Hort Exam 2 Review
Bulbs and corms reproduce by the process of _____________
Separation
What part of the plant is used in tissue culture?
Shoots or leaf buds
True or False: In the horticulture industry, many plants are started from seeds because it is a quick and economical method
True
True or False: Layering is when roots are formed on a stem or root while it is still attached to the parent plant
True
True or False: Many plants naturally spread by layering.
True
True or False: Micropropagation has been used for years
True
True or False: Narrowleaf evergreen cuttings benefit from a misting system
True
True or False: Nursery workers call the process of planting cuttings outside "lining out"
True
True or False: Offset daffodil bulbs are called splits when first separate from the mother bulb
True
True or False: Propagation by hardwood cuttings is one of the easiest processes and least expensive method of vegetative or asexual propagation
True
True or False: Renewal pruning is usually effective on flowering shrubs
True
True or False: Some seeds have a hard seed coat that must be soaked or scratched before seeds are able to germinate.
True
True or False: Stool layering begins with the planting of a rooted layer in soil.
True
True or False: The growth medium must be prepared so that it has oxygen and moisture in order for the roots to live.
True
True or False: The iris is a rhizome plant
True
True or False: To identify the top and bottom of a stem cutting, the top is cut straight across and the bottom is cut at an angle of approximately 45 degrees.
True
True or False: Tuberous root crops are propagated by dividing the crown, or cluster of roots, when the plant is dormant.
True
True or False: Vegetative buds are necessary for propagation
True
True or False: When inserting a bud into a rootstock, a T-shape cut is made in the rootstock and the bud is pushed down into the open slit in the bark
True
True or False: When pruning, it is very important that the cut be made the correct distance from the bud
True
True or False: When pruning, stem should be cut at a ninety degree angle
True
True or false: Evergreen hardwood cuttings, which have needles at the time of rooting, must be handles like softwood cuttings.
True
True or false: Grafting is used primarily on trees
True
True or false: In whip grafting, a grafting cut is made below a bud on the stock
True
True or false: The African violet is a good example of a plant propagation by leaf cuttings
True
This particular type of bulb has dry membranous outer scales.
Tunicate
Some plants, like rhododendrons, azaleas, and apple, do not grow "true" from seed, causing ____________
offspring to differ from either parent
When hardwood cuttings are lined out in the nursery row, how many buds should be above ground?
one
The best time to root prune is _____________ the transplant?
one growing season before
In simple layering, a branch from a parent plant is bent to the ground where it is _______________
partially covered in soil
If a plant flowers in the spring, it should be pruned ______________
after it flowers
_____________ is used commercially to propagate certain tropical and subtropical trees and shrubs that are difficult to root by other means
air-layering
______________ is a form of asexual reproduction that eliminated burying parts of the parent plant in the soil
air-layering
When do both separation and division methods result in the exact duplicate of the parent
always
Grafting is used for _____________
to top work a large tree, insert a different variety on part of the limbs of a tree, cross pollination of the fruit, to propagate plants that may be difficult to bud
After seeds are sown, cover them with shredded sphagnum moss, fine perlite, or fine sand, and cover with a layer of this medium measuring about ____________ the thickness of the seed.
twice
Which type of bud is necessary for propagation?
vegetative
Fruit trees are examples of plants propagated by _____________
whip graft
The most likely time to prepare hardwood cuttings is _____________
winter
Some seeds require a moist, cold rest period (dormant state) at a temperature below 37 degrees for 8 weeks or longer. Examples of seeds that require this rest period are ________________
apple, peach, and pear tree
In whip grafting, the cambium (thin tissue under the bark of the scion) must match the growing area where?
at the edge of the root piece (root stock) on at least one side
Direct seeding is the best method for which of the plants listed
beans
What does pruning help to rejuvenate on a declining shrub?
better quality flowers
For T-budding, the seedling rootstock must be in active growth, indicated by soft, rapidly growing _____________
branch tips
The small shoot of the present season's growth are called ____________
bud wood or bud sticks
This grafting process is used most often in topworking trees
cleft
Long-stemmed, vine like plants such as wisteria, clematis, and grape, work well with the _______________ system of propagation.
compound layering
Simple layering is usually accomplished in ___________
early spring
The side veneer rafting method is very effective for _________________
evergreens
Tubers are distinguished by their _______________
eyes (buds)
The process of budding is actually a form of ______________
grafting
Chip building is used on ______________
grapes
One of the most economical ways to propagate plants is ____________
growing them from the seed
_______________ perennials are plants with stem that die back to the ground after the growing season has ended
herbaceous
When handling seedlings, _______________
hold by the true leaves
If the ________ has dropped off and the bud appears to be plump and of normal color, the bud has probably grown to the rootstock
leaf petiole
Bulbs are primarily composed of ____________
leaf scales
When fast-growing cuttings are involved, the cuttings should be placed _____________
9-10 inches apart
True or False: The technique of pruning topiary can be accomplished no other way than using hook and blade pruners
False
True or False: The use of seeds is a means of slowly increasing the number of plants
False
True or False: Tuberous roots send out many shoots from rhizome buds
False
True or False: When selecting a stem on which to perform simple layering, select one with two year old wood that can be bent into the soil
False
True or False: Wood for hardwood cuttings is generally taken from the past season's growth, as is done for softwood cuttings
False
True or false: The season of early spring is the best time for tongue grafting
False
Vermiculite is a heavy mineral that repels 90% of the water that in comes in contact with, making it ideal for growing decorative cacti.
False
Plants that do not produce seeds are _________
Asexual
The formation of _____________ occurs during the storage period of cuttings
Callus
_____________ is the growth over a wounded plant stem
Callus formation
The asexual method of propagation, when a shoot, tip or bud is grown in a nutrient medium is called ____________
Tissue culture
True or False: For tulips, planting time is in the fall
True
True or False: Fruit trees are a good example of plants that are commonly thinned
True
True or False: Grafting is an asexual form of propagation
True
A mixture of one half ___________ and one half ____________ provides a sterile medium to prevent rotting of a cutting.
Horticultural and coarse sphagnum
The ____________ bulb requires special handling
Lily
_________________ are two examples of plants that root naturally by layering
Strawberries and boysenberries
Layering is a method of _______________
Asexual reproduction
True or False: Hardwood cuttings of deciduous plants do not require the extensive care given to softwood and semi-hardwood cuttings
True
True or False: In cleft grafting, the scion is cut at a 90-degree angle
True
True or False: In grafting, a "scion" is a newly installed shoot or top of the plant
True
True or False: In simple layering, use pegs with hooks on them placed next to the stem to hold it upright
True
A new type of grafting method that produced plants sooner is called __________
stenting
True or False: A new propagation system called in vitro soil (IVS) was started by Western Asia Department of Agriculture, and may change existing tissue culture methods
False
True or False: African violet is a good example of a plant propagation by root cuttings
False
True or False: Bisexual reproduction is possible because each single cell of the plant contains all the characteristics of the entire plant and can regrow any missing part
False
True or False: Chip budding can be done in the winter or early spring
False
True or False: Cleft grafting is done during the winter
False
True or False: Cutting off all the lateral roots of the plant in a circle around the stem is called lateral pruning
False
True or False: Cutting the plant stem at a 45-degree angle is an important aspect in the pruning process.
False
True or False: Cuttings should be prepared in very then diameter in order to survive storage
False
True or False: Division differs from separation because it is a natural process
False
True or False: Grafting is more widely used than budding
False
True or False: Grafting of plants was practiced as early as 1500 B.C.
False
True or False: Grafting tomatoes has done nothing except improve their resistance to soil-borne pests
False
True or False: Hardwood cuttings should be pushed into the soil
False
True or False: If the rooting hormone does not contain nitrogen, the cutting may be sprayed, dipped in, or watered with Capitan to help prevent rotting
False
True or False: Immediately after harvesting a cutting, it must be placed into the prepared medium
False
True or False: In T-budding, the roots must be dormant
False
True or False: In ditch layering, the mother plant is bent down to the ground and buried in a ditch
False
True or False: In natural layering, a branch from the parent plant is bent to the ground, where it is partially covered at one point by soil.
False
True or False: In separation, plants must be cut
False
True or False: It is best to root prune two growing seasons prior to transplanting the plant.
False
True or False: Layering is a well-known propagation method for plants that are difficult to root from cuttings and is still widely used today
False
True or False: Leaf-bud cuttings are made from succulent greenhouse plants
False
True or False: New cutting have no leaves, but they do have roots
False
True or False: Pruning saws have long handles to give more leverage for cutting larger branches
False
True or False: Pruning shears with a single blade that cuts against apiece of light metal (usually brass) is called an auxiliary pruner.
False
True or False: Rhizomes generally deep in the soil
False
True or False: Rhizomes grow vertically
False
True or False: Rooted cuttings of deciduous plants are dug for transplanting when they are dormant and have leaves.
False
The roots of cuttings should be treated with what percentage of indolebutyric acid?
0.8 to 1.0 percent
T-budding is generally done on small, _____________ old seedlings
1 or 2 years
For success, the scion should be at least ______________
1 year old
True or False: Simple layering is usually accomplished in late spring
False
At what temperature should soil for seed germination be sterilized by heating for one-half hour?
180 F
What is the best depth for planting flower size corms?
2 - 3 inches
How long after the budding process begins should a bud be inspected to see if it has attached to the stem and is still alive?
3 weeks
In whip grafting, plants are stored at _____________
50 - 55 degrees F for 3 to 4 weeks
What is the ideal temperature during the first 4 weeks of storage of hardwood cuttings?
50-55 degrees F
Hardwood cuttings should be made into lengths of ___________
6 to 8 inches
Cuttings should be taken early enough so that they may be stored __________ prior to planting
6-8 weeks
The number of plants that are expected to root and grow from hardwood cuttings is __________
60-80 degrees F
New bulbs are stored at what temperature?
65 to 68 degrees F
True or False: Simple layering is when a shoot with the current season's growth bends to the ground and then turns sharply upward
False
True or False: Stored cuttings should be allowed to dry out, though it does not hurt them to become extremely wet.
False
Tubers are propagated by cutting the tubers that have ___________
Buds (eyes)
True or False: T-Budding is a process in which you never lift the bark from the wood
False
At what percentage should the humidity level be kept for new cuttings?
Close to 100%
The ______________ is a compact stem with nodes and internodes
Corm
Plants such as corn, melons, beans, beets, peas, lettuce, carrots, and most other vegetable crops are grown by this process.
Direct seeding
When can bulbs be separated?
During the dormant stage
What is the best time of day to take a cutting?
Early morning
True or False: T-Budding is accomplished when the rootstock is in active growth, rather than in the dormant (resting) stage, either in winter or late fall
False
True or False: The best buds are obtained from the end portion of the stick.
False
Both corms and bulbs are composed of nodes and internodes
False
In direct seeding, the planting medium is 30% white sand, 70% soil
False
Some seeds are able to germinate after a process called scarification, which is to coat the seed with an organic clay-based compound to create a large seed that will be easier to sow.
False
True or False: The rootstock generally grows from a seed planted in the fall, to the size of a lead pencil by winter of the following year
False
To do this to a plant stem is to completely remove the bard and cambium from a strip all around the plant.
Girdle
The process that prepares seedling for transplanting is called_________
Hardening off
_____________ seeding is when seeds are sown in a separate place from where the plants will eventually grow to maturity.
Indirect
Cuttings from young plants such as seedlings and rooted cuttings often root much faster and in higher percentages. This is called the _______________ effect.
Juvenile
________________ is the best time for propagating fruit trees by budding
Late summer
The tissue culture method of plant propagation is also called ______________
Meristem culture
When transplanting seedlings to pots, _______________
Non of these
The ___________ or scaly bulb has no tough covering
Non-tunicate
The rootstock cut should be made on the ___________ side of the stem, 1 or 2 inches above ground level
North-facing
This particular narrow-leaf evergreen cutting is extremely difficult to root.
Pines
The leaves of cuttings lose moisture through ___________
Transpiration
Growing plants from seeds is used to grow many of our important food crops as well as ornamental landscaping plants.
True
Growing seeds in flats is known as indirect seeding
True
Hybrids are often the offspring of two different cultivars
True
True or False: Budding is a form of grafting
True
True or False: Chip budding can be used safely during summer and fall
True
Seeds of annual plants (plants that complete their life cycle in 1 year or less) from named cultivars that are not hybrids generally grow _____________
reasonably true from seed
In order to have a successful graft, the two plants must be ___________
related (in the same family)
The pruning of plants ____________________
removes dead or broken branches, stimulated new growth and removes diseased branches
When grafting, what is the name of the newly installed shoot or top of the plant?
scion
The most common method of reproducing flowering vegetable and cereal crops is _______________
seeding
What need to be removed from the plant because it saps the plant's energy?
seedpods
Cuttings taken from the leaf, bud, stem, or root when the plant tissue is tender are known as ___________
softwood cuttings
________________ is a natural substance that can hold moisture when wrapped around a girdled area
sphagnum moss
Offset daffodil bulbs are called __________ when first separated from the mother plant
splits or slabs
Plants that flower in the summer are pruned in the _______________
spring
______________ is a method of layering
stool layering
What method of pruning allows more light to reach inner branches?
thinning
