egypt

BENT OR BLUNT PYRAMID

• 2 degrees of inclination of slope e.g. PYRAMID of SENEFERU

social and political influence

• MONARCHY -form of government • PHARAOH -kinh og Egypt, ruler • SON OF PHARAOH -successor of the throne • VIZIER -most powerful official, high priest • CHANCELOR -controls the royal treasuries, supervises census • CHIEF STEWARD -in charge of kings personal estate and household

religious influence

• Pyramids were built because they believe in "Life after Death" & for the preservation of the dead body. • Pharaoh is not only king but also "god" both political & religious ruler, when he dies he becomes "osiris", god of dead. • They're "monotheistic" in theory & "polytheistic" in practice.

GEOLOGICAL INFLUENCE

• STONE -Soft stone *limestone, sandstone, alabaster -Hard stone * granite, quartzite, basalt • SAND DRIED BRICKS - used in mastaba • DATE PALM • PALM LEAVES - for roofing • ACACIA -boat construction • SYCAMORE -mummy case (

Entrance Pylon

• massive sloping towers fronted by an obelisks known as gateways in Egypt


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