HLTH 403 exam one

John, a student at Texas A&M, decides to go to Beutal to be treated for what he assumes to be the flu. When he arrives, the doctor asks John a series of questions regarding his symptoms. Which of the following questions from the doctor is relevant towards diagnosing John with the flu?

"How long have you had a fever for?"

In terms of recognizing vested interests and spin in systematic review, if someone reviewing a study has received money from the company that made the product being reviewed in the study, this would be an example of:

.Financial Interest

Why is clarity important when using critical thinking?

.It allows you to have a better understanding of the subject

A patient is given antihistamines to treat their hay fever. Taking the recommended amount benefits the patient by reducing symptoms. However, this patient chose to ignore the doctor's orders and took more than they were supposed to. The patient ended up having heart problems. Which point does this situation support?

.More intensive treatment is not necessarily beneficial, and can sometimes do more harm than good

Is it more beneficial for patients with life-threatening conditions to utilize untested alternative treatment methods or enroll in a clinical trial and why?

A clinical trial is more beneficial because a new treatment is being compared with the current best treatment in order to reveal any extra benefits of the new treatment. This allows the patient the opportunity to a treatment method that can potentially improve their condition.

When Susan was about to go into her hip replacement procedure, the surgeon had to make sure he had reviewed all the systematic relevant, reliable, and known information regarding the research of the surgery from new and old patients and laboratory research.This was vital that he had done this step in order for the safety of the patient. This is an example of the importance of:

A fair test of treatments for Systematic Reviews

Dr. Murphy is performing laser treatment on a patient who has rosacea, a condition that causes redness on the face. Treatments for this condition are usual and does not require dramatic effects.This treatment can be best described as:

A moderate treatment effect

Sydney and her family went on vacation to Costa Rica over the summer. They spent time zip-lining, hiking through the jungle and swimming in the ocean. Out of convenience, they decided to eat at the resort every night. However, on the last night,they decided to venture out and eat at one of the local restaurants. On the plane ride home, Sydney started to feel nauseous and began to run a fever. Her head started aching and she was experiencing minor cramps. Ater about a day of rest and eating bland foods, she was feeling okay again. Although it is not explicitly said, based on the information presented, which of the following can be implied?

A possible reason Sydney was feeling the way she felt was because of food poisoning from the restaurant she ate at.

When the author of a research paper mentions a "significant difference" what do they mean?

A significant difference in statistical data

A pediatrician is reading a study on the effects of technology on early child development, however he only finds one study that suggest that technology at an early age is not as harmful as society suggests. The pediatrician cannot rely on this single study because...

A single study rarely provides enough evidence to guide choices on health care

In order to assess the best course of treatment, which of the following treatment trials are essential for consideration?

A. Fair Treatments and comparisons B. the principle of comparing "like and like" C. limit bias D. All of the above D

When looking over his project, Johnny decides he needs to make sure that he has thought of every way someone could interpret his information. He looks at all aspects of his project from multiple viewpoints. What intellectual standard is Johnny displaying?

Accuracy

Your friend Jill tells you an idea about a service project that your organization can contribute/help with for the upcoming year. Making sure that this group's mission statement and service requirements are fitting for your organization, you go research, call the service team,and look up facts about how this will be beneficial to them and you. Making sure Jills' facts were reliable and true so that the service project would be fitting for each group, was a good example of which intellectual standard?

Accuracy

Sarah was researching the effectiveness of different antibiotics when treating a sinus infection. She gathered information from several sources and also checked the correctness of her findings with the Cochrane Library to make sure her information was ___________.

Accurate

Shared decision making is an important element of healthcare. If you were a healthcare provider how could you implement shared decision making.

Acknowledge that most decisions do not need to be taken immediately, and give patients and their families the resources and help to reach decisions

Which statement is FALSE about shared decision making?

All patients prefer detailed information about clinical decisions

Dr. Jones is deciding whether or not he should prescribe his patient a certain antibiotic. He looked up one systematic review in which mentioned that it reduced their chances of dying and complications during surgery. This being the case, he prescribed the patient the antibiotic despite the fact that there were other studies in which mentioned when taking that antibiotic they could potentially be missing beneficial treatments. Which testing treatment did Dr. Jones fail to use?

Assessing all the relevant, reliable evidence

Charlie is researching mimicry in animals and finds that the Scarlet King snake has evolved to mimic the colors of the venomous Coral snake for its protection. He concludes that the king snakes must also be venomous because they look alike. What thinking element is Charlie subconsciously using here?

Assumption

In the 1990s researchers reviewed the experience with controlled trials of epidural versus non-epidural analgesia given to women for pain relief during labour. They identified nine comparison trials that could be confidently analyzed. The comparisons were commonly measured in terms of levels of hormones and other substances believed to reflect stress during labour. Outcomes for the baby were also the focus of some attention. Yet any comparison of the pain reported by the women themselves was absent in all but two of the trials.This is an example of:

Bad Research

After years of researching the use of epidurals during childbirth, it was found that only 600 trials were found to be without bias. Out of these 600, only 9 could be properly analyzed due to their comparison of stress monitoring in patients. Only 2 trials of the 9, however, actually asked the women about their pain or lack thereof. These studies are prime examples of...

Bad research

The way to avoid being misled by the play of chance in treatment comparisons is to:

Base conclusions on studying sufficiently large numbers of patients

John was recently diagnosed with a disease that has multiple routes of treatment. How can John's doctor best address uncertainty while choosing the best treatment for John?

Be open to discussing John's options with him while drawing on resources that provide the best current research

Cartman has created what he terms a "miracle drug" that can cure the Ebola virus. He had three studies conducted to test his product and released the two showing the vaccines helped at least 25% of his test subjects. However, he declined to include the third study showing his vaccine helped 0% of his subjects with the Ebola virus. What action has Cartman taken in delivering his results that is both unscientific and unethical?

Biased Under-Reporting

Charlie was assigned to do a class project on abortion. Although he is pro-choice, he still included a significant amount of information that supports both views. Which intellectual standard did Charlie apply to his thinking?

Breadth

Kyle is conducting an experiment with 16 of his classmates testing whether or not studying for a test actually helps students pass tests. 8 of his classmates in Group A spent a few hours a day studying for their upcoming test whereas the other 8 students in Group B stayed home, played guitar hero, and ate cheesy poofs. During the experiment, 2 students from Group A caught the flu and couldn't take the test. The other 6 students from Group A passed whereas only 4 of the 8 students in Group B passed. Kyle then presented his results as 6/6 students who studied passed whereas only4/8 students who didn't study passed. How has Kyle misrepresented his conclusion?

By not including the two sick students in his final comparison, Kyle unconsciously added bias to his conclusion

Jenna has been diagnosed with breast cancer. Her surgeon believes that she should have an extended radical mastectomy done. This particular type of mastectomy is extremely invasive and will leave Jenna with a severely mutilated ribcage, if she even survives. Despite wanting to pursue other options of treatment, she agrees with her surgeon to do the surgery assuming that he is giving her the best option for survival. From what chapter is this scenario based upon?

Chapter 3: More is not necessarily better

Which of the following relates to the idea of implication?

Claims or truths that logically follow from other claims or truths

Maria is writing a research paper about complementary and alternative medicine for her health class. While writing her paper she mentally asks herself, "could I elaborate further?" to determine the quality of her work thus far. Which intellectual standard did she demonstrate by asking this question?

Clarity

When assessing the evidence for an effect of a product, reviewers who were associated with the manufacturer reach far more enthusiastic conclusions about the treatment than those with no such...

Commercial interest

Jenny is wanting to buy a pain relief prescription for as cheap as possible.Company A is selling its product for $6.99 however their surveys and studies onlyinclude 100 people. Company B is selling their product for $10.99, but their surveys and studies involve over 10,000 people. By looking and the quality and quantity of the evidence she has, which pain relief prescription should Jenny choose?

Company B

Amanda is a health science professor and is trying to educate her students on the proper ways to treat patients. There are many variables to remember when treating a patient. What does Amanda say is important when treating someone?

Compare treatments by using the "like with like" principle

In class, you are doing an experiment, but first you must come up with a hypothesis, the teacher asks that it is clear and explained well, what element of thinking are you using while creating this hypothesis and ensuring that it is clear and fully explained?

Concepts

What type of mistakes can be made when interpreting results of fair treatment comparisons?

Conclude that there are real differences in treatment outcomes when there is not.

All of these are examples of bad research EXCEPT:

Conducting research on C-sections, which is a popular topic for women to ask their doctor's about

Whitney is writing a research paper on how vaping affects young adult's health negatively. She has a few resources but feels as if she is lacking facts and statistics that will help people think critically when reading her paper. What element that makes up thinking is Whitney missing?

Data

A man with a broken ankle visits to doctors, one in the United States and one in England,and they each treat him differently for his fracture. When viewing this issue,we must consider if there was any reliable evidence comparing the two treatments being recommended. Did one reduce pain? Did one help muscle wasting? Which claim aligns with the statement"Disagreement is a sign of uncertainty"?

Doctors can disagree within the profession as a whole because they are more concerned with one area of treatment than another.

What question would you ask yourself when trying to be logical in an argument?

Does this follow from the evidence?

In which scenario is the doctor conducting "good research" as stated in chapter 10 in the Testing Treatments-Better Research For Better Healthcare?

Dr. Jenny is doing research on strokes. She created trials in both North America and Mexico in which several thousand patients with carotid artery narrowing participated.

What type of effects of a treatment are the most rare?

Dramatic

John regularly goes in for prostate cancer screening, this time they find some prostate specific antigens and diagnosed him with prostate cancer, he spends the next few years trying to get rid of the cancer and reaping the harmful side effects of the cancer treatments, just to find out that he had a slow growing version of prostate cancer and the treatments were unnecessary. What is this an example of?

Earlier is not necessarily better

Today, not all health providers agree on one, concrete approach for treating particular conditions. Read the following scenario and then answer the question that follows: A new vaccination, targeting individuals with cardiovascular disease, has recently been released to the public. Dr. Baker recommends all of his patients with cardiovascular disease go and get this new vaccine. Dr. Wilson, however, cautions his patients against going to get this new vaccine, and recommends his patients use traditional medications. Dr. Wilson spent weeks researching the effects of this new vaccine and concluded that the negative effects outweigh the positive ones. Research showed adverse effects including stomach pain, diarrhea, joint pain, and in some cases extreme dizziness. Emily, a student at A&M, just switched doctors. For years she had been going to Dr. Baker, but after moving to College Station, she decided to find a doctor close by. Emily was diagnosed with cardiovascular disease two years ago. Emily is confused by the c

Emily should gather information on her own, using reputable sources,before making any rash decisions about getting the new vaccine.

Essential oils have been raved about in current culture. For example, lathering copious amounts of Lavender oil on skin has been said to help "detoxify" the body. What key point from the reading best suggests that consumers should be cautious about this trend?

Even if patients do not suffer from inadequately tested treatments, using them can waste individual and community resources

The study of Evening Primrose Oil proved that some product claims of effectiveness are couched in vague terms such as "Patients with eczema may find relief."Which key point from chapter 2 does this support?

Even if patients do not suffer from inadequately tested treatments, using them can waste individual and community resources.

Primrose oil for many years was once strongly pushed as an effective treatment with few negative side-effects for eczema. When research came to light disproving its effectiveness, yet was not harmful, it became the specific lesson of...

Even if patients don't suffer from inadequately tested treatments, using them can waste individual and community resources

Fair testing treatments Steven has a cold while Emily has the flu. They both go to the doctor. Emily is prescribed antibiotics while Steven is told to just treat his symptoms. The doctor told Steven that his cold will remedy itself on its own with time. What thinking skill did Stevens doctor use?

Fair tests of treatment

Greg has a question for his doctor about the dangers of stress. What is the best way for his doctor to answer his questions?

Following up his explanation of what causes stress and how to combat it, Greg's doctor hands him a brochure about stress

In 1995, research showed that injections of magnesium sulfate could prevent fits recurring in women with eclampsia. This study showed that this combination of magnesium sulfate was superior to its competitors for much cheaper. In a study involving more than 10,000 pregnant women diagnosed with preeclampsia, half were given the magnesium sulfate injection while the other half received a placebo. Was this a goof, bad, or unnecessary study?

Good

Johnny is a football player who suffered a concussion after a bad tackle.Local physicians suggested they perform a CT scan to see if no there is no permanent brain damage. Without question, Johnny went into the machine and the doctors performed the scan. What key point about screenings like CT scans does this particular scenario violate?

Good communication about the benefits, harms, and risks of screening is essential

Which of these is a reason that fair tests of treatments are necessary?

Helpful treatments may be dismissed as useless

Carrie's family loves cupcakes and owns a cupcake shop. They make and consume cupcakes on birthdays, holidays, and every day in between.To boost sales, Carrie would like to conduct research on whether or not cupcakes are good for regular consumption. She knows the outcome will be positive. Carrie intends to post her findings in an ad in the town newspaper. Before submission Carrie asks herself "Do I have any vested interest in this issue? Am I sympathetically representing the viewpoints of others?" Carrie is questioning what?

Her fairness

John and his wife have a newborn little boy. They learned that in the past it was bad for parents to leave their baby on it's stomach due to the large amounts of cot deaths. However, over time their baby developed a flat head, or ​plagiocephaly. What is this an example of?

Hoped-for effects that don't materialize

Susan is conflicted with whether or not she should be medicated for her anxiety. A nurse practitioner on campus says she should take medication because it will help ease her anxiety. Susan decides to take this medication, and has less anxiety but has noticed a lot of weight gain. When she decided to see her doctor from home, she mentions she shouldn't be taking anxiety medication because it causes excessive weight gain. Which testing treatment is at play in this scenario?

Hoped-for effects that don't materialize

According to the British statistician, Austin Bradford Hill, reports of research should answer four questions.Which of the following is NOT one of the four questions that reports of research should answer?

How did you do it?

A local doctor in College Station wants to start a new research about new ways to reduce your risk of heart attack. According to Austin Bradford Hill (A British Statistician), which of the following questions should you NOT ask yourself when researching a specific problem?

How did you find it?

While ordinary citizens and patient involvement in the say of tests and treatments is typically for the greater good, sometimes problems arise. One of the problems is their "understandable lack of knowledge about how research is done and funded"which can lead to misinformation being sent and conflicts to arise in the health field. This is an example of____________.

How patients can jeopardize fair tests and treatments

Ally is trying to express her reasoning in her thesis. Her concepts and ideas are best shaped by...

Identifying the key concepts and explaining them clearly.

Brianna and Joe were discussing A&M football on a Friday night. Brianna asks Joe who the current A&M head football coach is and he answered Kevin Warren Sumlin. She later looked up who the head coach is and found out it was Jimbo Fisher. Joe's statement is considered

Inaccurate

Molly went out of town for the weekend to visit family. When she got back on Sunday morning,she wasn't expecting to find beer cans and empty liquor bottles scattered all over the living room. She was upset that her roommates threw a party without asking her. Which elemental structure of thinking was used here?

Inference

Karen was looking at a vitamin that advertises hair growth. When doing research on this specific vitamin she decided that although the vitamin would help her hair grow and make it shinier, it was not needed in order for these things to happen to her hair. What element of critical thinking was Karen displaying?

Interpretation and inference

What is one of the negative results from a certain test being biased?

It causes patients to have more potential for negative side effects

Why was Dr. Spock's advice for babies to sleep on their stomachs faulty and lethal, even though his idea made sense?

It was an untested theory

Emily begins to conduct research on anew medication that can completely eradicate a specific flu strain. She administered free flu shots to volunteers and monitored them for several months to see if they became free of illness and stayed healthy afterwards. The initial results were very promising; due in large part to a well-designed, unbiased study. What should be the next course of action?

Keep performing the same study over and over again with other random samples to ensure the results are always the same

A patient is doing research to decide whether she should take a drug that a doctor recommended. She finds two studies, one says that it had over 10,000 patients, in which many of them showed adverse side-effects, the other studied 1,000 people who had little to no side-effects. She trusts the results of the study with more participants. This is an example of what?

Law of large numbers

Lily has made her research on vitamins. Her work makes sense, her first paragraph fits in with the last, and her statements follow the evidence. Which intellectual standard did she follow?

Logic

You've just finished a research essay for one of your classes, but you go back and reread it and realize the paper isn't quite cohesive, and the first and last paragraphs don't make sense together, what intellectual standard are you missing?

Logic

What is one way to reduce the play of chance in systematic reviews?

Meta-analyses are done to reduce the play of chance in systematic reviews. The more similar but separate studies there are with similar results, the more likely that the results are NOT due to chance.

"Patient pester power" is a concept where the patient demand is increased largely in part by media focusing more on the possible benefits and down-playing drawbacks. Using the drug Herceptin as an example, what was Herceptin originally licensed for and what was it being used for following a surge of the media coverage?

Metastatic breast cancer; early stage breast cancer.

Joe knew that he was beginning to have a migraine. In order to get ahead of it before it got worse he took double the dose of aspirin than he normally does when he has a full migraine, thinking that it would help improve the medications results. As a result of taking so much aspirin Joe got a nose bleed. What concept from the book explains Joe's thinking.

More is not necessarily better

Studies comparing radical mastectomy and lumpectomy followed by radiation therapy showed that there was no significant difference in death rates after a 20 year follow up. This is an example of the idea that:

More is not necessarily better

Which is not one of the three principal features of fair tests?

More is not necessarily better

There are two new treatments for gastritis. 30% of patients experience adverse effects from treatment A. 50% of patients experience adverse effects from treatment B.When comparing the results of these two treatments, is it reasonable to conclude that one treatment works "better" than the other based on a risk ratio of 0.6?

No, because chance could play a role in some people getting better in one group.

Joyce is trying to distinguish between good and bad research for her project. She found that in 1996 there were over 500 trials regarding treatments used for tardive dyskinesia. 90 of these trials involved different drugs. Overall there wasn't much substantial data gathered from this particular research. Should Joyce use this research to support her project?

No, because the data renders this research meaningless.

John is a retired police officer that suffered from a heart attack due to unknown causes. His doctor tells him heart disease actually runs in his family and is hereditary, so he becomes worried. A new study done by a nutrition supplement company stated a new pill they are selling can reduce a person's risk of a heart attack. Why should John be skeptical about this study?

Only one study was conducted, so there is no way the evidence is 100% concrete

Why is it important that patients have access to information regarding their conditions and treatments?

Patients should always have access because health professionals should always take into account the patients' needs and desires when discussing the patient health. Patients should always be able to feel involved in their health care and should be treated as an equal partner whatever the level of treatment involved. both correct

Why is it important to review all the data used?

People should be able to depend on them, and that means that they must be done systematically, otherwise they will be misleading

What practice led to tens of thousands of deaths of avoidable cot deaths?

Placing babies to sleep on their front

Abby and Jessica are both in the same health class. In class, they were asked to discuss what they believe the legal drinking age should be and why. Abby said she believed it should be 18 because most other countries allow drinking at that age. Jessical believed that it should be 25 because the brain and nervous system does not reach physical maturity until then. Both Abby and Jessica had different viewpoints on the matter, also known as

Point of view

A new supplement is released to the public and heavily marketed. Steve has been on the hunt for a new supplement. Steve wants a supplement that will help him lose weight and maintain focus at his job. The new supplement ads show individuals getting promoted at work during the week and running marathons on the weekend, but has no evidence to support claims that the new supplement will help Steve achieve his goals. Steve is getting caught up in what three things?

Point of view, assumptions, and inferences

What can solve the problems of research results?

Preventing biases

What elemental structure(s) are used when generating concepts for elements of thought?

Principles, laws, and theories

One doctor recommended in one of his very famous books that infants should sleep on their stomachs. This advice was followed by many physicians and parents but in the long run studies showed that this sleeping position resulted in an increase in "Cot Deaths." This example of professional advice proves the overarching principle that ________________________.

Professional opinion is not always a reliable guide to safe, effective treatments.

Alli is researching a topic for a paper and a classmate asked her why she is researching this. Alli could explain to her classmate the ____ of her paper.

Purpose

Before acting upon her thought, Megan started to evaluate what her questions' deeper meaning was rooted in. Therefore, it would lead to actions that would express the goal of her question because her overall ________ was clear.

Purpose

LifeStraw is a water filtration company that makes products that make contaminated water safe to drink. Their mission statement from their website is as follows:We're on a mission to redefine the safe drinking water space through technology, innovation, product quality, and design. We work with governments, donors, and individual consumers, like yourself, to understand the need for safer water. At LifeStraw, we believe everyone deserves safe drinking water. Our intent to meet this basic human need is what drives us to build our products.Which element of thought is described in the mission statement listed above?

Purpose

Jessica sees an advertisement in a magazine for a new vitamin pill with promising but vague claims about its health benefits. She decides she might want to try it but wants to do some research before buying the product. What element of thought fully lays out the problem in multiple ways and needs to be formulated and applied to clearly guide her thinking?

Questions at Issue

Stan is conducting an experiment where half his test subjects receive an experimental treatment and the other half will receive placebos. Stan sees his girlfriend and several of his friends in one group and intentionally gives that group the treatment. Which method of distribution has Stan forgotten to use which led to this conflict of interest?

Random Allocation

Adam is discussing possible treatment options for an ongoing condition with his physician. The past week he saw an advertisement for a drug pertaining to his illness with a high percentage of success. Adam's physician explains to him that that figure is misleading and he should look at the absolute risk reduction figure, which is actually much lower. What statistic what Adam most likely looking at in the advertisement?

Relative risk reduction

Dalton is researching environmental health and he is questioning the relationship between people and their environment and the importance of the correlation. What intellectual standard is Dalton using in his research?

Relevance

Why is it important to assess the effects of the treatment formally?

Research many uncover important information about how treatments work, and so indicate possibilities for developing better and safer treatments.

What are ways to assess relevant and reliable evidence?

Reviews must be done systematically, otherwise they will be misleading.

A university's health program advertised ultrasounds for any students who attend that university. The point of these ultrasounds was to diagnose early onset of strokes. In doing so,they used an ultrasound to examine any narrowing of the carotid arteries. Blockage, or narrowing of the carotid arteries can result in decreased blood to the brain, which has the potential to increase one's chance of having a stroke. Rebecca, along with many others, were persuaded to partake in this screening event. Two weeks later, Rebecca received her results and was shocked to find out her arteries were blocked by 78%. Frightened by this, she went to see the doctor.After examining the results, Rebecca's doctor recommended a carotid endarterectomy, a surgical procedure to reduce the narrowing of carotid arteries. During surgery, Rebecca experienced internal bleeding, some of which reached her brain causing an intracerebral hemorrhage.Fortunately, Rebecca was okay and the bleeding was controlled. This scenario represents what about screening:

Screening is not always beneficial and can cause unwanted, invasive procedures, as well as cause unnecessary stress.

Sarah is doing an individual research study. In order to reduce bias during the process of preparing her review she needs to make specific protocols that will reduce both bias and play of chance. What is one way Sarah can reduce bias?

She should make sure to know the ways potentially eligible studies will be identified.

When conducting primary research for her community health class project on exercise, Sarah's research showed that students only ever had reasons to work out. When reviewing her research, Sarah's professor noticed this and asked if she had interviewed any students who did not work out. In this instance how was Sarah's professor trying to help her?

She was trying to get Sarah to not end up making assumptions based on lack of research.

After looking into a new vitamin pill to see if it was worth the buy, Jessica found lots of information regarding the product. What intellectual standard does she need to use in order to find the most important information relating to the purpose of her research?

Significance

Sarah is evaluating her thoughts about her paper on organic foods and is wanting to make sure she is focusing on the most important issues. Which intellectual standard is she using?

Significance

Katherine was just diagnosed with stage 3 Breast cancer. When her doctor sits her down to talk about the different types of treatments, he tries to make it clear that more is not necessarily better when treating this type of cancer. He goes on to explain her options and answers any questions she has. Which of the following options would be best for Katherine to pick when following the "more is not better" method?

Start with treatments and assess the next course of action one by one

Fair tests of treatments obtain reliable information about the effects of treatments by all of the following except:

Taking reports at face value

Jared has heard that taking aspirin regularly can help reduce the chance of a heart attack or stroke. However, Jared is healthy and does not have a family history of cardiovascular disease. What should he do?

Talk to his doctor to determine if the benefits outweigh the risks of taking aspirin.

What is a common misconception people typically have about having more intensive treatments?

That more intensive treatments can be more beneficial

Mr. Mackey is a counselor at a high school and is conducting an experiment that tests a new form of energy drink and whether or not the test subjects feel more energized after consuming the drink. In order to counteract any chance results affecting his conclusions (subjects giving false or unsure answers), Mr. Mackey expands his study on a larger scale to neighboring schools to gain more data. Which concept is Mr. Mackey applying in his experiment?

The Law of Large Numbers

While at a conference for improving global health, the main speaker focuses on describing the details of his last vacation. What is the most likely reason some of the audience has begun to leave?

The audience members are beginning to questions the relevance of the stories to the topic they were there for.

As Olivia talks to her physician about the benefits and risks of breast cancer screening, she does not believe certain benefits due to some of her friends telling her otherwise, that is because...

The benefits of screening are often downplayed or ignored

Which of these is not true concerning the play of chance?

The differences between two treatments is never due to the play of chance.

Dr. Carl is testing a new licensed treatment that he saw his other colleagues use,however before using it on his patients to make sure it is safe, since...

The fact that a treatment has been licensed does not ensure it is safe

When comparing two different forms of treatments the patients will be allocated at random so:

The groups being compared will be as similar as possible

During a treatment that the patient and doctor have uncertainty about the effects and outcome, which is the best way the physician should respond to his or her patient?

The physician needs to explain to their patient the uncertainties that may be presented during treatment and why this is so.

If there is uncertainty around a treatment process, how should clinicians approach potential patients for that treatment?

The physician should discuss the uncertainty and answer any questions that the patient may have.

Kacey, who is most interested in pain management,is in a new research study for Psoriasis. Researchers measured the total area of skin affected and thickness of the lesions yet they forgot to measure her pain level. Many years after the research was completed,the question, "How to reduce pain from Psoriasis" still exists. How was the research flawed?

The question that mattered to patient was not addressed

Withholding treatments that is known to be effective is a serious problem in the research community. This seems to occur most often when relevant, reliable evidence is not assessed by the people executing research studies. Who is at fault in such scenarios?

The researchers who failed to assess the relevant evidence, the funding bodies who financed the research, and the ethics committees who did not properly review protocols and challenge the researchers' plans.

The studies of respiratory distress in premature babies and stroke in chapter 10 are examples of unnecessary research because?

The results of preceding studies had not been gathered together and analyzed.

Why was neuroblastoma a target for screening?

The test detects nine out of ten children with neuroblastoma.

Jim and Sue have a child that will be tested for a disease at an early age. Why is it possible that the early screening is not as helpful as they believe it to be?

The test will only be effective at picking up slowly developing conditions but not as effective detecting fast growing conditions.

Which answer choice explains why fair tests of treatments are necessary?

There is a natural tendency to think 'new' means 'improved'.

Mallory is a patient with Stage 4 breast cancer. She has been battling breast cancer for 2 years now and after trying every possible treatment, she wasn't getting any better. For the past month,Mallory has been in the hospital because physically her body was declining and she needed to be given fluids. She was up late one night reading a blog about how running a marathon miraculously cured another person's breast cancer. Mallory was eager to tell the doctor the next day that she needed to run a marathon, however, the doctor was quick to shut the idea down.Which of the following is a reason why the doctor didn't let her run the marathon?

There is no evidence to confirm running a marathon cures breast cancer and Mallory should not put her body through that sort of training in the crucial condition she is in

What was the benefit when doctors mass screened infants for neuroblastoma in Japan?

There was no difference in survival rates between screened infants and unscreened infants.

What is the importance of systematic reviews?

They are often used as a starting point for developing clinical guidelines.

What is the main point of reasoning?

To answer a question we have

What is the main idea behind researchers systematically assessing what is already known about drugs?

To make sure that the research is not going to hurt or harm people in the study.

What is one of the most important things to consider when testing new treatments?

To make sure that treatments are tested fairly and the process is transparent.

Karen was diagnosed with stage 3 breast cancer and soon prescribed Herceptin, a popular new breast cancer drug for later stages of breast cancer, her doctor told her it had great benefits and was known as a wonder drug, but failed to mention potential downsides like its harmful side effects. Karen began to see this harmful side effects after taking the drug, this concept is known as?

Too good to be true

When assessing the patient, Dr. Smith likes to use numbers and statistics to explain the type of treatment he wants to use and why. When doing this, it tends to confuse the patient which then creates error. What is the type of errors that could occur when using statistics and interpreting the results of fair treatment comparisons?

Type 1 Error (conclude there is a real difference when in fact there is no difference) b.Type 2 Error (conclude there is no real difference when in fact there is a difference)

After going through two types of anxiety medication, Ann concludes that the medications have no real difference between them, when in fact there is a difference, and her doctor now knows what medication is best for her, therefore Ann is engaging in what type of error?

Type 1 error

Sophie has been suffering from chronic back pain ever since she was part of a bad car accident that put her in the hospital.She frequently experiences "flare-ups" of extreme pain. A physician stated the best course of action would be to take over-the-counter pain relievers when she has a flare-up, while a surgeon suggesting she get a procedure done to reduce the pain of her flare-ups in the future, but it is not a guarantee it will help completely. Why is it that multiple doctors usually disagree with proper treatment methods to help people like Sophie?

Uncertainties about the effects of treatments are very common

Typically, when a patient has a heart attack, they are administered supplemental oxygen however there is no solid evidence that it actually helps. It is just been done for years so professionals continue to practice in this way. This example of how professionals will continue with a certain treatment routine is an example of how______________.

Uncertainty about effects of treatment are common

One of the underlying causes of stroke is due to the narrowing of the carotid artery. Twowell-designed trials were carried out in order to determine the risks and benefits of surgery or non-surgical treatments. The long-term research demonstrated that surgery can help reduce the risk of stroke; however, patients with a minor narrowing of the carotid artery who underwent surgery could be harmed. This is an example of "good research" because?

Uncertainty is lessened about the treatment methods and new knowledge is achieved for the benefit of the patients.

The doctors at Red Oak Hospital continued to ask for patients for their study and research over a new medicine to treat mild migraines. While being tested for over 3 years now, it had been proven that migraine medicine had a 98% success rate of some type of relief to the patient. For the doctors and researchers to continue to test/use patient seven after being approved of marketing this drug is an example of what kind of research?

Unnecessary Research

Rylie is researching the benefits of breast feeding. Her professor told her she needs to find 'good' research. What does 'good' research look like?

Uses different instruments to measure outcomes

Walter is upset with Jesse because upon asking who Jesse voted for in the recent election, Jesse told Walter how he had not voted for Walter's preferred Presidential candidate. Walter believes Jesse is wrong, incompetent,and will not stop yelling at him. What is Walter's mistake?

Walter is not taking Jesse's point of view into account

A study was being performed to show the effects of eating dark chocolate an hour before taking a test. Researchers tested a number of college students, all of whom were studying nutrition. Out of the 300 students tested, 150 were given 2 oz of dark chocolate and 150 students weren't given any chocolate. All 300 students were all given an article to read and one hour later were asked to take a test pertaining to the article. In conclusion,​ 82% of the people who ate dark chocolate scored higher on the test than those who did not have chocolate.​ Later cognitive research was done to show that consuming dark chocolate increases blood flow to the brain.The underlined part above addresses which of the following questions from Bradford Hill?

What did you find?

Martha and her team are conducting a study and record the reactions of their participants. On one of the things that they are going to test, they do not know the possible effects that the test could have on their participants. What should they do before conducting the study? Should they even act on it?

When nobody knows the answer to an important uncertainty about the effects of a treatment, steps need to be taken to reduce the uncertainty.

Kyle has contracted a sickness when traveling out of the Country. He decided to go to two hospitals; one in America and one in Europe. The doctors therefore seek two different forms of treatment for this sickness. In terms of the treatment, we must determine which treatment was better in terms of how he is feeling, and how fast it took for Kyle to get better. The two doctors both are uncertain with each others form of treatment, and if each others ways are essentially "correct". Which key point about uncertainty about the effects of treatments is the most professional way to go about this situation?

When the doctors are both uncertain about the effects of a treatment, steps need to be taken to reduce the uncertainty.

According to the British statistician, Bradford, which is one of the questions that a report of research should answer?

Why did you start?

A researcher is analyzing the results of a fair treatment comparison. The researcher has concluded that there are no differences in treatment outcomes when in truth there are differences. Has the researcher made a mistake?

Yes, the researcher has made a Type 2 error.

A doctor has a patient with an ailment that is difficult to diagnose. In order to give his patient the best healthcare the doctor should:

a)consult with his team to identify what the possible disease could be b)do lots of research on the symptoms and try to match it to a disease c)prepare a care plan on how to take care of the patient and treat their disease after diagnosis d)all of the above D

Which of the following must be applied when taking into account the play of chance?

a. Obtaining large enough numbers b.Confidence intervals c.Statistical significance d.All of the above D

Select all that is true about screening and what to be aware of:

a.It should only be offered to healthy people b.It should be offered if it will do more good than harm c.It should be offered at any time as long as the patient is willing d.Screening can be defined as a test plus a management strategy e.Screening can be defined as a "one-off" test A,B, & D

Neuroblastomas are a rare type of cancer that mainly occurs in young children. This is also a type of cancer that can undergo a phenomenon called "spontaneous regression." When Japan introduced mass screening for neuroblastomas in 1985, 97% of infants screened who were diagnosed were still alive in 1990 following treatment. 20 years later, there was no evidence that this screening reduced the amount of deaths for the cancer. What was one of the flaws in this form of screening?

a.Slow growing tumors are more likely to be detected through screening and have better outcomes b.Fast growing tumors are more likely to be detected through screening and have better outcomes c.Diagnosing a disease earlier does not mean that patients will automatically live longer d.A & C e. B & C D

Why is it that diagnosing something earlier not always better?

a.The benefits of screening are often oversold. b.Screening programs should only be introduced on the basis of sound evidence about their effects c.Earlier diagnosis does not necessarily lead to better outcomes; sometimes it makes matters worse d.All of the above D

What mistake can the role of chance cause us to make when looking at data?

a.We might mistakenly conclude that there are real differences in treatment outcomes when there are not b.Think that we don't need to worry about chance c.We might think that there are no differences when there are d.Answer A and C are correct D

Which of the following is a question that a patient should ask their doctor in order to open up the dialogue and feel more involved?

a.What would happen if I do nothing? b.What treatments can you suggest? c.Which might be best for me? d.All of the above D

Amy is writing a paper on infant mortality. She finds a website that seems to not have a lot of correct facts. Before she uses this website she should check the ___.

accuracy

Timmy is researching a supplement that claims it helps improve memory by 10%. While the company has made these strong claims, no studies were presented to back them up. What intellectual standard is Timmy questioning?

accuracy

What does a 'significance difference' between treatment not mean?

always significant to the everyday sense of the world.

Jack and Ben are friends both taking the same calculus class. Every day, Jack shows up to class early to sign the roll while Ben skips class to sleep in. Jack signs the roll for both himself and Ben because Ben is his best friend. Ben trusts Jack and takes his kindness for granted, believing that the roll will be signed for him every day. What element of thought does Ben have by believing Jack will always sign roll for him?

assumption

Research was done over psychiatric disorders and the side effects of a certain drug used on these patients. The studies the researchers chose to evaluate sampled too few patients, different scales were being used to measure and compare one variable, and the studies were also short-term. The researchers originally wanted to publish this information but chose not to because the studies yielded skewed and incorrect results which would make for ____________________.

bad research

Sally has a project over cells. Sally goes to the library and gathers information about cells. She learns about the different types of cells, what makes up cells, how cells are made and die, and the similarities and differences of cells. What standard did Sally use while collecting data?

breadth

John is trying to do a project for his psychology class about sleep deprivation amongst college students. In order to do this, he handed out several surveys on campus to determine an average number of hours students sleep. What thinking element is John applying?

data

Sarah is creating an experiment to answer the question,"Do all daisies have the same number of petals?" She begins to gather information on daisies and collects a sample size to count herself. Which element of critical thinking is Sarah using?

data

Jacob is reading a published health research paper that contains complex system behaviors and is identifying factors that make this a difficult problem. Which intellectual standard is Jacob applying to his thinking?

depth

Sarah is using a new face wash that she suspects causes breakouts on certain days. She is also on vacation and has been eating out at restaurants every day since she arrived. These factors seem to contain several complexities that may contribute to her breakout, yet she doesn't know which one. What intellectual standard is Sarah using to observe the difficulties that need to be dealt with?

depth

Talia, when studying for a test, decides to study the complexities and interrelationships of the keto diet. What intellectual standard of critical thinking is Talia putting to use?

depth

A patient decides to come in to be screened for breast cancer, although she has no family history, she is suspicious due to a lump that was found. The doctor proceeds to tell her it is not cancer after being tested, but it would be best if she got a mastectomy to ensure cancer doesn't appear in the future. How will this affect her future?

early detection and assumptions of needing surgical procedures to continue prevention can often lead to more harm than good.

Arthur is settling a land dispute between three rival groups of people. After hearing the groups' arguments and gathering information from others with firsthand knowledge of the situation and no ties to any of the groups,he makes a decision and grants the land to one of the groups. While he was thinking of a solution, which intellectual standard was Arthur applying?

fairness

Tim is taking a poll on the different types of people that tend to get all of their vaccines. When considering all of the reasoning for people getting vaccines vs. not getting vaccinations he makes an inference that it is simply the patients preference and not based on economic standings.What intellectual standard is he applying when he is not one-sided and analyzes the patient as a whole.

fairness

Billy goes to the store to buy avocados. He first observes their color and then their feel. He knows that a ripe avocado is dark on the outside and a little squishy. Billy chose his avocado that matched the description of a ripe avocado. What element of thought has Billy used?

inferences

Lauren is writing a research paper. She obtains some data from a colleague who is very knowledgeable in the topic she is writing about. What is the BEST way for Lauren to check the accuracy of the data she collected?

look at an approved database covering the topic

Sam gets out on a new medication and is put on a specific dosage. She decides that the new medicine is working so well she wants to increase how much she is taking so that she can get even better results. After increasing her dosage, without consulting her doctor, she starts feeling really sick. What concept from the reading explains Sam's thinking?

more is not necessarily better.

Bob breaks his arm and goes to the doctor who suggests a mobile soft cast. He also visits another doctor who wants to put him in an immobile hard cast. Which doctor is correct?

neither, both ideas need a fair test to see which one is better.

Shared decision making is the process of involving ... in clinical decisions?

patients

Abby is working on a project with her coworkers. She feels misinterpreted and that her thoughts are not being considered. Abby's coworkers are being inconsiderate about her

point of view

Wanda has taken the lead role of researching cures for cancer. She has a team of 5 other people helping her brainstorm and research. What element that makes up thinking does she represent when she simply states her thoughts and opinion on finding a cure for cancer?

point of view

Sarah is a doctor, who has to give very important instructions to her patient Amy. Amy suffers from debilitating migraines that require a specific medication. In order for Sarah to prescribe the medication, she must fully explain the exact instructions to avoid misuse of the medication. It is very important that Sarah is extremely specific and detailed in explaining the proper steps that Amy must take. What element of intellectual standards does Sarah show in this situation?

precision

When he went to the doctor John was asked many questions such as if he could be more specific about his abdominal pain and in what specific area it hurt. In addition, his doctor asked him to give him more details on the pain John felt when he pushed down on his abdomen and if he had noticed any other symptoms. In doing this John's doctor was aiming for as much _____ in his information as possible so he could give a proper diagnosis.

precision

Jenny is writing a paper about the Keto diet. While she is writing her paper, she starts to consider other fad diets and why they became popular.The commonality that she found between the fad diets is that the ________ of these diets is to help people lose weight.

purpose

The struggle to eradicate breast cancer has long been a challenge for scientists, which of the following proves that more intensive treatment is "not necessarily better"?

radical mastectomy

When researching whether or not marijuana should be legalized in the United States, Milo pulled facts and statistics from a wide array of articles and considered opinions from news stations like both CNN and FOX. Through this, he was able to___________.

see different Points of View

There are discrepancies among a set of test results. There are two conclusions that one can make that are misleading. They are to think that there are no discrepancies in the data when there truly is and that the discrepancies in the data are not accurate or true. These two misconceptions lead us to rely on what factor?

the role of chance

The doctor has a new treatment to try out on these patients of his who have an unknown disease. The experiment will compare two treatments, but the patients will be gathered at random to ensure proper results so that?

this answer is true because it allows the treatments to be fair due to the groups and treatments being unbiased.

When using the term purpose, what word is NOT sometimes used instead?

thought

A researcher decides to test the effectiveness of a treatment. There is already copious amounts research proving that it is effective,but the researcher chooses to conduct the test anyway. What kind of research is this an example of?

unnecessary research

What does the 'fair test' of treatment tell us?

what works on average

Joan is taking Hormone Replacement Therapy. Due to claims, she believes that in addition to helping with her hormone imbalance,the drug she is taking also reduces her chance at developing heart disease. Joan's belief is:

wrong because even though some drugs help certain conditions, the same drug can cause other conditions to worsen