Hort Exam 2 Review

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Bulbs and corms reproduce by the process of _____________

Separation

What part of the plant is used in tissue culture?

Shoots or leaf buds

True or False: In the horticulture industry, many plants are started from seeds because it is a quick and economical method

True

True or False: Layering is when roots are formed on a stem or root while it is still attached to the parent plant

True

True or False: Many plants naturally spread by layering.

True

True or False: Micropropagation has been used for years

True

True or False: Narrowleaf evergreen cuttings benefit from a misting system

True

True or False: Nursery workers call the process of planting cuttings outside "lining out"

True

True or False: Offset daffodil bulbs are called splits when first separate from the mother bulb

True

True or False: Propagation by hardwood cuttings is one of the easiest processes and least expensive method of vegetative or asexual propagation

True

True or False: Renewal pruning is usually effective on flowering shrubs

True

True or False: Some seeds have a hard seed coat that must be soaked or scratched before seeds are able to germinate.

True

True or False: Stool layering begins with the planting of a rooted layer in soil.

True

True or False: The growth medium must be prepared so that it has oxygen and moisture in order for the roots to live.

True

True or False: The iris is a rhizome plant

True

True or False: To identify the top and bottom of a stem cutting, the top is cut straight across and the bottom is cut at an angle of approximately 45 degrees.

True

True or False: Tuberous root crops are propagated by dividing the crown, or cluster of roots, when the plant is dormant.

True

True or False: Vegetative buds are necessary for propagation

True

True or False: When inserting a bud into a rootstock, a T-shape cut is made in the rootstock and the bud is pushed down into the open slit in the bark

True

True or False: When pruning, it is very important that the cut be made the correct distance from the bud

True

True or False: When pruning, stem should be cut at a ninety degree angle

True

True or false: Evergreen hardwood cuttings, which have needles at the time of rooting, must be handles like softwood cuttings.

True

True or false: Grafting is used primarily on trees

True

True or false: In whip grafting, a grafting cut is made below a bud on the stock

True

True or false: The African violet is a good example of a plant propagation by leaf cuttings

True

This particular type of bulb has dry membranous outer scales.

Tunicate

Some plants, like rhododendrons, azaleas, and apple, do not grow "true" from seed, causing ____________

offspring to differ from either parent

When hardwood cuttings are lined out in the nursery row, how many buds should be above ground?

one

The best time to root prune is _____________ the transplant?

one growing season before

In simple layering, a branch from a parent plant is bent to the ground where it is _______________

partially covered in soil

If a plant flowers in the spring, it should be pruned ______________

after it flowers

_____________ is used commercially to propagate certain tropical and subtropical trees and shrubs that are difficult to root by other means

air-layering

______________ is a form of asexual reproduction that eliminated burying parts of the parent plant in the soil

air-layering

When do both separation and division methods result in the exact duplicate of the parent

always

Grafting is used for _____________

to top work a large tree, insert a different variety on part of the limbs of a tree, cross pollination of the fruit, to propagate plants that may be difficult to bud

After seeds are sown, cover them with shredded sphagnum moss, fine perlite, or fine sand, and cover with a layer of this medium measuring about ____________ the thickness of the seed.

twice

Which type of bud is necessary for propagation?

vegetative

Fruit trees are examples of plants propagated by _____________

whip graft

The most likely time to prepare hardwood cuttings is _____________

winter

Some seeds require a moist, cold rest period (dormant state) at a temperature below 37 degrees for 8 weeks or longer. Examples of seeds that require this rest period are ________________

apple, peach, and pear tree

In whip grafting, the cambium (thin tissue under the bark of the scion) must match the growing area where?

at the edge of the root piece (root stock) on at least one side

Direct seeding is the best method for which of the plants listed

beans

What does pruning help to rejuvenate on a declining shrub?

better quality flowers

For T-budding, the seedling rootstock must be in active growth, indicated by soft, rapidly growing _____________

branch tips

The small shoot of the present season's growth are called ____________

bud wood or bud sticks

This grafting process is used most often in topworking trees

cleft

Long-stemmed, vine like plants such as wisteria, clematis, and grape, work well with the _______________ system of propagation.

compound layering

Simple layering is usually accomplished in ___________

early spring

The side veneer rafting method is very effective for _________________

evergreens

Tubers are distinguished by their _______________

eyes (buds)

The process of budding is actually a form of ______________

grafting

Chip building is used on ______________

grapes

One of the most economical ways to propagate plants is ____________

growing them from the seed

_______________ perennials are plants with stem that die back to the ground after the growing season has ended

herbaceous

When handling seedlings, _______________

hold by the true leaves

If the ________ has dropped off and the bud appears to be plump and of normal color, the bud has probably grown to the rootstock

leaf petiole

Bulbs are primarily composed of ____________

leaf scales

When fast-growing cuttings are involved, the cuttings should be placed _____________

9-10 inches apart

True or False: The technique of pruning topiary can be accomplished no other way than using hook and blade pruners

False

True or False: The use of seeds is a means of slowly increasing the number of plants

False

True or False: Tuberous roots send out many shoots from rhizome buds

False

True or False: When selecting a stem on which to perform simple layering, select one with two year old wood that can be bent into the soil

False

True or False: Wood for hardwood cuttings is generally taken from the past season's growth, as is done for softwood cuttings

False

True or false: The season of early spring is the best time for tongue grafting

False

Vermiculite is a heavy mineral that repels 90% of the water that in comes in contact with, making it ideal for growing decorative cacti.

False

Plants that do not produce seeds are _________

Asexual

The formation of _____________ occurs during the storage period of cuttings

Callus

_____________ is the growth over a wounded plant stem

Callus formation

The asexual method of propagation, when a shoot, tip or bud is grown in a nutrient medium is called ____________

Tissue culture

True or False: For tulips, planting time is in the fall

True

True or False: Fruit trees are a good example of plants that are commonly thinned

True

True or False: Grafting is an asexual form of propagation

True

A mixture of one half ___________ and one half ____________ provides a sterile medium to prevent rotting of a cutting.

Horticultural and coarse sphagnum

The ____________ bulb requires special handling

Lily

_________________ are two examples of plants that root naturally by layering

Strawberries and boysenberries

Layering is a method of _______________

Asexual reproduction

True or False: Hardwood cuttings of deciduous plants do not require the extensive care given to softwood and semi-hardwood cuttings

True

True or False: In cleft grafting, the scion is cut at a 90-degree angle

True

True or False: In grafting, a "scion" is a newly installed shoot or top of the plant

True

True or False: In simple layering, use pegs with hooks on them placed next to the stem to hold it upright

True

A new type of grafting method that produced plants sooner is called __________

stenting

True or False: A new propagation system called in vitro soil (IVS) was started by Western Asia Department of Agriculture, and may change existing tissue culture methods

False

True or False: African violet is a good example of a plant propagation by root cuttings

False

True or False: Bisexual reproduction is possible because each single cell of the plant contains all the characteristics of the entire plant and can regrow any missing part

False

True or False: Chip budding can be done in the winter or early spring

False

True or False: Cleft grafting is done during the winter

False

True or False: Cutting off all the lateral roots of the plant in a circle around the stem is called lateral pruning

False

True or False: Cutting the plant stem at a 45-degree angle is an important aspect in the pruning process.

False

True or False: Cuttings should be prepared in very then diameter in order to survive storage

False

True or False: Division differs from separation because it is a natural process

False

True or False: Grafting is more widely used than budding

False

True or False: Grafting of plants was practiced as early as 1500 B.C.

False

True or False: Grafting tomatoes has done nothing except improve their resistance to soil-borne pests

False

True or False: Hardwood cuttings should be pushed into the soil

False

True or False: If the rooting hormone does not contain nitrogen, the cutting may be sprayed, dipped in, or watered with Capitan to help prevent rotting

False

True or False: Immediately after harvesting a cutting, it must be placed into the prepared medium

False

True or False: In T-budding, the roots must be dormant

False

True or False: In ditch layering, the mother plant is bent down to the ground and buried in a ditch

False

True or False: In natural layering, a branch from the parent plant is bent to the ground, where it is partially covered at one point by soil.

False

True or False: In separation, plants must be cut

False

True or False: It is best to root prune two growing seasons prior to transplanting the plant.

False

True or False: Layering is a well-known propagation method for plants that are difficult to root from cuttings and is still widely used today

False

True or False: Leaf-bud cuttings are made from succulent greenhouse plants

False

True or False: New cutting have no leaves, but they do have roots

False

True or False: Pruning saws have long handles to give more leverage for cutting larger branches

False

True or False: Pruning shears with a single blade that cuts against apiece of light metal (usually brass) is called an auxiliary pruner.

False

True or False: Rhizomes generally deep in the soil

False

True or False: Rhizomes grow vertically

False

True or False: Rooted cuttings of deciduous plants are dug for transplanting when they are dormant and have leaves.

False

The roots of cuttings should be treated with what percentage of indolebutyric acid?

0.8 to 1.0 percent

T-budding is generally done on small, _____________ old seedlings

1 or 2 years

For success, the scion should be at least ______________

1 year old

True or False: Simple layering is usually accomplished in late spring

False

At what temperature should soil for seed germination be sterilized by heating for one-half hour?

180 F

What is the best depth for planting flower size corms?

2 - 3 inches

How long after the budding process begins should a bud be inspected to see if it has attached to the stem and is still alive?

3 weeks

In whip grafting, plants are stored at _____________

50 - 55 degrees F for 3 to 4 weeks

What is the ideal temperature during the first 4 weeks of storage of hardwood cuttings?

50-55 degrees F

Hardwood cuttings should be made into lengths of ___________

6 to 8 inches

Cuttings should be taken early enough so that they may be stored __________ prior to planting

6-8 weeks

The number of plants that are expected to root and grow from hardwood cuttings is __________

60-80 degrees F

New bulbs are stored at what temperature?

65 to 68 degrees F

True or False: Simple layering is when a shoot with the current season's growth bends to the ground and then turns sharply upward

False

True or False: Stored cuttings should be allowed to dry out, though it does not hurt them to become extremely wet.

False

Tubers are propagated by cutting the tubers that have ___________

Buds (eyes)

True or False: T-Budding is a process in which you never lift the bark from the wood

False

At what percentage should the humidity level be kept for new cuttings?

Close to 100%

The ______________ is a compact stem with nodes and internodes

Corm

Plants such as corn, melons, beans, beets, peas, lettuce, carrots, and most other vegetable crops are grown by this process.

Direct seeding

When can bulbs be separated?

During the dormant stage

What is the best time of day to take a cutting?

Early morning

True or False: T-Budding is accomplished when the rootstock is in active growth, rather than in the dormant (resting) stage, either in winter or late fall

False

True or False: The best buds are obtained from the end portion of the stick.

False

Both corms and bulbs are composed of nodes and internodes

False

In direct seeding, the planting medium is 30% white sand, 70% soil

False

Some seeds are able to germinate after a process called scarification, which is to coat the seed with an organic clay-based compound to create a large seed that will be easier to sow.

False

True or False: The rootstock generally grows from a seed planted in the fall, to the size of a lead pencil by winter of the following year

False

To do this to a plant stem is to completely remove the bard and cambium from a strip all around the plant.

Girdle

The process that prepares seedling for transplanting is called_________

Hardening off

_____________ seeding is when seeds are sown in a separate place from where the plants will eventually grow to maturity.

Indirect

Cuttings from young plants such as seedlings and rooted cuttings often root much faster and in higher percentages. This is called the _______________ effect.

Juvenile

________________ is the best time for propagating fruit trees by budding

Late summer

The tissue culture method of plant propagation is also called ______________

Meristem culture

When transplanting seedlings to pots, _______________

Non of these

The ___________ or scaly bulb has no tough covering

Non-tunicate

The rootstock cut should be made on the ___________ side of the stem, 1 or 2 inches above ground level

North-facing

This particular narrow-leaf evergreen cutting is extremely difficult to root.

Pines

The leaves of cuttings lose moisture through ___________

Transpiration

Growing plants from seeds is used to grow many of our important food crops as well as ornamental landscaping plants.

True

Growing seeds in flats is known as indirect seeding

True

Hybrids are often the offspring of two different cultivars

True

True or False: Budding is a form of grafting

True

True or False: Chip budding can be used safely during summer and fall

True

Seeds of annual plants (plants that complete their life cycle in 1 year or less) from named cultivars that are not hybrids generally grow _____________

reasonably true from seed

In order to have a successful graft, the two plants must be ___________

related (in the same family)

The pruning of plants ____________________

removes dead or broken branches, stimulated new growth and removes diseased branches

When grafting, what is the name of the newly installed shoot or top of the plant?

scion

The most common method of reproducing flowering vegetable and cereal crops is _______________

seeding

What need to be removed from the plant because it saps the plant's energy?

seedpods

Cuttings taken from the leaf, bud, stem, or root when the plant tissue is tender are known as ___________

softwood cuttings

________________ is a natural substance that can hold moisture when wrapped around a girdled area

sphagnum moss

Offset daffodil bulbs are called __________ when first separated from the mother plant

splits or slabs

Plants that flower in the summer are pruned in the _______________

spring

______________ is a method of layering

stool layering

What method of pruning allows more light to reach inner branches?

thinning


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