Honors US History A
What best summarizes why part of the nation was upset over the Dred Scott decision?
the North was upset because the decision declared the Missouri Compromise to be unconstitutional
Abraham Lincoln's words "with malice toward none" conveyed what position toward the South near the close of the war?
the North would welcome the South back into the United States
What role did the Pinkertons play in the Homestead Strike?
the Pinkertons were a private police force called in to break the strike
Under the Virginia Plan, who would command the armed forces and manage foreign relations?
the President
Which of the following is an example of the Constitution's system of checks and balances?
the President would nominate judges, but the Senate has to approve them
What role did the Redeemers play in ending Reconstruction?
the Redeemers organized to put white southerners back into power
What prompted the passage of the Virginia and Kentucky resolutions?
the Sedition Act
Why was the Sixteenth Amendment important to Woodrow Wilson's efforts to regulate the economy?
the Sixteenth Amendment allowed Congress to levy an income tax
What caused leaders to push for child labor laws and shorter workweeks as well as for a limit on the power of corporations and trusts?
the Social Gospel
During the early 1800s, what factor contributed most to the South having an agricutlural economy?
the South had fertile soil and a warm climate
What is one way in which southern and northern societies differed in the 1800s?
the South had fewer large cities than the North
Which of the following best reflects the attitudes of the Radical Republicans toward Reconstruction?
the South should be punished
How did Theodore Roosevelt's Square Deal reflect his ideas about reform?
the Square Deal was a program where government gave everyone a fair chance to succeed
Why was Andrew Jackson's battle at New Orleans unecessary?
the Treaty of Ghent had already been signed
What event opened up the Northwest Territory to American expansion?
the Treaty of Greenville
What action by Thomas Jefferson did he say was " an act beyond the Constitution"?
the US purchase of land from a foreign government
Why was keeping peace with the British important to the United States?
the United States depended on imported goods from Great Britain
Which statement best describes US foreign policy during the Monroe administration?
the United States sought to expand its borders into Spanish territories
Where did the Homestead Act open land to farming?
the West
Which US political party broke up as a consequence of the Compromise of 1850?
the Whig Party
How did the views of the Whigs and Democrats differ from those in the Free-Soil Party?
the Whigs and Democrats embraced the idea of popular soverignty
How did the Hepburn Act change the government's role in industry?
the act gave the government the power to set and limit shipping costs
Why did labor leaders praise the Clayton Antitrust Act?
the act prevented unions from being treated as trusts
What was the purpose of the Pure Food and Drug Act?
the act regulated the safety, labeling, and interstate shipping of food and medicines
After the Treaty of Paris was signed, about 90000 Loyalists became refugees. Where did about half of them resettle?
the area that later became Canada
What was the result of the assault on Fort Wagner by the African American soldiers of the Union's 54th Massachusetts Regiment?
the assault failed, but the regiment earned resect for its bravery in action
How did the close of Reconstruction affect the federal government?
the balance of power between federal and state governments was restored
Expansionists used the term "Manifest Destiny" to justify what belief?
the belief that God wanted the United States to own North America
Which policy did the Populist Party support to raise crop prices?
the coinage of "free silver"
Why did Woodrow Wilson believe that the country needed his program, the New Freedom?
the country's laws did not prevent the strong from crushing the weak
What part of the Populist Party platform directly addressed low prices that were hurting farmers?
the dangers of an inadequate monetary supply
Abraham Lincoln delivered the Gettysburg Address at what event?
the dedication of a cemetery
Following the Mexican-American War, which issue broke party unity and divided Congress largely along sectional lines?
the extension of slavery into territories acquired from Mexico
What was the result of the Mexican army's victory over the Texan garrison at the Alamo?
the fallen defenders became heroes of the cause of Texan independence
Why did southerners feel the federal government was not protecting their interests?
the federal government did not enforce the Fugitive Slave Law of 1793
What was the "Trail of Tears"?
the forced removal of Cherokee Indians from the Southeast to Oklahoma
Following the Pullman Strike, how did the Supreme Court rule in the case of In re Debs?
the government had the authority to end labor strikes
What contributed to the growth of the Know-Nothing movement in the mid-1850s?
the growing immigrant population
What is popular sovereignty?
the idea that the political authority of government comes from the people
Which outcome of Reconstruction most likely appealed to both southern blacks and whites?
the introduction of a tax-supported school system
Which of the following contributed to the United States' economic weakness at the beginning of the Revolutionary War?
the lack of authority to collect taxes
Mass transit served what kind of people in the 1890s?
the middle and upper class
Why was the creation of a national bank so important to the US ecomony?
the national bank controlled the money supply
What did Alexander Hamilton believe was one of the benefits of his plan regarding the national debt?
the plan would enrich investors and promote new businesses
What power did the recall give voters?
the power to remove public servants from office before their terms ended
Which of Thomas Jefferson's constitutional principles did the Louisiana Purchase go against?
the principle of limited federal government
How did Woodrow Wilson's New Freedom program address the need to "prevent the stong from crushing the weak"?
the program attacked the "triple wall of privilege" that big business used to its advantage
How did the public react to the Battle of Shiloh?
the public was shocked and horrified by the large number of dead and injured
What enabled southern states to enact measures to disenfranchise African Americans and keeps blacks and whites separate?
the removal of federal troops from the South
What spurred American trade with northern Mexico?
the revolution that established Mexico as an independent republic
What right was granted to the federal government by the Force Bill?
the right to enforce federal laws, including the collection of protective tariffs
What was a surprise to Americans and a shock to the British during the early fighting of the War of 1812?
the small American navy fought well
Which of the following was part of Andrew Johnson's Reconstruction plan?
the states in the South had to ratify the Thirteenth Amendment
What caused the economic panics in the 1800s?
the supply of goods exceeded the demand
What form of discrimination most directly affected Mexican Americans?
the taking of land
What is the spoils system?
the use of political jobs as a reward for party loyalty
What important responsibility did the Second Continental Congress take on in May 1775?
the war against Great Britain
What class did the theory of Social Darwinism say had the most social value?
the wealthy
Which group was most opposed to socialism?
the wealthy
Why were entrepreneurs an important part of the capitalist, or free enterprise, system?
their investments helped fund the industrial economy
What led Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton to work together?
their outrage that women were refused full participation in business meetings
What role did journalists play in the Progressive movement?
their sensational stories increased awareness of the problems afflicting America
Which of the following is a political reason that the South needed a Reconstruction plan?
there was no plan in place to get defeated states back in the Union
Which of the following is an accurate description of the Bill of Rights?
these ten amendments protected individual freedoms
How did the carpetbaggers affect southern politics?
they became part of new southern governments
Why did industrialists favor the national bank?
they believed it promoted economic growth
Why did Progressive reformers believe in Americanization?
they believed that assimilating immigrants into American society would make them more loyal and moral citizens
Why did both major parties consider the gold standard important?
they believed that it prevented inflation
Why did some groups living in America give women a significant amount of power?
they belonged to groups with a matrilineal culture
How did wealthy business leaders benefit society?
they built universities and libraries
What impact did President Andrew Jackson's actions in the 1830s have on the economy?
they caused inflation to rise
What practice of the railroad monopolies hurt American farmers?
they charged high shipping rates for getting farm products to market
Which statement best describes the Republicans most enduring success during Reconstruction?
they created a tax-supported public school system
Which statement best describes the relationship between the Republican Congress and President Andrew Johnson during Reconstruction?
they did not share the same goals on Reconstruction
Why were Alexander Hamilton's plans to tax the American people opposed by many southerners?
they did not want to bail the northerners out
Why did the wars and revolutions in China and eastern Europe lead to increased immigration to the United States?
they disrupted the lives of people in those regions
In what way did Farmers' Alliances help farmers solve their problems?
they formed cooperatives to push prices up and push down the costs of doing business
What was a benefit immigrants received by living in ghettos?
they ghettos were ethnic neighborhoods that provided familiarity
Why did most free African Americans dislike the American Colonization Society's plan for black migration to Africa?
they had been born in the United States and considered it home
What effect did immigrants' fraternal lodges and religious institutions have on their lives in America?
they helped immigrants feel more comfortable in their new surroundings
What was a hope of people who worked in settlement houses?
they hoped immigrants would blend into American culture
During the California Gold Rush, how did newcomers from the eastern United States assert their dominance over California?
they levied a heavy tax on foreign miners
What effect did the California Gold Rush have on Mexican Californians?
they lost most of their land
What effect did protective tariffs have on the American economy?
they made American goods cheaper than imported goods
How did mass transit systems reshape America's cities?
they made it possible for wealthier people who worked in cities to live outside the city
What advantage did the Union forces have during the Battle of Gettysburg?
they occupied the high ground
How did Samuel Slater and Francis Cabot Lowell change early American industry?
they opened textile mills that employed many workers
What measure did some southern states take to prevent a slave revolt?
they passed strict laws and controls pertaining to slavery
How did the southern slaveholders claim that the North benefitted from slavery?
they pointed out that the North's textile industry depended on southern cotton
How did the Freedman's Bureau help African Americans economically?
they provided schools to educate workers
How did nativists respond to increased immigration from Ireland and Germany?
they pushed for laws to discourage immigration or deny political rights to immigrants
Why did some northerners support personal liberty laws?
they resented federal intervention in the affairs of independent states
What was the effect of Jim Crow laws?
they segregated blacks and whites
How did some formerly enslaved African Americans in the South respond to advancing Union forces?
they served as scouts and spies for the Union
How did African Americans on southern plantations help the Union cause?
they sometimes grew food for the Union army
Why did southerners support the Kansas-Nebraska Act?
they thought that granting popular sovereignty would allow slavery
What was one way the overseers punished slaves?
they threatened to separate slaves from their family members
How did immigrants lure their families and friends to America?
they told them about the religious and political freedoms in the United States
Why did members of Lincoln's Cabinet urge him to wait before announcing the emancipation of southern slaves?
they wanted to make the announcement following a Union victory
What did Lincoln Steffens, Jacob Riis, Ida Tarbell, and John Spargo have in common?
they were muckrakers who dramatized the need for reform
What restrictions on American women in the 1800s prevented them from having a role in politics?
they were not allowed to vote or hold office
Why did the American troops often lose battles to much smaller forces?
they were poorly trained and inexperienced
How were African American prisoners treated in Confederate prison camps?
they were usually killed
Why was sharecropping so common among the poor?
this system required no cash investment
What actions prompted John Quincy Adams to write the Monroe Doctrine?
threats from European powers to recover Latin American colonies
What was the purpose of the Cabinet formed during Washington's term?
to advise the President
Why did governor Robert M. La Follette establish a direct primary in his state?
to allow citizens to select candidates for elections
Why did delegates gather in 1787 for the Constitutional Convention?
to amend the Articles of Confederation
Why did some states chose bicameral legislatures?
to balance power between the House and the Senate
What was the purpose of the Federal Reserve Act?
to create a central authority to supervise banks
Why did the War Hawks push for the invasion of British-held Canada?
to deprive the Indians of their main source of arms
What was a lasting environmental legacy from the Progressive Era?
to expand the federal government's role in managing natural resources
Why did the United States make the Gadsden Purchase is 1853?
to gain land for a railroad across the continent
Why did approximately 5000 African Americans join Patriot militias or the Continental Army or Navy?
to gain their freedom
Why did African Americans form the Urban League?
to help African Americans in the North get settled and find work
What was the main purpose of the Freedman's Bureau?
to help black and white war refugees
What was the goal of Woodrow Wilson's New Freedom program?
to help small business and regulate big business
What was the main purpose of the Three-Fifths Compromise?
to increase the power of southern states in Congress
What was the purpose of the Treaty of Fort Laramie?
to keep Native Americans away from migration routes used by westward settlers
Which of the following describes Theodore Roosevelt's ideas about the role of government?
to keep the powerful from taking advantage of small business owners
Why did the Sons of Liberty form?
to lead popular protests against the Stamp Act
Why did some political reformers want to create a civil service system?
to make sure government workers had the necessary expertise
Why did some Americans form political clubs, known as the Democratic Societies?
to oppose the Federalists
What was the purpose of the Thirteenth Amendment?
to outlaw slavery
What was the purpose of the Constitution?
to outline key ideas in support of the Constitution
Why did Parliament raise taxes on the colonies after the French and Indian War?
to pay war debts and keep the colonies safe
What was the goal of Macon's Bill No. 2?
to persude Great Britain and France to recognize American neutrality
What was the purpose of the Sherman Antitrust Act?
to prevent companies from restraining trade
Why did Thomas Jefferson order the embargo against Great Britain in 1807?
to prevent the British impressment of American sailors
What was the goal of the Anti-Defamation League?
to protect Jews against physical and verbal attacks and false statements and to secure justice and fair treatment to all citizens
What was one purpose for the creation of the Workingman's Party?
to protect the rights of skilled workers
What was the purpose of the Northwest Ordinance of 1787?
to provide a system of government for the Northwest Territory
Which of the following describes the purpose of a settlement house?
to provide the urban poor with social services such as child care and English classes, schools for children, and programs for adults
Why did Parliament pass the Coercive Acts?
to punish colonists for the Boston Tea Party
What power does judicial review give the Supreme Court?
to review acts of Congress and the President to decide if they are constitutional
What was the purpose of the Missouri Compromise?
to settle future disputes about the spread of slavery
What did the United States promise in the Monroe Doctrine?
to stay out of European affairs
What was the purpose of the Land Ordinance of 1785?
to subdivide and sell land in the Northwest Territory
Why did colonial women gather to spin thread and weave cloth?
to support colonial boycotts against British-made goods
What was the successful Union strategy for taking Vicksburg?
to surround and bombard the city, cutting off supplies
Which term might a Loyalist have used to describe a Patriot gathering or committee?
unlawful
Which of the following northern groups supported the South in its resistance to abolition?
urban white workers and wealthy industrialists
The growth of population in cities during the late 1800s was known as what?
urbanization
Which act is an example of total war?
vandalizing the enemy's private homes
When did Lincoln declare that there was an insurrection in the South?
when South Carolina forced the surrender of Fort Sumter
Over which issue did Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas disagree during their debates?
whether slavery should be allowed in states where voters supported it
What was one source of division among the women who were involved in the abolition movement?
whether women should be allowed to join in the men's business meetings
Who made up most of the workforce in a sweatshop?
women
Who were the Mountain Men?
young American trappers and traders in the Rocky Mountains
Union victory came at a cost to African American volunteers. About how many of the Union's 180,000 African American volunteers lost their lives during the war?
About 70,000 volunteers died
Which presidential candidate completely opposed to slavery to western territories?
Abraham Lincoln
What was the main result of the election of 1860?
Abraham Lincoln won, as competing candidates divided votes over slavery and regional interests
What kind of troops formed the 54th Massachusetts Regiment?
African American soldiers and a white commanding officer
Why did the Ku Klux Klan attack African American teachers and ministers?
African American teachers and ministers encouraged blacks to vote
How did Alexander Hamilton's and Thomas Jefferson's views toward the interpretation of the Constitution differ?
Alexander Hamilton believed in a loose interpretation, while Thomas Jefferson believed in a strict interpretation
Why did the Miami Indians fight the Americans?
American settlers took their land
What types of programs did settlement houses run to help immigrants adapt to their new country?
Americanization programs
How were the lives of Americans affected after the war ended?
Americans became increasingly connected economically, politically, and socially
Why was it difficult for Congress to fund its operation?
Congress relied on contributions from the states
What action did Congress take in response to concerns about the effects of mechanization and industrialization on the environment?
Congress set aside protected land
Why did General George Cornwallis retreat from the Carolinas and march north into Virginia?
Cornwallis decided he could not win the Carolinas after losing two key battles
What role did Parliament play in the events that led to the Boston Tea Party?
Parliament allowed the British East India Company to sell tea directly to colonists
Which Confederate military leader actually opposed slavery and secession and turned down an offer to command Union forces?
Robert E. Lee
How did Theodore Roosevelt change the government's role in the food industry?
Roosevelt urged passage of a law to provide federal inspectors in meat-processing plants
How does Theodore Roosevelt's early political career reflect his ideas on the role of government?
Roosevelt was interested in fighting corruption and reforming government
How did the Fourteenth and Fifteenth amendments change the Constitution?
The Fourteenth and Fifteenth amendments granted citizenship to all and voting rights to African American males
What was "wage slavery" in company towns?
a system for holding workers to their jobs until debts were repaid
What is vertical integration?
a system of controlling all the businesses involved in the phases of production
What was the overall impact of Eli Whitney's introduction of interchangeable parts?
a wide range of goods could be made more efficiently
What was one benefit of city life for the new urban dwellers of the late 1800s?
access to mass produced goods
Which of the following most influenced consumption patterns?
advertising
Why did some leaders believe that unicameral legislatures created a more democratic government?
all teh members of the single house are elected by the people
What would the constitutional amendment proposed in the Crittenden Compromise have done?
allow slavery in western territories south of the Missouri Compromise line
What did the delegates at the Hartford Convention demand from the government?
amendments to the Constitution that would strengthen New England's political power
What did California become during the Mexican War?
an independent republic
What feeling did Li Keng Wong experience on Angel Island?
anxiety
Where did John Wilkes Booth shoot Abraham Lincoln?
at Ford's Theatre
What did the Wilmot Provisio do?
ban slavery in land obtained from Mexico
Why was the American Federation of Labor (AFL) called the "bread and butter" union?
because of its focus on workers' issues
Why were the Great Plains and the Great Basin major obstacles to wagon trains journeying West?
both areas were dry and hot, with few rivers
What goal did women's rights activists achieve by the end of the 1800s?
breaking down barriers to women attending college
How did Margaret Sanger believe that she could improve family life?
by educating women about birth control
How could Northern men avoid being drafted into military service?
by paying for a replacement
How did William Lloyd Garrison's Anti-Slavery Society fight against slavery?
by printing and distributing antislavery pamphlets
What was the overall result of the Free-Soil Party's participation in the election of 1848?
by receiving 10 percent of the vote, it was clear its antislavery platform had captured Americans' attention
How did Alexander Hamilton plan to handle the national debt?
by selling government bonds to fund the debt
Who were the carpetbaggers?
carpetbaggers were northerners who came to the South for opportunities or to help African Americans
Which institution most helped African American society after the Civil War?
churches
Time zones were adopted to fix what problem?
conflicting train schedules
Which group thought the Emancipation Proclamation was too drastic a step?
congressional Democrats
Which of the following describes a lasting effect on the Progressive Era on society?
consumer protections
Why did the number of corporations grow dramatically after 1870?
corporations had access to money and new technology
What did Congress do to protect consumers from monopolies, false advertising, and dishonest labeling?
created the Federal Trade Commission
Why did James Madison believe that a large, diverse republic would be best for the common good?
diverse interests could check one another
Which problem was felt especially strongly by soldiers from border states?
divided family loyalties
What did Roger B. Taney do that increased regional tensions in the United States during the 1850s?
during that time Taney led the Supreme Court, which declared slaves to be property
What was the Three-Fifths Compromise?
each slave was counted as three-fifths of a person to be added to a state's free population in allocating representatives
What helped women in the early 1900s move out of their traditional roles and begin to tackle the problems of society?
education
What did Progressives hope to achieve with political reforms?
efficient and effective government
What important development helped increase public safety in the 1890s?
electric streetlights
What powered the first reliable streetcars?
electricity
Which principle best summarizes Lincoln's Gettysburg Address?
equality of all people
What were Americans who favored territorial growth across North America called?
expansionists
What was a reason why people left family farms to move to the city?
factory work paid wages in cash, which was not always the case on farms
To which group of people did Populism primarily appeal?
farmers
What group benefited the most from the Supreme Court decisions in McCulloch v. Maryland and Gibbons v. Odgen?
federal government
Why did John Brown's raid at Harper's Ferry fail?
few black or white Americans were prepared to join a rebellion led by a fanatical abolitionist
How did using interchangeable parts change the makeup of the labor force in the early 1800s?
fewer skilled craftsmen were required
What misguided strategy caused Lord William Howe and the British to fail?
fighting a traditional war rather that trying to win the civilian support
Pennsylvania coal miners went on strike in 1902. How did Theodore Roosevelt's response illustrate a change in the government's role?
for the first time, the federal government stepped in to help workers in a labor dispute
What orders did General William Tecumseh Sherman give his troops on their "March to the Sea"?
get supplies by looting, then destroy everything else of value
What did the Populist Party support in order to fight against high costs?
government ownership of the railroads
Which of these measures was specifically designed to limit the voting rights of the black freedmen?
grandfather clauses
Most Americans agreed on what two changes to the Articles of Confederation?
granting Congress the power to regulate commerce and to tax the people
What was the decisive factor in the North's success in the final years of the war?
greater resources
How did Terence V. Powderly change the Knights of Labor?
he abandoned the secretive nature of the union
At the battle of Bunker Hill, why did William Howe order his men to make a frontal assault in broad daylight?
he believed his well-trained soldiers could beat untrained Patriot soldiers under any conditions
Why did President Lincoln reverse General Fremont's order to free captured slaves?
he feared retaliation from the border states, which supported slavery
How did Abraham Lincoln ensure that border states supported the Union?
he insisted that his only goal was to save the Union, not end slavery
What was John Brown's role in the violence that led to "Bleeding Kansas"?
he killed a group of proslavery settlers near Pottawatomie Creek
How did Nat Turner show resistance to slavery?
he organized a slave revolt
How did Thomas Jefferson end the Barbary War?
he refused to pay the bribes and blockaded the port of Tripoli
How did John Tyler betray his party after assuming the presidency?
he vetoed legislation to restore the national bank
Why did Robert E. Lee invade Pennsylvania and engage the Union army at Gettysburg?
he wanted to demoralize the Union
Why did Union General Benjamin Butler declare enslaved African American refugees to be contraband, or captured war supplies?
he would not have to return them to slaveholders in the South
What did Abraham Lincoln say in his inaugural address?
he would not interfere with slavery in the states where it already existed
Abraham Lincoln authorized women to oversee which operations in military installations?
hospitals and and sanitation
Why was steerage considered the worst accommodations on ships traveling from Europe to America?
illness spread quickly through steerage because it was crowded and dirty
Why were immigrants often hired to work in sweatshops?
immigrants would work for low wages in unsafe conditions
What was a challenge faced by Chinese immigrants who arrived in San Francisco Bay?
immigration officials assumed that Chinese travelers would misrepresent themselves to get into America
How did John D. Rockefeller use trusts to avoid Ohio laws against horizontal integration?
in a trust, a board of trustees controls the stock of several companies
What contributed to the rapid growth of the Hispanic population of New Mexico during the early 1800s?
increased safety in the colony
The electoral college is an example of which of the following?
indirect democracy
What did the Union government tax in order to help meet the cost of the war?
individuals' incomes
Which political reform gave people the power to put a proposed law on the ballot?
initiative
What advantage was the Confederacy missing that might have turned the war in its favor?
international support
What was one of the benefits of the spoils system?
it boosted political participation
Why did Antofederalists believe that the Constitution was a threat to liberty?
it created a strong central government
How did the cotton gin affect slavery in the South?
it created an increase in the demand for slaves
How did the Missouri Compromise affect the spread of slavery?
it drew a line through western territories to determine future free and slave states
What is one way in which factory work changed people's lives?
it enabled untrained workers to find jobs
What impact did the Marshall Court have on the American economic system?
it encouraged the development of more large corporations
What was the significance of the presidential election of 1876?
it ended Reconstruction because it led to the Compromise of 1877
Which of the following was a major failure of Reconstruction?
it failed to end the bitterness between the North and the South
Which of the following describes a characteristic of the North's economy?
it focused on technology and industry
What effect did the end of the British war with France have on the War of 1812?
it freed large numbers of British troops to fight in North America
Why was the Fifteenth Amendment viewed as both a success and a failure?
it gave African American men the right to vote, but ignored the rights of women
What was one way the Virginia Plan resembled rule under the British Parliament?
it gave the national Congress the power to veto any state law
How did the Fugitive Slave Act favor the South?
it imposed fines for hiding runaway slaves
How did John Brown's raid impact the national issue of slavery?
it increased tensions over the issue of slavery across the United States
How did the Partiots' victory in the American Revolution affect Native Americans?
it left them vulnerable to the American hunger for land
How did the federal government change after the Civil War?
it more directly influenced the everyday lives of Americans
What did the government do to reduce violence against African Americans after the Civil War?
it passed the Enforcement Acts
What was one effect of the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882?
it prohibited immigration by Chinese laborers
In what way did the 1862 Homestead Act help pull immigrants to the United States?
it provided immigrants with inexpensive farmland
How did the Articles of Confederation reflect the ideals stated in the Declaration of Independence?
it rejected centralized power
How did the purchase of the Louisiana Territory help the United States avoid war with European powers?
it removed French control of New Orleans and the Mississppi River
Why did small states, in particular, prefer the New Jersey Plan?
it represented the states as equals
How did the Pendleton Civil Service Act reduce the power of the spoils system?
it required hiring certain federal employees because of expertise, not political connections
What did the Treaty of Ghent do?
it restored the pre-war boundaries between the United States and Canada
What was the effect of the Seneca Falls Convention?
it resulted in a few concrete improvements in women's rights
Why did the publication of "Uncle Tom's Cabin" infuriate people in the South?
it showed that some slave owners were cruel
Why did the coup led by Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna anger Anglo-Texans and Tejanos?
it sought to undermine their autonomy
How did the Constitution ensure limited government?
it specifically states what powers the government has
Why did the Confederate defend Petersburg so fiercely?
it was a rail link to the Confederate capital
Which statement best describes the Anaconda Plan?
it was the Union's strategy to surround and squeeze the Confederacy
What was the significance of the Interstate Commerce Commission?
it was the first government body to monitor business operations
Why was the addition of land important to Thomas Jefferson's plan for the US economy?
it would allow farm ownership to continue
Why did some northerners object to dividing the Nebraska Territory in two?
it would allow slavery to spread north of the line established by the Missouri Compromise
What factor drew farm families to Northern cities in the late 1800s?
job opportunities
Which of the following led the British army to make tactical mistakes that finally led them to lose the Revolutionary War?
lack of respect for the Patriot soldiers
How did Reconstruction benefit the agricultural economy of the South?
landowners grew more than cotton
What was one of General George Washington's skills as a military leader?
leading retreats that saved the lives of his men
Which rights were described as natural rights by philosophers of the Enlightenment?
life and liberty
What is one benefit of investing in a corporation?
losses are limited to the original investment
How did low wages contribute to child labor?
low wages meant that all family members needed to work to survive
What did Ida B. Wells crusade against throughout her life?
lynching
How did elections change in the early 1800s?
male voter turnout increased dramatically
What factors helped the North to produce more arms and supplies than the South?
mechanized factories and a steady supply of immigrants seeking work
What caused frequent violence to break out in mining camps?
men were frustrated by failure to find gold
In the North, which group was most likely to face conscription into the military?
men with low-paying jobs
Which of the following groups made up the majority of those involved in the Progressive movement?
middle class
What term is used to refer to full-time farmers who fought part-time for the Patriots?
militia
What is one reason industrialization spread in the Northeast?
more capital was available to build factories
What was a difference between the immigration centers at Ellis Island and Angel Island?
most immigrants left Ellis Island very quickly
Why did Federalists target immigrants in the Alien and Sedition Acts?
most immigrants supported the Democratic Republicans
What spurred African Americans to join with white reformers to found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)?
murder and arson in Springfield, Illinois
For the Constitution to be approved, how many states of the original thirteen were needed to ratify it?
nine
During the Spanish colonial period, what group posed the greatest threat to settlers in New Mexico?
nomadic Native Americans
How was northern society different from southern society?
northern society became more diverse than southern due to heavy immigration through northern ports
What statement best explains why John Brown's raid failed to unite forces that opposed slavery?
northerners and southerners were not ready to resort to violence to abolish slavery
Who were the Copperheads?
northerners who opposed the war
What role did Clara Barton serve during the Civil War?
nurse
What did the Land Grant College Act of 1862 help establish?
state universities to teach agriculture and mechanical arts
The Emancipation Proclamation freed enslaved people living where?
states still in rebellion against the Union after January 1, 1863
What agreement was reached with the Great Compromise?
states would be represented equally in the Senate and proportionally in the House
What advantage did Robert E. Lee offer the Confederacy?
strong military leadership
How did the production of steel change Americans' lives?
strong steel made it possible to build skyscrapers and suspension bridges
What movement did Susan B. Anthony help to lead?
suffrage
Which of the following was a goal of the the Populist party?
support "free silver" to raise prices for farm goods
What was an effect of the events in "Bleeding Kansas"?
tensions and violence over slavery spread outside Kansas
What did the Militia Act mandate?
that African Americans to be accepted into the Union military
Which of the following describes a major legacy of the Progressive Era?
that the government can act to fix economic and political problems
What was one reason that native-born Americans felt more threatened by the "new" immigrants than they had by the "old" immigrants?
the "new" immigrants brought different cultures and languages
The Populist Party lost power in large part as a result of _____.
the 1896 election of McKinley
In what area did the British keep forts after the American Revolution?
the American territory along the Great Lakes
Under the leadership of John Dickinson of Pennsylvania, the Congress designed which of the following?
the Articles of Confederation
Victories in which of the following battles helped raise morale when the Patriot cause seemed to be lost?
the Battles of Trenton and Princeton
What was one reason for the failure of British troops in the South?
the British had to divert troops to defend Gulf Coast forts under Spanish attack
Why did a majority of Native Americans choose to side with the British during the Revolutionary War?
the British said they would stop colonists from settling in the West
How did the Supreme Court rule in cases affecting the rights of Chinese immigrants?
the Chinese Exclusion Act was upheld
How did the Clayton Antitrust Act help regulate the economy?
the Clayton Antitrust Acts spelled out what businesses could and could not do
Why was it necessary for the Confederacy to seek the support of Great Britain and France?
the Confederacy needed access to the manufactured good of Great Britain and France
What was the effect of the action at Glorieta Pass on the Confederacy's attempt to control the American Southwest?
the Confederates retreated to Texas and never again threatened Union control of the Southwest
What role did the US Supreme Court play in ending Reconstruction?
the Court restricted the scope of the Fourteenth Amendment by leaving its enforcement up to the states
What happened at the party convention for the Democrats that affected the 1860 presidential election?
the Democrats split into two parties and nominated two men for President, one from the North and one from the South
How did the Free-Soil Party influence the election of Whig Zachary Taylor in 1848?
the Free-Soil candidate drew votes away from the Democratic candidate
What power did the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) have over railroad operations?
the ICC could make railroads submit their records to Congress
Which statement best describes the effects of the 1851 Treaty of Fort Laramie?
the Indians crossed artificial boundaries, setting the stage for conflict
What organization supported a constitutional amendment to grant women the right to vote?
the National Woman Suffrage Association
What was the result of the Battle of Tippecanoe?
the Native American movement lost some of its power
How did all women in the United States finally secure the right to vote?
the Nineteenth Amendment
What was the long term effect of the "Bleeding Kansas" problem?
the North and South became more divided over the issue of slavery
What was the effect of Abraham Lincoln winning the election of 1860?
the North and South became two separate political entities
Which of the following contributed to ending Reconstruction?
the North focused on other political and economic issues
In a famous letter of 1776, why did Abigail Adams ask John Adams to "remember the women" while drafting the new nations laws?
Abigail Adams wanted legal protection for women
How did Congress organize the judiciary system?
13 federal district courts, 3 circuit courts, and 1 Supreme Court
Where did Lee formally surrender to Grant?
Appomattox Court House
Immigrants from which area were excluded from the belief that American society was a "melting pot"?
Asia
How did Asian Americans defend their rights?
Asian Americans put their land in their children's names
Union General William Tecumseh Sherman burned which southern city to the ground?
Atlanta, Georgia
Which cabinet position was established by an act of Congress?
Attorney General
Which American Patriot helped negotiate the Treaty of Paris?
Benjamin Franklin
Which black leader argued that African Americans needed to accommodate themselves to segregation?
Booker T. Washington
Who was responsible for leading the Mormon exodus to the colony of New Zion on the shore of the Great Salt Lake?
Brigham Young
What was one difference between the British and American forces at the beginning of the Revolutionary War?
British troops had better training and more supplies
Which female leader employed a successful strategy on two fronts, lobbying the US Congress while using the referendum process to pass state suffrage laws?
Carrie Chapman Catt
What form of entertainment was inspired by religion?
Chautauqua Circuit
In what ways did cities attempt to solve the problems of crime and fire?
Cities developed professional firefighting and police forces.
Which of the following was included in Patrick Henry's Virginia Resolves?
Colonists could only be taxed by colonial assemblies
Which of the following was a weakness of the Articles of Confederation?
Congress could not establish a common currency
Which of the following was a weakness of the Articles of Confederation?
Congress could not regulate interstate trade
What significant event showed the conflict that existed between President Andrew Johnson and Congress?
Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1866 over the President's veto
In what way did democratic Patriots such as Thomas Paine differ from conservative Patriots in their view of republics as a form of government?
Democratic Patriots wanted the greatest amount of power among the greatest number of people
Why did enslaved people run away to join the British forces?
Enslaved people were seeking liberty
Which two parties emerged after the Whiskey Rebellion?
Federalists and Democratic Republicans
How did the Alien and Sedition Acts divide American political parties?
Federalists supported the acts. Democratic-Republicans opposed them
What role did Benjamin Franklin play in relations between France and the United States?
Franklin was the main negotiator for the alliance with France
Which well-known abolitionist spoke about his difficult life as a slave?
Frederick Douglass
Why did the United States end the negotiations with France during the XYZ Affair?
French officials demanded that the United States pay bribes
What discovery led to George B. McClellan's victory over Robert E. Lee at Antietam?
General McClellan found General Lee's battle plan
Why were the colonists angry that Great Britain had hired German mercenaries?
German mercenaries had a reputation for being particularly brutal in battle
What was one of the key terms of the Treaty of Paris?
Great Britain recognized American independence and granted boundaries
What was the most important factor in John Brown's decision to launch the raid at Harper's Ferry?
Harper's Ferry was a hub of trains and canals, which provided escape routes
Who was the Underground Railroad "conductor" known as "Black Moses"?
Harriet Tubman
In the presidential campaign of 1896, how did William Jennings Bryan represent the Populist Party's goal of building a broad-based movement?
He toured the country and spoke directly to the people.
Who raised money from educated black women to set up day-care centers to protect and educate black children while their parents went to work?
Ida B. Wells
Why was the meeting of the First Continental Congress in 1774 a significant event?
It represented an attempt to unify colonies and colonists against the Coercive Acts
What action affected the second Bank of the United States after Jackson's reelction?
Jackson removed the bank's funds and placed them in state banks
What role did Stonewall Jackson play at the Second Battle of Bull Run?
Jackson was successful at outmaneuvering a larger Union force and nearly destroyed it
Why did Thomas Jefferson resist building a larger navy to fight British impressment of American soldiers?
Jefferson did not want to raise taxes and did not want a large navy
What actions did Thomas Jefferson take to lower the national debt?
Jefferson streamlined government and increased sales of federal land
How did Thomas Jefferson's view of the national debt differ from that of Alexander Hamilton?
Jefferson wanted to pay off the debt; Hamilton did not
Who suggested that the South should secede from the Union if an agreement could not be reached on slavery?
John Calhoun
Whose advice was Theodore Roosevelt taking when he set aside 100 million acres as federal forests?
John Muir's
Why were southerners outraged about the outcome of the election of 1860?
Lincoln had won without getting a single vote from southern states
What was President Lincoln's first response to the situation at Fort Sumter?
Lincoln said he would send food but no arms to the fort
Why did Abraham Lincoln withhold troops from General George B. McClellan, even as he pushed the General to attack?
Lincoln wanted troops to defend Washington, DC, from Confederate attack
How did President Abraham Lincoln's plan differ from the Wade-Davis Bill?
Lincoln's plan did not guarantee African American equality
Which document did the Second Continental Congress send to King George III to reaffirm colonists allegiance to him, but not to Parliament?
Olive Branch Petition
What did the Missouri Compromise propose?
Missouri would be admitted to the Union as a slave state and Maine as a free state
What was Thomas Nast's impact on the American political system?
Nast drew political cartoons that exposed the corruption of political bosses
Why was the fighting on the frontier in the Revolution especially destructive?
Native Americans attacked colonial settlements, and colonists killed neutral Native Americans
Why did Mexican Americans living in New Mexico have no representatives in Washington, D.C., to protect their interests?
New Mexico was a territory, not a state
What was the impact of Gifford Pinchot's ideas about the environment?
Pinchot's ideas inspired government policy that forests be protected for public use
Where was the first major battle for African American troops in the Union army?
Port Hudson, Mississippi
What happened after Congress renewed the charter for the Bank of the United States?
President Andrew Jackson vetoed the bill
Whose Reconstruction plan was the toughest on the South?
Radical Republicans
How did the Compromise of 1877 help end Reconstruction?
Republican Rutherford B. Hayes was elected President in return for withdrawing federal troops from the South
How did Republicans gain control of southern state governments during Reconstruction?
Republicans sought the support of African American men
Why did Andrew Jackson support the Indian Removal Act of 1830?
Southerners wanted him to remove Native Americans from the South
What was the effect of settlers pouring into Spanish Florida after the war?
Spain's decision to cede Florida to the United States
What was one important way that William Howard Taft's policies differed from Theodore Roosevelt's?
Taft appointed a cabinet official who opposed Roosevelt's conservation policies
What role did Rodger B. Taney play in determining whether or not slaves could sue in the courts
Taney led the US Supreme Court as Chief Justice in the Dred Scott decision
What were the provisions of the Jay Treaty of 1794?
The British gave up forts on American soil, but kept restrictions on American ships and required Americans to repay their debts
Why did the authors of the Constitution want to avoid political parties?
They believed political parties threatened the unity of a republic
Why did colonists protest passage of the Stamp Act?
They believed that without representation in Parliament, they should not be taxed
At the First Continental Congress, what significant action did the delegates organize against the British?
They called for a boycott of all British imports
Which statement is true about the Loyalists?
They felt that Parliament and the Crown must be obeyed as the legitimate government of the Empire
What did the colonists do to let British Parliament know they were against the new taxes?
They stopped buying British goods
Which of the following Patriots drafted the Declaration of Independence?
Thomas Jefferson
Which Patriot wrote an influential book that denounced British aristocrats as frauds and parasites?
Thomas Paine
The Chautauqua Circuit had its roots in _____.
a camp for Sunday school teachers
At Gettysburg, what action was directed by Confederate General George Pickett?
a failed charge on Cemetery Hill
Why did Thomas Paine write Common Sense?
To persuade the colonies to declare independence
Which of the following best summarizes the Gag Rule?
a law that prohibited the debate and discussion of slavery in Congress
What is the constitutional right of habeas corpus?
a person cannot be jailed unless charged with a specific crime
Which is the best description of an entrepreneur?
a person who invests in a business
Why was Vicksburg key to the Union's Anaconda Plan?
Vicksburg was a Confederate stronghold on the Mississippi River
How did Republican divisions help Woodrow Wilson win the presidency?
William Howard Taft and Theodore Roosevelt split the Republican vote, allowing the Democrat Wilson to win the electoral college vote
How was Woodrow Wilson's New Freedom like Theodore Roosevelt's New Nationalism?
Wilson's New Freedom placed strict government controls on corporations
What did Margaret Fuller believe?
Women needed freedom to develop the powers that they possessed
Who was Mathew Brady?
a photographer
What is the main reason that the Constitution did not proclaim that all men were born free and equal in their rights?
southern states opposed it
What was one reason that southern states passed laws after 1800 to discourage manumission?
southern whites feared that freed blacks would seek revenge for past treatment as slaves
What effect did John Brown's raid and execution have in the North?
some northerners came to admire him for trying to end slavery
What were government jobs based on under the spoils system?
party loyalty
How did patents help support the work of inventors such as Thomas Edison?
patents protected inventors and let them profit from their inventions
How did business leaders earn the nickname "robber barons"?
people accused them of using unfair business practices
Why was placer mining the most widely used method of mining for gold?
placer mining was affordable to a large number of prospectors
How did city planners solve the public health problems posed by polluted rivers and lakes?
planners took water from reserviors and used filtration systems
Which of the following is an economic reason that the South needed a Reconstruction plan?
plantations, factories, and other businesses were destroyed during the war
What restrictive measure required voters to pay to vote?
poll taxes
How were the ideas of northern abolitionists prevented from reaching southerners?
post offices refused to deliver abolitionist publications
What was the Constitution's system of checks and balances designed to do?
prevent the emergence of a single domineering center of power
How did public opinion of labor issues change in response to the violence of the Homestead Strike?
public opinion turned against all labor unions
The development of what industry was most responsible for advances in mass production?
railroads
Which political reform gave people the power to approve or reject laws passed by a legislature?
referendum
Midwestern cities such as Chicago, Illinois, drew migrants from what region in the 1890s?
rural West
What did presidential candidate John Bell condemn during the election of 1860?
sectional political parties
The Constitution granted different responsibilities to each branch of government. This is an example of which Constitutional principle?
separation of powers
Which of the following provided Americanization programs for new immigrants?
settlement houses
For what other purposes did people living in tenements sometimes use their space?
sewing clothes
Who benefited least from a sharecropping arrangement?
sharecroppers
What did Sojourner Truth do that most women of the day were not allowed to do?
she lectured to audiences
What did Harriet Beecher Stowe do that increased tensions between the North and the South?
she wrote a novel that aroused compassion for enslaved people
What did American gain from the 1795 treaty with Spain?
shipping rights on the Mississippi River and access to New orleans
What did the development of the safety elevator make possible?
skyscrapers
How did the Compromise of 1850 address the question of slavery in Washington DC?
slavery continued in Washington DC, but slave trading was banned
Which statement best describes the main goal of the Free-Soil Party?
slavery must not be allowed to spread to western territories
In the 1830s, women began to compare their lack of rights to that of what group?
slaves
During the Lincoln-Douglas debates, which position did Abraham Lincoln take?
slaves had natural rights but were not entirely equal to whites
How did personal liberty laws increase tensions between the North and the South over the Fugitive Slave Act?
some northern states used personal liberty laws to nullify the Fugitive Slave Act, written to help the South
