History of TR
CTRS
Certified Therapeutic Recreation Specialist
Hull House (1800s-1900s)
- A settlement house in Chicago - Used recreation to improve the health & well-being for the "poor and disabled". - Used expressive arts as a therapy tool. - Used bibliotherapy. - Used leisure education.
WWI & WWII
- American Red Cross created "hospital recreation" during WWII. - This is considered the first foundation of TR.
NTRS - a branch of NRPA
National Therapeutic Recreation Society
TR today: 2001-Present
- Good quality TR conferences. - New innovative treatment techniques. - Growing diagnostic groups; Autism, Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia, & Sensory Disorders.
NTRS (disbanded in 2010)
- NRPA eliminated interest sections, NTRS was disbanded in 2010 - United the profession - The CTRS credential is highly respected in health care.
NCTRC
- Oversees national certification program and the CTRS credential. - In late 1980s completed a Job Analysis Study. - Developed a written exam in 1990. - No "grandfathering", current CTRSs had 5 years to take and pass the exam. - VERY controversial! - Today, in retrospect, all agree it was the best thing to do!
Florence Nightingale (1800s)
- Provided recreation in hospitals. - Recognized recreation could be a coping mechanism for soldiers.
TR today: 1985-2000
A time for change & growth
AAHPER in 1952
American Assoc of Health, PE & Rec. - RT section formed by recreation specialists the VA system. - Purpose was to assist doctors in treatment & therapy orientation.
ATRA (1984)
American Therapeutic Recreation Association. - Tension from leisure approach and therapy approach. - Leaders of NTRS felt NRPA was not committed to TR and its unique needs. - Leaders of NTRS formed ATRA. - ATRA's focus was the therapy approach.
ADA (1990) - Legislation
Americans with Disabilities Act. - Eliminate discrimination against people with disabilities.
Humanitarian Treatment Movement (1700s-1800s)
Confinement Box & Insane Asylums (Recreation programs seen as humane treatment).
Most important Legislation
Education Handicapped Children Act (1967) Education Handicapped Children Act (1975) Rehab Act (1973 and 1974) - Rehabilitate veterans with disabilities. - Architectural barriers. ADA (1990) IDEA (2004)
Mayo Clinc (1889)
His son and grandson also were physicians and leaders of the hospital. Leisure for enjoyment.
IDEA (2004) - Legislation
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. - Reauthorize and given a new name. - Includes TR as a related service.
Medical Spas (1800s-1900s)
Medical Spas were seen as leisure.
NART in 1953
National Assoc of Recreational Therapy. - Separate RT from PE and recreation & therapy orientation.
NCTRC formed in 1981
National Council for TR Certification
NRPA 1966
National Recreation and Park Association
1700s-1900s
Origins of TR; What paved the way for TR to be created
Leisure orientation vs. therapy orientation
TR as Leisure Approach: - Leisure is a basic human need. - TR based on opportunity to experience leisure, choice, enjoyment. TR as Therapy Approach: - Use recreational activities as a therapy tool. - Working towards a behavioral change.
1966-1984
TR growing strong & The Utopian Years of TR
1945-1965
The birth of TR as a profession & Philosophical battles in TR