Homework Questions

mRNA processing questions... - Transcription begins at... - A part of the gene that is removed during RNA processing is the... - _________ is a part of the gene that remains in the processed (or mature) mRNA - _________ is exported out of the nucleus.

- +1 site - intron - exon - mature RNA

Match each level of protein structure with the bonds that define folding at this level. 1. primary structure: 2. secondary structure: 3. tertiary structyre: 4. quaternary structure:

1. peptide bonds 2. hydrogen bonds 3. bonds between side chains 4. bonds between multiple polypeptide chains

Below is a stretch of DNA sequence on the CODINGstrand. Which of the following is the code on the mRNA transcribed? 5' TACATGATTCAT 3' A. 5' UACAUGAUUCAU 3' B. 5' TACATGATTCAT 3 C. 3' AUGUACUAAGUA 5'

A. 5' UACAUGAUUCAU 3'

Which of the following statements is CORRECT about transcription? A. Transcription begins at the +1 site B. Transcription begins at the start of the promoter sequence C. For transcription to actually occur, the RNA polymerase must bind transcription factors at the promotor region D. The end product of transcription is an mRNA that is transported out of the nucleus to be translated into protein

A. Transcription begins at the +1 site

What process does the Central Dogma explain? A. how genetic information is expressed B. how DNA is replicated C. how cells divide by mitosis D. how cells divide my meiosis

A. how genetic information is expressed

Which pair of cells will have the most similar DNA sequence? A.) A liver cell and a skin cell from the same person B.) A leaf cell from a tree and a skin cell from a person C.) A liver cell from one person and a liver cell from a different, unrelated person D.) A liver cell from one person and a skin cell from a different, unrelated person

A.) A liver cell and a skin cell from the same person

Which of the following is translated? A.) exons B.) the 5' cap C.) the promoter D.) the +1 nucleotide

A.) exons

Which is the name of the process that uses the information in mRNA to make a polypeptide? A.) translation B.) transcription C.) mRNA processing D.) splicing

A.) translation

Which of the following do you expect to differ between different cells in an individual animal? A. The DNA sequences of their chromosomes will be slightly different B. Different genes will be transcribed in different cells C. The genes on their chromosomes will be slightly different

B. Different genes will be transcribed in different cells

Which of the following is NOT true about switches? A. Switches for all genes are found in every cell of an individual's body. B. Switches are gene sequences that are always found upstream of the gene. C. Switches (when bound to activators) determine which genes are expressed when. D. Switches are not transcribed

B. Switches are gene sequences that are always found upstream of the gene.

Below is a stretch of DNA sequence on the CODING strand. The underlined T is the +1 site. Which of the following is the code on the RNA transcribed? 5' CGGATACATGATTCAT 3' A.) 5' TACATGATTCAT 3' B.) 5' UACAUGAUUCATU 3' C.) 5' CGGAUACAUGAUUCAU 3' D.) 3' AUGUACUAAGUA 5' E.) 3' GCCAU 5'

B.) 5' UACAUGAUUCATU 3'

Which of the following would you expect to have the largest effect on a protein's tertiary structure? A.) A missense mutation that causes one nonpolar amino acid to change to another nonpolar amino acid B.) A nonsense mutation in the second exon of a gene C.) A mutation in the 3' UTR of a gene D.) A silent mutation in the second exon of a gene

B.) A nonsense mutation in the second exon of a gene

The Central Dogma states that the process of gene expression always proceeds from _____. A.) DNA to Trait B.) DNA to RNA to Protein C.) DNA to Protein to Trait D.) DNA to Trait to RNA E.) All of the choices are correct

B.) DNA to RNA to Protein

Which process best explains why skin cells are different from liver cells A.) DNA replication B.) Gene expression C.) Differential RNA processing D.) mitosis and cytokinesis

B.) Gene expression

Which of the following is true concerning mRNA in eukaryotes. (Choose the most complete answer.) A.) It is the immediate product of transcription B.) It is produced in the nucleus, contains only exons, and is translated in the cytoplasm C.) It is produced in the nucleus and contains exons and introns D.) It contains introns and exons E.) It is produced and translated in the nucleus

B.) It is produced in the nucleus, contains only exons, and is translated in the cytoplasm

A protein called hepatoglobin is synthesized by human liver cells but not by human skin cells. Which of the following explains this fact? A.) The hepatoglobin gene has a liver switch but not a skin switch B.) The heaptoglobin gene has only a liver switch and no skin switch, and also the liver cells have the liver switch activator, while skin cells do not have the liver switch activator C.) The hepatoglobin gene has liver cell switches only in the liver cells but not in the skin cells D.) Liver cells have the liver switch activator for the hepatoglobin gene but skin cells do not E.) Liver cells have the hepatoglobin gene but skin cells do not

B.) The heaptoglobin gene has only a liver switch and no skin switch, and also the liver cells have the liver switch activator, while skin cells do not have the liver switch activator

If you compare any two different amino acids, how will they differ? A.) Both their R groups and their amino groups will differ B.) Their R groups will differ C.) Their carboxyl groups will differ D.) Their amino groups will differ E.) Their R groups, amino groups and carboxyl groups will all differ

B.) Their R groups will differ

A gene Q (which encodes protein Q) is expressed in leaf, flower, and stem of a plant species. Which of the following would lead to no production of protein Q in any part of the plant? A.) Any of the answer choices could be correct B.) a mutation in the promoter of the gene C.) a mutation in one of the switches of the gene D.) a mutation in a gene that produces an activator for one of the gene switches

B.) a mutation in the promoter of the gene

Genes _________. A.) are traits B.) code for proteins C.) are made of proteins D.) only encode traits E.) are mRNAs

B.) code for proteins

Which of the following is used by ribosomes during translation? A.) Introns B.) mRNA C.) Switches D.) DNA

B.) mRNA

Fill in the blank. A(An) ______ is a random event that creates new alleles and increases the genetic variation in a population. A.) natural selection B.) mutation C.) adaptation D.) splicing E.) gene expression

B.) mutation

Fill in the blanks. Your liver cells and your skin cells contain the same ____ but different _______. A. DNA; genes B. genes; DNA C. DNA; proteins D. proteins; genes E. none of the choices

C. DNA; proteins

Which of the following statements is correct? A. Switches and promoters are not part of the gene B. The coding strand is the strand that will be transcribed to an RNA C. The template strand is read by RNA polymerase from 3' to 5' D. The RNA polymerase reads the entire chromosome in one stretch

C. The template strand is read by RNA polymerase from 3' to 5'

If a dog breeder chooses only the dogs with the longest ears to reproduce, then which of the following is true? A.) Fitness is not related to ear length B.) All dogs on the farm have equal fitness C.) Dogs with longer ears have higher fitness D.) Fitness does not apply in this situation

C.) Dogs with longer ears have higher fitness

The PitX1 gene in some populations of stickleback fish is expressed during development in three different cell types, leading to development of the jaw, the pituitary and pelvic spines. What causes expression of this gene in three different cell types? A.) A different switch exists in each cell type B.) A different promoter is transcribed by RNA polymerase in each cell type C.) Each switch is bound by a different switch activator in each cell type D.) One gene switch is bound by one switch activator in all three cell types

C.) Each switch is bound by a different switch activator in each cell type

Which of the following do you expect to differ between unrelated species? A.) They will have the same genes with slightly different sequences B.) They will have the same genes but they will code for different proteins C.) They will have many different genes

C.) They will have many different genes

Many female insects use an ovipositor to lay eggs. Wanda the wasp had a longer ovipositor than other wasps in her population. All of her female offspring also had longer than average ovipositors, and all future female descendants of Wanda had longer than average ovipositors. What could be the reason for Wanda's long ovipositor? A.) Wanda had a random mutation in her ovipositor B.) Wanda had a random mutation in a gremline cell C.) Wanda's mother had a random mutation in a germline cell D.) Wanda's other had a random mutation in her ovipositor cells

C.) Wanda's mother had a random mutation in a germline cell

Two proteins with different amino acid sequences will have: A.) different quarternary structures only B.) different secondary structures only C.) different primary, secondary, tertiary, and quarternary structures D.) different tertiary structures only E.) different primary structures only

C.) different primary, secondary, tertiary, and quarternary structures

A _____ is a portion of a _____ that contains information to make a _______. A.) chromosome; protein; gene B.) gene; protein; chromosome C.) gene; chromosome; protein D.) chromosome; gene; protein E.) protein; chromosome; gene

C.) gene; chromosome; protein

Fill in the blanks. RNA polymerase starts ___ at the ___ whereas ribosomes start ___ at the ___. A.) transcription; start codon; translation; +1 nucleotide B.) translation; start codon; transcription; +1 nucleotide C.) transcription; +1 nucleotide; translation; start codon D.) translation; +1 nucleotide; transcription; start codon

C.) transcription; +1 nucleotide; translation; start codon

A person has a genetic condition that affects his ability to produce melatonin, which is a hormone that is produced in the brain and tells the body it's time to sleep. To correctly diagnose this disease, the doctor must collect cell samples _____ to analyze his DNA. A. only from his intestines, and nowhere else B. only from his mouth, and nowhere else C. only from his brain, and nowhere else D. from any cell in his body that is convenient to access

D. from any cell in his body that is convenient to access

Pepsinogen is a protein encoded by the PGC gene. Pepsinogen is found in the human stomach to aid digestion, but is not found in other cell types. Which of the following is true? A.) The PGC gene is found only only in stomach cells B.) The PGC gene has only a stomach switch C.) Switch activators for the PGC gene are found only in stomach cells D.) B and C are true E.) A, B, and C are true

D.) B and C are true

Which of these conditions are always true of populations evolving due to selection? Condition 1: The population must vary in traits that are heritable. Condition 2: Some heritable traits increase reproductive success. Condition 3: Individuals pass on all traits they acquire during their lifetime. Condition 4: Sexual reproduction A.) Conditions 1, 2, and 3 B.) Conditions 1, 2, and 4 C.) Conditions 2 and 3 D.) Conditions 1 and 2

D.) Conditions 1 and 2

Which of the following is true about the tertiary structure of proteins? A.) Genes fold proteins into their correct tertiary structure B.) Genes determine which ribosome synthesizes the protein, which determines its tertiary structure C.) Ribosomes fold polypeptides into their correct tertiary structure D.) Genes determine the amino acid sequence of the protein, which determines its tertiary structure

D.) Genes determine the amino acid sequence of the protein, which determines its tertiary structure

The stomach cells and the skin cells of the same individual contain the same __________ but different ___________. A.) genes; alleles of genes B.) proteins; genes C.) alleles of genes; genes D.) genes; proteins

D.) genes; proteins

A gene that codes for the BIO148 Protein is expressed in the liver and kidneys of an animal. An animal is born with a mutation that prevents the expression of the BIO148 Protein in kidney, but does not prevent its expression in liver. Where is this mutation most likely located? A.) in the gene's intron B.) in the gene's exon C.) in the gene's promoter and its exon D.) in a gene switch E.) in the gene's promoter

D.) in a gene switch

RNA polymerase is active in the _______ of the cell. A.) ribosome B.) cytoplasm C.) plasma membrane D.) nucleus

D.) nucleus

Once transcription has initiated, which of the following would occur next? A.) mRNA binds to the ribosome B.) The primary transcript is processed C.) mRNA is exported to the cytoplasm D.) The start codon is transcribed E.) The 5' UTR is transcribed

E.) The 5' UTR is transcribed

The change in the nucleotide sequence of the PGC gene caused a change in the amino acid sequence that was produced after translation. The altered pepsinogen molecule likely has a different _________ compared to the original pepsinogen molecule. A.) shape B.) function C.) secondary structure D.) tertiary structure E.) all of the above are correct

E.) all of the above are correct