HLTH 2400 Self-Determination Theory: A Theory of Human Motivation

Motivational Interviewing Methods

Detachment, empathy, listening, developing discrepancy, respond to sustain talk, and empowerment

Self-Determination Theory Proponent/Theorists:

Edward L. Deci and Richard M. Ryan -Professors at University of Rochester

Motivation

is a process that starts with a physiological or psychological need that activates a behavior or a drive that is aimed at a goal.

Self-Determinism: Three Basic Psychological Needs

1. Autonomy 2. Competence 3. Relatedness

Responding to Sustain Talk

1. I have no desire and don't want to know why I would anyway -reflection: Its combination of not wanting to change and seeing no reasons-open question: if it was important, why would that be? 2. I don't think I can-reflection: You're not certain about your ability-Open question: what would increase your confidence? 3. Its too much trouble- Reflection: It's more effort than you are willing to make right now- Open question: Certainly only you can desire, but it you did, why would you?

Self-Determination Theory (SDT)

One of the theories of Human Motivation -The central premise of the theory is that individuals have innate tendencies towards personal growth and vitality that are either satisfied or thwarted by their immediate environment.

Individual Differences

People vary according to: •Aspirations and Life Goals •Energy-driven or not driven •Mindfulness and presence

Respond to sustain talk

against what they are doing

listening

not as easy as it seems, develop disclosure

Empathy

provides the basis for the counselor-person relationship

Individual Differences: Competence, Autonomy, and Relatedness

•Aspirations and life goals •Learned from socializing influences and experience •Extrinsic foci (focus) Wealth Fame Popularity •Intrinsic foci (focus) Personal development Generativity-leaving it better for the next generation Affiliation about

Personal Trainer Study (article)

•Children and adolescents with Type 1 diabetes •Applied behavioral analyses •Personal trainers with MI skills •Home delivery of the intervention •Six sessions •Youth select possible changes using the results of the ABA (applied behavior analyses)

Extrinsic Motivation

•Contingencies (events) shape motivation and behavior •Extrinsic motivation is also called "controlled" motivation •Rules, laws, social norms become values over time. •People vary in terms of how they respond to external reinforcement

Intrinsic Motivation

•Contingencies are eventually internalized •Behavior is then guided by internalized motivation, without the same need for extrinsic reinforcement •People are "socialized" through external reinforcement, which eventually becomes self-regulating.

Personal Trainers (article)

•Detached, allowing the youth to select change goal and try their ideas for change •Empathy •Encouragement •Identified discrepancies •Suggested possible strategies

Relatedness

•Family, friends •Mate (we are all human and we all crave human interaction with friends and family)

Empowerment

•Get person to explore change •Elicit and encourage their ideas

Motivational Interviewing: Counselor Role

•Inform •Advise •Encourage •Honor, accept •Semi-directive-guide them but not tell them what to do **Counselors create the conditions for change.

Detachment

•It is not up to the counselor to change •It is up to the person

Autonomy

•Life is a struggle for autonomy •Control over one's own behavior (choice) •Similar to Rotter's concept of locus of control •Ability to act in one's own interests •Meaningful rationale (Similar to internal locus of control)

Competence

•Life is struggle for competence •Ability to manage one's own behavior and perform life tasks

Self-Determination Theory: Elements (concepts)

•Locus of Motivation •Internal vs. External •Psychological needs -Autonomy, competence, relatedness-success of meeting those needs -Autonomy is not exactly independence-can behave autonomously, but still require advice from others. •Individual differences between people •Have varying Aspiration and life goals -Energy, Mindfulness, Risk Behaviors

Motivational Interviewing: Ambivalence

•People often want to change and want not to change •Ambivalence is a common state and one that can only be overcome by the person experiencing it •Competing goals, needs, contingencies (Ambivalence-stuck in the middle)

Results of Personal Trainer Study (article)

•Significant treatment group difference in hemoglobin A1c, the measure of glycemic control •Better effects of adolescents than pre-adolescents (-Have to have autonomy in order to make ownership of this disease -Younger youth have less autonomy because the parents are still doing so many things for them)

Developing Discrepancy

•Special communication skills needed •Get person to see the discrepancies between their goals and behavior

Self-Determination Theory is grounded in

•in humanistic perspective, intrinsic motivation and counseling •Growth occurs through challenge, discovering new perspectives, pushing capacity •Tendency to integrate this growth with identity, self-concept, self-esteem •A meta-theory or macro-theory made up of a series of smaller theories