HOSP 327 - Unit 3 (Chapters 4, 6, 8, 9) Chapter 7 slides?

________________ - the expected operating lifetime of a lamp, defined as the time it takes half of the lamps in a given sample to fail

Lamp life

Lighting System Design Factors

Light levels Luminaires Color rendition Safety Emergency lighting

________________ - a lamp that consists of semiconductor devices that produce visible light when an electric current is passed through them. LEDs are a type of solid state lighting

Light-emitting diode lamp

Training in Operating and Safety Procedures

Maintenance staff and other key personnel should receive training in those aspects of the building's electrical system that are pertinent to their jobs Staff on duty at the front desk should know the location of circuit breakers and controls for various electrical systems, the location of the electrical disconnect switch for the building, and the location of the emergency generator(s) Hotel staff members should know enough about the hotel's electrical system to answer guest questions about the compatibility of foreign electrical equipment, and should know where guests can find adapter plugs All staff should be made aware of the importance of reporting needed electrical repairs and of not operating equipment that has become unsafe due to electrical problems Lockout/tagout procedures should always be followed when work is performed on electrical equipment Electrical wiring can be found almost anywhere, so care must be taken when performing other maintenance tasks to avoid accidental contact with electrical lines Older electrical transformers that contain oil as an insulating/cooling medium may contain PCBs; the U.S. government has issued rules and regulations that establish conditions for the continued use of these transformers

Security

Market issues stand as one of the motivating factors of managerial concern for safety and security: guests care about security A hotel that maintains a high level of security does so through a mix of facility design and managerial practices Physical facilities designed with security in mind help restrict hotel access to guests only; they are designed to inhibit forced entry, allow supervision of entrances and exits, and provide adequate lighting Management practices that increase security: Instituting procedures to ensure guest privacy Keeping records to support security-related decisions Training employees to recognize and deal effectively with security-related issues Adhering to procedures that enhance the property's security

Mercury Vapor Lamps

Mercury vapor lamps have long been used for lighting streets and parking lots Mercury vapor lamps have an efficiency of 15 to 60 lumens per watt and a lifetime of 12,000 to 24,000 hours Strike times (the time required for a lamp to reach full output from a cold start) are three to five minutes and restrike times are three to eight minutes White mercury vapor lamps have somewhat better color rendition than clear lamps

Metal Halide Lamps

Metal halide lamps basically are mercury vapor lamps modified by the addition of metallic halides to improve the lamp's color rendition and increase efficiency (80 to 100 lumens per watt) Lamp life is 7,500 to 15,000 hours Lumen maintenance—the lamp's ability to maintain its output—is significantly reduced later in the lamp's life Metal halide lamps have relatively short strike times of two to three minutes, but can have restrike times of up to ten minutes

Advantages to operating on premise laundry

More control over linen quality, service and costs Require lower linen par levels Fewer dollars tied up in savings Extends life cycle of linen items Reduces cost of replacement

_____________ - a publication of the national fire protection association that details recommended safety code standards for electrical systems

National electrical code

Electric bill accounts for as much as _____% of property's utility costs

90

Why is it important to update electrical plans as changes are made to a facility?

Operations that do not update plans are essentially relying on the memories of their maintenance personnel. Such operations invariably find that, as the years pass, their maintenance employees leave or retire, taking important information about the building with them. A good set of plans on file can greatly speed the solution of a problem and may save a lot of money during renovations or other modifications to the building.

Life Cycle Cost Estimating

A life cycle approach to selecting lamps (and lighting systems) is appropriate for managers to consider Life cycle approaches consider all costs associated with a certain piece of equipment or system For lighting systems, life cycle cost estimating considers the lamps, ballasts, labor to replace the lamps, energy to operate the lamps, and the cost of lamp disposal Lamps that have low initial costs can have large energy costs and significant replacement labor costs The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has placed analysis programs on its Energy Star website to assist people in evaluating the life cycle costs of lighting options; lamp manufacturers also have life cycle cost calculators on their websites

________________ - light other than sunlight

Artificial light

Artificial Light

Artificial light is light other than sunlight Artificial light sources can be categorized by many measures, including their efficiency and their color-rendering index The three basic sources of artificial light commonly used today are incandescent lamps, electric discharge lamps, and light-emitting diode lamps

Conventional washer-extractors

Range in size from 25 to 700 lbs. per load

Lamp and Ballast Disposal

Replacing lamps and ballasts brings up waste disposal issues, especially during lighting system upgrades or group relamping efforts Because fluorescent lamps contain mercury, there are regulations regarding their disposal All ballasts manufactured through 1979, and some after this date, contain PCBs; in the United States and many other countries there are regulations that specify how to properly handle and dispose of these ballasts

Replacing Lamps

Replacing lamps can be simple or complicated, depending on their construction and location Two factors that help determine how lamps are replaced are (1) lamp characteristics, and (2) the property's replacement policy

___________________ - an integrated effort to reduce the causes and effects of safety and security related incidents of all types

Risk management

_________ - element of a building's electrical system that supplies electricity to various portions of the building and to major equipment

Feeder

Emergency Lighting

Emergency lighting requirements for a property will be specified in the local community's building codes; local codes must be complied with Emergency lighting can be provided as: An emergency lighting system independent of the regular lighting system; or Two or more separate and complete regular lighting systems with independent power supplies When the power fails, the emergency lighting system must come on within ten seconds The emergency lighting system must be capable of providing a minimum of one footcandle for 1.5 hours Meeting minimum emergency lighting standards may not be sufficient for a hotel's needs during periods of prolonged power outage Exit signs operate twenty-four hours a day and must be kept in good repair

Why is it critical that in-house and contract maintenance personnel understand the design intent of the fire control system? What sorts of maintenance actions all to often compromise this design intent?.

Fire controls is critical to in-house employees and contract maintenance because it deals with guestrooms, smoke dampers, smoke sensors, stairwell pressurized systems, as well as, elements of building construction and operation that control the spread of fire and smoke. Maintenance workers sometimes will wire fire dampers open when links break, not inspect automatic doors, or not replace smoke and fire stops

___________________ - device installed in ductwork that limits the spread of fire, usually activated by the melting of a link that holds it in its normally open position

Fire damper

___________________ - a smoke detector containing an integral alarm powered by a dedicated electrical circuit

Single station smoke detector

___________________ - a device installed in ductwork that inhibits the movement of smoke

Smoke damper

___________________ - a photoelectric or ionization device that reacts to the presence of smoke

Smoke detector

___________________ - a device that controls smoke by operating smoke dampers and by shutting down the air handling system when smoke is detected

Smoke sensor

What are the advantages of using electronic locks? Are there any disadvantages?

Some advantages are that they have a central computer that programs the individual units so that if the master key is lost, they can just reprogram the system. Also locks have improves guestroom security. They keep a record of the uses of the key. Some disadvantages are that the locks are much more costly than traditional locks. Also since technology continues to change, which is an advantage and disadvantage as it adds more features but requires the hotel to change the whole system.

What are some of the challenges facing lodging and food service operators with regard to fire safety? How can an operator deal with these challenges?

Some of the challenges facing operators are complacency, a false sense of security, and a lack of managerial attention to fire issues. To deal with these challenges, management needs to know what to do, how to convey this information to the staff and to ensure that policies and procedures are followed.

_________ - a measure of the current flow in an electrical system. One ampere represents 6.251 x 10 ^ 18 electrons per second passing through a cross section of the conductor

Ampere

___________________ - a system that increases the air pressure in stairwells, thereby keeping the stairwells relatively smoke-free during a fire

Stairwell pressurization system

Key Control

Central to security for hotels is key control Whether mechanical or electronic locks are used, the need for key control is essentially the same; mechanical systems rely more on continuous management involvement, while electronic systems embody a large amount of key control within the system itself The Five R's of key control are: Rationale Records Retrieval Rotation Replacement

________________ - the efficiency factor that combines the luminaire efficiency with the room characteristics and the light distribution in the room

Coefficient of utilization

________________ - a light source's ability to provide a perceived color similar to that which results from sunlight

Color rendition

______________ - a machine that uses rollers to iron linens, giving them a crisp, finished look. Some ironers also fold and stack linens

Flatwork ironer

Fluorescent Lamps

Fluorescent lamps are the most common type of electric discharge lamp Fluorescent lamps are characterized by a longer lifetime (7,000 to 20,000 hours) and a higher efficiency (40 to 100 lumens per watt) than those of incandescent lamps Fluorescent lamps put out less heat than incandescent lamps The development of compact fluorescent lamps has greatly expanded the potential applications for fluorescent lamps Generally, the color rendition of fluorescent lamps is poorer than that of incandescent lamps Fluorescent lamps have been developed to produce a warmer light; they come in a variety of "whites" Fluorescent lamp life decreases as the average number of burning hours per start decreases; however, fluorescent lamps should be turned off when not needed, not left on Operation of fluorescent lamps (and their ballasts) in locations in and around the building that are warmer or colder than the lamps' recommended operating range can cause problems

______________ - a machine that folds laundry. Folders range from simple devices that help employees fold laundry manually to huge rectangular machines that fold laundry automatically, taking linens fed into them manually or directly from the ironer

Folder

________________ - a measurement of illumination. One foot-candle denotes a light intensity of one lumen per square foot

Foot-candle

___________________ - a device that reacts to the absolute temperature in a location, to a change in temperature of a space, or to a combination of the two. Likely to be used where smoke detectors function poorly, such as in dusty locations

Heat detector

________ refers to the rate at which an alternating current power supply alternates the direction of the current flow

Frequency

_________ - with regard to electricity, the rate at which an alternating current power supply alternates the direction of the current flow. Measured in hertz, or cycles per second

Frequency

Safety in guest bath

Hot water temps Set water no higher than 120 F Separate water systems suppling commercial facilities, guestrooms, and locker rooms from those supplying kitchens and laundries Slip resistance Resistance can decrease over time Electrical shock Proper construction Location/installation of grab bars Safety glazed glass Tempered glass stall doors

What actions might help reduce employee injuries?

Hotels need to implement programs of loss prevention, restrict duty programs, establish a safety committee, implement safety programs, and place either an individual or a safety committee in charge of safety.

Fire detection

Human observation Heat detectors React to absolute temperature in a location, to a change in the temp of a space, or to a combination of the two Smoke detectors Photoelectric detectors • Triggered when smoke particles either scatter or obscure light Ionization detectors • Contain small amount of radioactive material that establishes a flow of ionized air between charged electrodes in the conductor Addressable systems • Device has a unique address that indicates its exact location Sprinkler activation detectors

__________ - a particularly sensitive circuit breaker designed to protect people from electrical shocks, usually used in areas where water may be found

Ground fault circuit interrupter

Guest Room Par Stock of Linens

Guest Room Par Stock Formula is the number of terry + linen + pillowcases needed to supply every guest room with clean linen every day. When establishing pars, the following must be taken into consideration: Number of multiple bedded rooms Number of single bedded rooms Average percentage of double occupancy Restaurant seating and turns Banquet business percentage for hotel Laundry capabilities Par stocks for items not replaced daily, such as pillow covers, bed pads, blankets, spreads and shower curtains, should be adjusted based upon usage. Typically, the minimum standard is 3-par for most guest room linen and terry. Wash cloths may be higher due to historically heavy turnover: • Par 1: In use in guest rooms • Par 2: In laundry being processed • Par 3: On the shelf, accessible linen available to rooms personnel

Fire safety

Identify possible causes of fires Strive to reduce/eliminate fires Technology has improved Smoke detectors/sprinkler heads Require maintenance Fire safety program involves fire prevention, detection, notification, control, suppression, and evacuation Fire protection equipment must be able to operate during a power outage During reno, consider the relative flammability and smoke development potential of the new materials Consider where to store the new furniture, carpet and other combustible items

Low-Pressure Sodium Lamps

Low-pressure sodium lamps are highly efficient light sources, with efficiencies in excess of 150 lumens per watt possible Low-pressure sodium lamps have lifetimes of up to 18,000 hours and a high lumen maintenance These lamps produce a very yellow light, so their color-rendering characteristics are generally poor Low-pressure sodium lamps are primarily used for parking lots and security lighting such as after-hours lighting in restaurants

________________ - the most commonly used unit of light

Lumen

________________ - a measure of a lamp's tendency to decrease its light output over time

Lumen depreciation

________________ - a lighting appliance that consists of a lamp, lamp socket, ballast, reflective material, lenses or louvers, and a housing. Also called a fixture

Luminaire

Cleaning Luminaires and Lamps

Luminaires and lamps must be kept clean in order to deliver their designed light levels Regularly replacing filters in the building's air-handling units will help keep luminaires and lamps clean In many locations, luminaires and lamps are on a semi-annual cleaning schedule; more frequent cleaning may be required in dustier/dirtier areas To prevent them from attracting dirt, plastic luminaires should be de-staticized when they are cleaned; they should be air-dried Employees should wear clean gloves when handling clean luminaires; otherwise, oil from their hands will leave marks and destroy the de-staticization there

Luminaires

Luminaires, also known as fixtures, consist of the following components: Lamps Lamp sockets Ballasts (for electric discharge lamps) Reflective material Lenses or louvers Housing The main function of a luminaire is to deliver the light produced by the lamp(s) to a space or surface in a way that is visually appealing and comfortable for people Luminaires are used for direct lighting, indirect lighting, spot or accent lighting, flood lighting, and task lighting Lamps must be correctly matched to luminaires for optimal and safe operation The degree to which the luminaire achieves a glare-free delivery of light is measured by the visual comfort probability (VCP) rating of the luminaire; VCP values range from 0 to 100 The overall efficiency of a luminaire is called the coefficient of utilization All luminaires have basic maintenance requirements—they must be cleaned, replacement items must be stocked, and repairs must be made

________________ - metric system measurement of illumination. One lux denotes a light intensity of one lumen per square meter

Lux

________________ - a measure of how effective the light source is in converting electricity to lumens. Expressed in lumens per watt

Efficacy

How do incandescent lamps, electric discharge lamps, and LED lamps produce light?

They generate light by passing an electric arc through a space filled with a special mixture of gases.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of incandescent lamps?

The disadvantages of incandescent lamps are relatively short lifetimes and relatively poor efficiencies, they contribute a large amount of heat to a building causing relatively high operating costs. The advantages are the higher the wattage the more efficiently the map operates.

Tungsten Halogen Incandescent Lamps

Tungsten halogen lamps are incandescent lamps that produce a slightly whiter light and have a longer lamp life (3,000 hours) than standard incandescent lamps These lamps are used as longer-life replacements for standard incandescent lamps as well as for special applications

______________ - in effect, a series of interconnected washers in which each bath, or cycle, is kept in a different cylinder and laundry is moved from one cylinder to the next

Tunnel washers

What are some ways lighting systems can conserve energy?

Ways that lighting systems can conserve energy are turning off lights when not being used, reducing lighting in over lit spaces, controlling the operating hours of lights

________________ - radiated energy that can be seen by the human eye

Visible light

__________ - a measure of the electrical potential of an electrical system. Electricity flows between two points of different electrical potential. Comparable to pressure in a water system

Voltage

______________ - sometimes called conventional washers, these free-standing units are used to both clean laundry and then extract water from it in preparation for transfer to dryers

Washer-extractors

Checking the Bill for Errors

The maintenance department should get a copy of the electric bill to review The bill's information should be recorded in an energy consumption log The meter readings taken by the utility company should be compared to the readings taken by maintenance personnel Utility bills should always be checked for errors Billing errors are so common that some independent contractors offer to monitor and check bills, often simply for a percentage of the savings they find

What considering the life cycle cost of a lighting system, what are the major costs that should be considered?

The major costs that should be considered are labor to replace the lamps, energy to operate the lamps, and the cost of lamp disposal.

Dryers

o Dryers are machines that dry linen by tumbling it in a basket exposed to circulating hot air; the heat is usually generated by gas (most economical) or steam (less often by propane or electricity) o Dryer capacities range from 25 to 400 pounds o Most dryers have computerized control systems o Dryers dry linen according to the computer program set up for that linen o Many dryers go through a cool-down or anti-wrinkle cycle after the drying cycle, so that wrinkles are not set into no-iron and other fabrics o Gas dryers may have an ignition system rather than a pilot light, to save energy o Some dryers have extra insulation, a "heat reclaimer package," and/or a tilted basket to save energy o Dryers include signal lights indicating dryer operation and no-snag baskets, and may include self-cleaning lint screens, reverse cylinder drives, automatic backdraft dampers, and diagnostic boards

If the voltage supplied by the utility is ...

not appropriate for all uses, the system will include transformers

Retrieval

o "Retrieval" in the key control system refers to all actions taken to retrieve keys from guests who are checking out and from employees when they leave the building o Employees should ask for room keys when guests check out, and drop boxes should be provided for room keys at hotel exit points—these measures are more important for properties using mechanical locks, as electronic locking systems can render plastic key card guestroom keys inoperative once a guest checks out o Employees should not take keys off the premises, mechanical or electronic o Keys needed for a work shift should be signed out at the start of the shift and returned at the end; these keys should be placed in a secure location whether in use or not o Housekeepers should keep keys on their person, not on their carts o Keys should be retrieved from employees who have been terminated o Outside contractors should not be given keys to the building if at all possible

Valet Shop Equipment

o A check-in table with shelves and/or drawers o A marking machine o A final assembly and check-out table with sorting and storage cubicles above the work surface o At least one dry cleaning machine in the 35-45 pound range, or two units with 20-25 pounds of capacity each o A spotting board o A three-piece shirt finishing unit o A utility dry clean finishing bay o A garment finisher o A utility laundry press unit composed of one or two 48-inch tapered and one mushroom hot-head presses o A central vacuum unit o A forced-air finishing board, a shirt folder, and a bagging stand o Hamper carts, garment racks, and at least one basket scale

Managers should be motivated to address safety and security issues by several factors, including

o A sense of moral and ethical responsibility for the welfare of guests and employees o Concern over the cost of losses associated with safety and security problems o Concern over potential legal liability for failure to exercise reasonable care o Corporate policies and procedures that establish standards o Contractual responsibilities related to union contracts o Governmental regulations o Concern for employee welfare, productivity, and retention o Market issues related to safety and security standards expected by guests

Other Laundry Room Equipment

o At least one weighing scale with a platform size of at least 48 × 48 inches o At least one rotary-type air compressor with a minimum motor size of ten horsepower o A refrigerated compressed-air dryer o A barrel or drum truck o A double-tiered uniform storage carousel o Large capacity soiled and clean linen carts o Hamper carts with spring-lift platforms o Open-ended sheet-feeding carts

Laundry Redesign Cost Analysis

o Before managers make the decision to redesign an on-premises laundry, all of the laundry's direct and indirect operating costs should be analyzed and compared to the cost of outsourcing the laundry function o Managers should not only know the total cost of operating the laundry, they should also know the cost per pound and cost per occupied room of processing laundry in-house o Typically, it is less expensive to process linen in-house than to outsource that function o The cost difference between an on-premises laundry and outsourcing will enable managers to determine the return on investment of a laundry redesign o Managers should solicit bids from equipment vendors for replacing all or some of the laundry equipment (and be sure to include the costs associated with equipment removal; new equipment delivery, installation, and startup; and sales tax)

If a hospitality facility qualifies under more than one rate schedule, how should it select from among the available options?

o By looking at which options provide the most savings while not interfering with guest satisfaction.

Questions Managers Should Ask Before Redesigning a Laundry

o Can the flow of linen be changed to avoid last-minute rush jobs? Would a change in the laundry's operating hours solve the problem? o Are linen shortages due to inventory depletion? Is the linen replacement budget adequate to maintain par levels? Is linen being properly inventoried? o If there is an overtime problem, is it due to improper scheduling, inadequate linen, frequent equipment breakdowns, incorrect washing formulas, lack of training, staff not held to production standards, poor laundry management, or all of the above? o If the laundry is running behind, is it because employees are not scheduled correctly? Is more equipment needed? Is linen being washed or dried too long? Is equipment operating at peak efficiency? o Is equipment being properly maintained? o If work space is tight, are laundry operations properly scheduled? Does laundry flow in and out of the laundry area efficiently?

Laundry Transport Equipment

o Carts o Chutes o Automated overhead monorail systems

Carts

o Carts are used to transport linen to the laundry, within the laundry, and to storage areas outside the laundry o There are basic carts, carts with shelves, carts with bars or hangers, and "raising platform" carts o There are open carts, carts with covers, and lockable carts o Other cart options include tow hitches, wheel brakes, special casters, and caster swivel locks o Laundry carts come in various sizes (common sizes carry 100 to 300 pounds of linen) and various colors o Carts range from heavy-duty canvas to one-piece plastic carts with drain holes for easy washing o Carts should not have protrusions that can snag or tear linen o Carts should move easily and be cleaned and sanitized on a regular basis o It's a good idea to designate carts as "clean linen only" and "dirty linen only"

Types of Portable Fire Extinguishers

o Class A: designed for fires in ordinary combustible materials such as cloth, wood, rubber, paper, and many plastics o Class B: designed for fires involving flammable liquids, such as grease, gasoline, oil, and oil-based paints o Class C: designed for fires involving appliances, tools, or other electrically energized or plugged-in equipment o Class D: designed for fires involving flammable metals o Class K: designed for fires involving vegetable oils, animal oils, or fats in cooking appliances

What is the purpose of the national electrical code?

o Codes established by local governments are patterned after the NEC and developed by the National Fire Protection Association for the purpose of setting minimum standards with regard to safety o To reduce electrical fires

What are some safety considerations designers must keep in mind when designing a lighting system?

o Compliance with safety codes o Plastic fixtures should be made of plastic materials that are slow burning or self-extinguishing and have low smoke-density ratings and low heat distortion o Fixtures should be installed according to manufacturer's recommendations

Key Elements of Safety Programs

o Compose and communicate to all employees a written safety policy o Solicit and use the input of line employees on safety issues o Conduct regular safety inspections of the property o Set realistic accident-reduction goals, closely monitor progress, and reward reductions o Require accountability for accident reduction o Offer a modified or transitional duty program in order to return injured employees to work sooner o Create safety awareness through signs, contests, etc. o Train, retrain, and then train some more o Establish specific safety-oriented behaviors as a performance consideration for management

Some key element of safety programs that have helped reduce employee injuries include

o Composing and communicating to all employees a written policy relating the organization's commitment to safety and what it expects of its employees o Soliciting and using the input of line employees on safety matters o Conducting regular safety inspections of the property o Setting realistic goals for accident reduction, closely monitoring progress and rewarding reductions o Requiring accountability for accident reduction o Offering a modified duty program in order to return injured employees to work sooner o Creating a heightened sense of safety awareness through signs, contests, rewards and health fairs o Training, retraining o Establishing specific safety oriented behaviors as a performance consideration for management

What is the difference between a demand charge and an energy charge? Why is it important to know the difference?

o Demand Charge: That part of a utility bill based on the highest rate of energy use, measured in kilowatts. Also called a Capacity Charge. o Energy Charge: That part of a utility bill based on the amount of energy used, measured in kilowatt-hours. Also called a Consumption Charge. o Knowing the difference can help operations know when to start up or operate some pieces of equipment, to reduce energy bills.

Auxiliary Activities

o Design standards typically call for an allocation of 100 square feet for the laundry manager's office o Separate rooms of 100 and 80 square feet, respectively, are specified for chemical storage and air compressors o If the laundry will have dedicated water and/or steam systems, a separate room of 400-800 square feet will be required o Space must be allocated if a hotel wants to install laundry water or heat conservation and recovery systems

Evacuation plans

o Designation of staff members to supervise the movement of guests down exist stairwells, out exit stairs, and to prearrange locations for assembly o Designation of locations of assembly of hotel staff outside of the building o Preparation of lists of registered guests and their room numbers, as well as on-duty staff in case there is a need to account for all building occupants o Designation of staff members to ensure that special needs guests o Instructions for the securing of cash and other variables

Dryers

o Dry linen by tumbling it in a basket exposed to circulating hot air o Heat is generated by gas, propone in areas without access to natural gas, or steam o Dryer capacities range from 25-400 pounds o Today's dryers More types of fabrics Saving energy is a greater concern Managers seek simpler machines to reduce energy, training and labor costs

Hotels can

o Rent linens from commercial linen and uniform rental companies o Buy their own linens and use a commercial laundry for processing services o Buy their own linens and send them to a centralized laundry run by the hotel chain or some other group of affiliated hotels for processing linen and uniforms o Buy their own linens and use their own on-premises laundry for processing o Use a combination of these options

Contracts for telecom maintenance should address the following items

o Response times o New vs used parts o Used of certifies technicians o Use of subcontractors o Limitations on liability o Support of guestroom phones o Support of telecom services

Rotation

o Rotation involves moving locks from room to room to maintain security; rotation is used for mechanical locks, as electronic locks can be "rotated" automatically o Properties still using mechanical locks for guestrooms rotate these locks periodically (every six months or annually is typical), or when a given number of guestroom keys have been lost o Rotation is also a good practice whenever it appears that guestroom security has been compromised

Laundry Design

o To run smoothly a laundry needs to be well-designed and have the right equipment, properly installed o Many hotels have their on-premises laundries designed by outside contractors

Signs that laundry is inefficiency

o Too many last minute rush jobs o Persistent linen shortages o Excessive overtime o Laundry never seems to catch up o Work space is tight o Can the flow of linen be changed to avoid last minute rush jobs o Linen shortages o Overtime problems o Laundry running behind o Laundry cannot process in timely manner

Signs that a Laundry May Need to Be Redesigned

o Too many last-minute rush jobs o Persistent linen shortages o Excessive overtime o The laundry never seems to catch up o Work space is tight

Tunnel Washers

o Tunnel washers are made up of a series of interconnected chambers, each chamber capable of holding 100 to 150 pounds of linen o A tunnel washer separates the laundry "baths" into separate chambers or cylinders o Computerized tunnel washers keep track of each batch of linen as it moved through the tunnel washer o There are two types of tunnel washers: top-transfer machines and bottom-transfer machines o Top-transfer machines lift the laundry out of the water and drain it before transferring it to the next bath; bottom-transfer machines transfer both the laundry and the water along the bottom of the washer o Top-transfer machines produce cleaner laundry o It takes fewer employees to operate tunnel washers o Tunnel washers can save energy and water; laundry is processed faster and comes out steadily in small batches, making for a steady, more manageable workload

What are the potential advantages and disadvantages to a hospitality operation of owning its own transformer?

o Utility ownership saves the operation the cost of the transformer and the energy it consumes and relieves the operation of the responsibility for its maintenance. o The business owning its own main service transformer usually pays a lower utility rate.

Electrical systems consist of a ...

source, a distribution system, and control devices connected to various pieces of equipment

The number of phases refers to ...

the number of energized or hot wires in the electrical supply

The ampere capability of the service refers ...

to the maximum current flow for the system

The differences between a washer-extractor and a tunnel washer:

• Washer-extractor: are conventional washers that clean laundry and extract water all in one cylinder. • Tunnel-washers: is a continuous washer which keeps each bath in a different cylinder and moves the laundry from cylinder to the next. The benefit of tunnel washers are they require less labor, because they're connected to extractors and conveyors can automatically move the laundry from the extractor to the dryers.

Tunnel washers

Range in size from 5 chambers to 12 chambers Also called batch washers or continuous batch washers Have characteristics that make them different from conventional washer extractors Two types • Top transfer machines Lift laundry out of the water and drain it before transferring it to the next bath • Bottom transfer machines Transfer both laundry and water along bottom of the waster

What are the purposes of a fire notification system? How might this system differ from property to property? What elements of the system will depend on the types of guests that typically visit the operation?

A fire notification system informs guests and employees not only about an existing fire but also about the procedures to follow. Local fire codes will dictate minimum standards. Different properties would have signs in international languages to accommodate those guests. To accommodate different types of guests, visual signaling devices are required, visual devices in rooms to alert hearing impaired guests, and install system connected guestroom detectors that are monitored by the man fire alarm panel.

What is group relamping?

A group relamping advocates suggest that wholesale replacement of all the lamps in the lighting system after some prescribed number of operating hours will result in significantly reduced lamp replacement costs.

Incandescent Lamps

An incandescent lamp consists of a filament inside a sealed glass bulb; electric current passing through the filament heats it to incandescence, producing light An incandescent lamp is usually etched or coated to diffuse the light produced by the filament Incandescent lamps are characterized by relatively short lifetimes (2,000 hours or less) and relatively poor efficiencies The efficacy for incandescent lamps is 15 to 20 lumens per watt Incandescent lamps are capable of instant starting and restarting, are low in cost, and are readily dimmed; their light is "warm" (high in reds and yellows); color rendition is good Incandescent lamps contribute a large amount of heat to a building and have relatively high operating costs The higher the wattage of an incandescent lamp, the more efficiently the lamp operates The use of incandescent lamps is being gradually phased out in favor of more energy-efficient lamps Types of Incandescent Lamps Conventional Rough or vibration Tungsten halogen Reflector

________________ - a piece of equipment that controls the starting and operation of electric discharge lamps and acts as a small transformer in the lighting circuit

Ballast

______________ - a tunnel washer that moves the laundry and the waster along the bottom of the washer

Bottom transfer machine

Laundry equipment

Carts Basic carts, carts with shelves, carts with bars, raising platform carts, open carts, carts with covers, lockable carts Chutes Usually located on each floor of hotel inside housekeeping storage area Kept locked to reduce risk of pranks, arson Automated overhead monorail systems

______________ - a washer cycle in which cold water is slowly injected into the wash to prevent blended no iron fabrics from going into the thermal shock that causes wrinkles

Cool down cycle

Telecom Maintenance Contracts

Contracts for telecom maintenance should address the following items: Response times New versus used parts Use of certified technicians Use of subcontractors Limitations on liability Support of guestroom phones Support of telecom services

Choosing the Best Rate Schedule

Deciding on a tariff or rate for electric service can be a somewhat confusing decision; there are often a number of options available Some hospitality companies hire firms to identify the most advantageous electric rate for them and to audit their utility bills for errors Knowledge of a utility company's rate schedule, coupled with an automated building control system, can help managers create opportunities for significant electricity savings

_________ - that part of a utility bill based on the heist rate of energy use, measured in kilowatts. Also called a capacity charge

Demand charge

______________ - a machine that dries laundry by tumbling it in a basket exposed to hot air

Dryer

________________ - a lamp that generates light by passing an electric arc through a space filled with a specially formulated mixture of gases. Types of electric discharge lamps include fluorescent, mercury vapor, metal halide, and high and low pressure sodium

Electric discharge lamp

Electric Discharge Lamps

Electric discharge lamps generate light by passing an electric arc through a space filled with a special mixture of gases Unlike incandescent lamps, electric discharge lamps cannot be operated directly from a power supply; they require a ballast that controls their starting and operation and acts as a current-limiting device 10 to 15 percent of the energy used by an electric discharge lighting system is consumed in the ballast and given off as heat Ballasts are rated by their operating temperature, type of overheating protection, and noise level Recent trends in ballast design have included the development of electronic ballasts that consume up to 25 percent less energy than standard ballasts and can provide a dimming capability Types of Electric Discharge Lamps Fluorescent Mercury vapor Metal halide High-pressure sodium Low-pressure sodium

Electrical Systems

Electrical systems consist of a source, a distribution system, and control devices connected to various pieces of equipment Some hospitality businesses produce their own power; internationally, the term "combined heat and power" (CHP) is used to describe one source of on-site power production; in the United States, the term "cogeneration" is also used; this describes a system in which electrical power and usable thermal output are produced Most hospitality operations have their electricity delivered by a local utility; the utility is responsible for providing power at a correct voltage and frequency The utility provides power through an electric meter that measures the rate and amount of power consumed; this information is used to generate the electric bill

________ is the most costly and widely used energy source within the hospitality industry

Electricity

Electronic Equipment

Electronic equipment can be sensitive to electric supply quality problems such as voltage transients, voltage sags and surges, momentary power loss, electrical noise, and harmonic distortion There are various solutions to electric supply quality problems: Wiring-intensive solutions—wiring upgrades, grounding/bonding upgrades, isolation of equipment loads Equipment-intensive solutions—surge-suppression equipment, voltage regulators, isolation transformers, battery backup units The cost-effectiveness of any particular solution is dependent on how likely the problem is to occur and the cost of the problem; many operations find that some form of protective equipment is warranted due to the large losses of time and money that can result from problems with electronic equipment

Emergency Power Systems

Emergency power systems provide power during temporary interruptions of the building's regular electrical supply Emergency power supplies and equipment include such items as generators and batteries to provide lighting, and uninterruptible power supplies for computer systems The National Electrical Code provides for specific types of businesses in which emergency power is required and the types of loads that must be connected to this power; emergency systems are generally required in all types of hospitality businesses Items typically required to be connected to an emergency power system are artificial illumination, fire detection and alarm systems, fire pumps, and public safety communications systems Battery backup units may be either standby power supply units or uninterruptible power supply units Emergency power may be provided by batteries alone in small buildings; in larger buildings, emergency generators powered by engines (typically diesel) are used Code requirements usually stipulate that hotels have enough fuel on hand for their emergency generators to provide two hours of full-load operation; generators will be of limited usefulness during long power outages unless provision is made for extended operation While it is not required by code, many operations install an uninterruptible power supply on key pieces of computer equipment Some hotels operate their emergency generators during peak electrical demand periods in order to reduce the peak power demand of the hotel and save money on their electric bill

___________________ - a system integrating some sort of warning alarm with a pre-recorded or live message providing guests with info about proper procedures in case of fire

Emergency voice alarm communication system

__________ - that part of a utility bill based on the amount of energy used, measured in kilowatt-hours. Also called a consumption charge

Energy charge

Valet (Garment Shop)

Except for hotels that do not perform the valet function or in certain rare cases where the valet task is extraordinarily large, an allocation of 800-850 square feet of space is usually set aside for this function

Evacuation Plans

Evacuation plans should be developed that include the following: Designation of staff members to supervise the movement of guests out of the building Designation of locations of assembly for hotel staff outside the building Preparation of lists of registered guests and their room numbers, as well as on-duty staff Designation of staff members to ensure that special-needs guests receive information and special care as needed Designation of individuals to meet fire department personnel and provide them with assistance/information Instructions for the securing of cash and other valuables

______________ - a machine that extracts water from laundered fabrics, usually by spinning the laundry in a basket, though very large extractors may press the water out. Extractors cut down on drying time and costs

Exactor

Energy Conservation Opportunities

For lighting systems, the two primary conservation opportunities are (1) the use of more efficient lighting sources, and (2) the control of operating hours Replacing incandescent lamps with fluorescent or LED lamps is an energy conservation opportunity The simplest way to control operating hours is to turn off lights that are not needed Microprocessors can be used to turn lights on and off on a predetermined schedule Photocell control for exterior lighting is highly recommended The use of ultrasonic sensors, infrared sensors, or twist timers may be appropriate in some spaces Occupancy sensor controls in corridor and stairwell lighting can save energy

Uniform Storage and Issue

For properties that provide uniforms to employees and process them in the on-premises laundry, a separate room is ideal for the installation of a uniform storage carousel, an issue counter, and sewing/tailoring stations

Fuses and Circuit Breakers

Fuses and circuit breakers are designed to break down; they do so to interrupt the electrical supply when a current flow in excess of safe levels is detected A fuse failure indicates either an existing safety problem due to a short circuit or a potential safety problem due to wire overloading Some fuses have a replaceable element and reusable fuse body; others are completely disposable Fuses may be screw-in plugs or cylindrical cartridges with either cylindrical ends or blade ends When fuses are replaced, care should be taken to replace them with units of the correct amperage and type Circuit breakers when "tripped" may be simply reset (unlike fuses that must be replaced); to reset them, they are simply turned off and then back on One type of circuit breaker is the ground fault circuit interrupter (GFCI); GFCIs are installed where electricity and water may both be found (bathrooms, swimming pools, spas, etc.); they are designed to protect people Fuses and circuit breakers should never be replaced with items of a larger capacity unless an analysis reveals that the wiring and other system elements are capable of handling the larger load The burning out of fuses or tripping of circuit breakers should not be ignored; these are signs that there is a potential problem with the electrical system that should be investigated Fuse and breaker boxes should be kept locked

________________ - a lamp requiring a ballast that generates light by passing an electric arc through a space filled with a specially formulated mixture of gases. HID lamps are types of electric discharge lamps that are characterized by high lumens per watt and long strike and restrike times

High-intensity discharge lamp

High-Pressure Sodium Lamps

High-pressure sodium lamps are highly efficient (85 to 140 lumens per watt), have a long life (16,000 to 24,000 hours), and a high lumen maintenance over their lifetimes Strike times are three to four minutes, with a relatively short restrike time of about one minute Color rendition is poor High-pressure sodium lamps are typically used to light parking lots and garages, building exteriors, and entry areas These lamps can be used indoors if color-corrected lamps are selected or they are mixed with other light sources that together produce an appropriate color rendition

________________ - light that is incident on a surface

Illumination

Kilowatt-Hour Meter with a Kilowatt Demand Meter

In a combination meter, the row of dials on the meter face marked "kilowatt-hours) are read the same way as the dials on a kilowatt-hour meter There are many types of demand meters that are included along with the kilowatt-hours meter, and each is read in a different way The different types of demand meters are: Maximum demand Demand dials Cumulative demand register Recording demand meters

Electrical System Components

In addition to transformers and feeders, other components of an electrical system are: Fuses and circuit breakers Distribution panels and wiring Electric motors, controls, and drive elements Electronic equipment Emergency power systems Electrical maintenance equipment

________________ - a lamp that consists of a filament inside a sealed glass bulb. Current passing through the filament heats it to incandescence, producing light

Incandescent lamp

Lamp Characteristics

Incandescent, electric discharge, and LED lamps have different life expectancies; incandescent lamps must be replaced much more often When replacing fluorescent and LED lamps, care must be taken to maintain the desired color rendition All lamps suffer from lumen depreciation—the tendency for lamps to decrease their light output over time; because of this, it may be desirable to replace lamps before they fail entirely Incandescent and fluorescent lamps that are turned on and off frequently will have greatly reduced lifetimes If a lamp is supplied electricity at a voltage higher than its rated capacity, the lamp's lifetime will be reduced; if the voltage is lower, the lamp's lifetime will be increased

System and Equipment Maintenance

Keeping electrical equipment from breaking down is important, since this equipment is critical to the ability to occupy the building For an effective electrical maintenance program, managers need: A current set of plans for the building's electrical system Good knowledge of electrical practices and the building's electrical system by maintenance personnel and others Good housekeeping practices in areas containing electrical equipment Knowledge of and adherence to proper safety procedures Incorporation of electrical maintenance procedures into the facility's preventive maintenance program Vital to the maintenance of the electrical system and equipment are electrical plans and training for workers in operating and safety procedures

___________________ - the coordinated effort to establish and maintain the security of a property's locking systems

Key control

Two Basic Types of Electric Utility Meters

Kilowatt-hour meter Kilowatt-hour meter with kilowatt demand meter

Kilowatt-Hour Meter

Kilowatt-hour meters are used to determine the number of kilowatt-hours of electricity used On a kilowatt-hour meter, the meter dials are read in sequence from left to right; the number recorded for each dial should be the lower of the two numbers that the hand is between

Lamp Replacement Policies

Lamps may be replaced as they burn out or under a group relamping system Group relamping involves replacing all of the lamps in the lighting system (or a portion of the system) after some prescribed number of operating hours Group relamping can save on labor costs, and per-lamp costs if lamps are purchased in sufficient bulk quantities Group relamping is particularly appropriate in any area that requires a significant number of labor hours simply to gain access to the lamps or where special equipment is required Labor costs for lamp replacement can vary considerably, depending on the length of time required to replace the lamp and the wages of the individual doing the work

Lighting System Maintenance

Lamps must operate at the proper voltage Fluorescent lamps will not operate properly if placed in operating-temperature environments they are not rated for Fluorescent lamps must also be paired with the proper ballasts The requirements for lighting system maintenance depend on what types of lamps are used, their locations, and the purpose served by the lighting The two major lighting system maintenance activities are (1) cleaning luminaires and lamps, and (2) replacing lamps

How does the type of lamps used at a property affect lamp replacement?

Lamps that affect maintenance needs are the average burning time of the lamp and voltage of the electrical supply to the lamp ad also having consideration when replacing fluorescent lamps that have markedly different color rendition which may result in a mottled lighting effect on interior design that can be disastrous.

Light-Emitting Diode Lamps

Light-emitting diode lamps, or LEDs, are semi-conductor devices that produce visible light when an electrical current is passed through them LEDs are a type of solid-state lighting LEDs can be more efficient, durable, versatile, and longer-lasting than incandescent or fluorescent lighting Common LED colors include amber, red, green, and blue; to get white LED light, lamp manufacturers place red, blue, and green diodes in close proximity in order to create white light, or the lamp is covered with a phosphor material that shifts the color of the light into the white spectrum LEDs are widely used as signal lights and indicator lights; they are now being incorporated into bulbs and fixtures for general lighting applications LEDs are small and provide unique design opportunities The product lifetime for an LED lamp is set based on a prediction of when the LED's light output will have decreased by 30 percent The heat produced by LEDs must be drawn away, usually by employing a heat sink—a passive device that absorbs the heat and dissipates it into the surrounding environment Thermal management is probably the single most important factor in the successful performance of an LED product

Lighting Systems

Lighting system design is an important element of the overall design of any hospitality facility Interior and exterior lighting are crucial design components that: Help attract guests and make them comfortable Communicate the facility's marketing concept Establish an atmosphere Highlight artwork or interior features Improve employee productivity Lighting can also substantially affect safety and energy costs, both directly and indirectly

On-Premises Laundries for Hotels

Most lodging properties in the United States operate an on-premises laundry; in contrast, lodging properties in Europe usually have their linen processed by outside contractors Some U.S. hotel chains operate regional laundry facilities Advantages to operating an on-premises laundry: More control over linen quality, service, and costs Lower linen par levels are required Linen life is extended The quality of finished linen is often higher

Electrical Maintenance Equipment

Multimeters Wall receptacle analyzers Fuse pullers for cartridge fuses Rubber boots and gloves Insulated ladders Hydrometers Cable fault locators Transformer oil test kits Vibration analyzers Infrared (IR) scanning guns

What are some of the principles of laundry design and equipment selection?

Must be organized to run smoothly, and properly installed, Cost per pound and cost per occupied room of in house laundry considered, equipment selected to provide sustainable capacity equal to 115 percent of average expected weekly workload

________________ - sunlight

Natural light

Natural Light

Natural light, or sunlight, is by far the most common and least expensive light source Natural light's contribution to meeting a building's overall lighting needs is potentially great Natural light has drawbacks, too: it can create substantial solar heat gain, be a source of glare and distraction, and contribute to the fading and physical deterioration of fabrics Using natural light for interior hotel and restaurant lighting is generally appreciated by guests and employees Lighting system designers must consider a lot of variables to make natural light pleasing—types of window glass, whether or to what extent to use window treatments, how reflective the surfaces are in the space being lit, the nature of the view outside (when applicable), and others

Distribution Panels and Wiring

Next to the fuses and breaker boxes are the distribution panels and wiring that distribute electricity to the building and its equipment Preventive maintenance activities should be carried out to check for loose connections, overloaded wires, and so on Some old hotels may have aluminum electrical cables rather then the more common copper cables; aluminum cables can cause connections to loosen and overheat, so properties with aluminum wire need to enforce a regular maintenance schedule to ensure tight connections

___________ - with regard to electrical service, the number of energized wires in the electrical supply. Almost always either single-phase or three-phase

Phase

How do physical facilities and managerial practices combine to create a high level of security? How can facility design help to prevent crime?

Physical facilities can inhibit entry to those not granted hotel access. Mangers can institute procedures to ensure guest privacy, keep records of security decisions, train employees to recognize and deal with security issues, and enhance security of the property. Facility design can prevent crime by making sure that guestroom are equip to make emergency calls, have doors that self-close and lock automatically, installing deadbolt locks on both sides of connecting doors, and ensuring windows and sliding glass doors are locked.

Conceptual diagram of electrical systems

Power sources power distribution systems equipment control devices equipment

___________ - a utility billing structure that bases the demand charge on the highest demand over a given period extending beyond the current billing period

Ratchet clause

Reflector Incandescent Lamps

Reflector lamps are incandescent lamps that contain a reflector coating to give the lamps a more directed light output Reflector incandescent lamps are also called spot or flood lamps When using these lamps, care is needed because of their high operating temperatures

Rough or Vibration Incandescent Lamps

Rough or vibration incandescent lamps are built to withstand rough handling and vibration

What steps can be taken to reduce the chance that guests and employees will injure themselves in the guest bathroom?

Set guest-use water temperatures lower on the shower and the tap. Hotels should separate hotel water systems supplying facilities, guestrooms, and locker rooms from those serving kitchens and laundries. Hotels also need to use nonslip surfaces in bathtubs, install grab bars in appropriate places, glass should be glazed, slip resistant flooring, and furnish ground fault protection on selected electrical outlets.

Electric Motors, Controls, and Drive Elements

Small electric motors are found in many devices in a hospitality operation; large motors power major pieces of building equipment Electric motors integral to other equipment (e.g., motors in dishwashers) will be included in the equipment's overall maintenance instructions The level of preventive maintenance performed on an electric motor will vary depending on the motor's size and importance to the operation Preventive maintenance includes regular inspections of the motors and cleaning and lubricating them; if a motor has a drive element (belt and pulley, drive chain, or drive coupling), this too should be inspected, and cleaned and lubricated if necessary Electric motor controls are devices that provide an interface between an electric motor and the electrical system; they need periodic attention as well Electric motors can operate for a long time, and over their lifetime can use a large amount of electricity, so purchasing energy-efficient motors should be a high priority for facilities managers

________________ - the time required for an electric discharge lamp to reach full output from a cold start

Strike time

Electric Utility Billing and Building Operations

The electric bill represents the bulk of a property's utility costs; understanding the billing methods of electric utilities and their impact on building operations and operating costs can be very helpful Utilities charge commercial operations such as hotels and restaurants based on two charges: an energy (or consumption) charge and a demand (or capacity) charge The energy charge is based on the amount of electricity used by the customer over the billing period, measured in kilowatt-hours (kwh) The demand charge is based on the customer's highest rate of energy usage, measured in kilowatts (kw) Some utilities have rates that vary according to the time of year or time of day; others have variations that depend on the relationship between the demand level and the energy used; yet others impose a minimum demand charge based on demand during some peak period of the year (called a ratchet clause) In addition to the energy and demand charges, two other charges are usually found on the utility bill: a fuel clause adjustment, and the sales tax

Electric Utility Deregulation

The electric utility system in the United States operated for many decades as a regulated monopoly; starting in the mid-1990s, however, electric utilities began to be deregulated Deregulation has presented managers with another decision to make: which electric company should I choose? Utility deregulation occurs on a state-by-state basis with different (and changing) provisions depending on the electric utility involved With deregulation, the oversight once provided by regulatory agencies has been reduced, and the more-or-less guaranteed fixed return for utilities is gone Deregulation has caused new companies to enter the public utility industry; the desire for profits has led some companies to reduce maintenance activities and system reserve capacities; the result has been more frequent power outages and power-reliability problems Hospitality businesses have responded to deregulation by collecting information and negotiating new electricity purchase agreements

System Design and Operating Standards

The electrical distribution system at the property should be designed and maintained according to all relevant codes and standards In the United States, electrical system codes are established by local governments; generally they are patterned after the National Electrical Code developed by the National Fire Protection Association; codes change over time as new information is discovered and new materials are developed The Occupational Safety and Health Act contains a large number of provisions for electrical safety; major areas of concern include: Design safety standards for electrical systems Safety-related work practices Safety-related maintenance requirements Safety requirements for special equipment OSHA standards should be consulted when property maintenance procedures are developed; OSHA standards outline minimum standards for electrical safety during maintenance

Electrical Plans

The electrical plan and the interior design plan must be closely coordinated to ensure that electrical services are provided at key building locations A building's electrical plans will be quite extensive; a major challenge is to keep them current as modifications are made to the building Updating plans should be thought of as a maintenance activity; it is a mistake to neglect this activity and rely on the memories of personnel who will eventually move on to other jobs or retire, taking important information about the building with them

Light Levels

The light levels needed in a space depends on what activities or tasks are being or will be performed within the space Light levels can be measured with portable light meters The Illuminating Engineering Society lists, for various hotel and restaurant spaces, minimum lighting levels that incorporate a number of task, space, and occupant considerations The design of hotel lighting systems must comply with local and state building codes, which often incorporate model standards developed by engineering and design organizations Lighting standards are presented in a "building area method" and "space-by-space method" Light levels within a given space can be manipulated through the use of dimming controls

Key control

The five R's of key control: Rationale • Criteria used to develop the keying schedule and identify who will have what levels of access Records • Keep info about the status of guestroom keys, the names of room occupants, the names of any others having access to the room Retrieval • All actions to retrieve keys from guests who are checking out and from employees when they leave the building Rotation • Moving locks from room to room to maintain security Replacement • Replacement a part or all of the locking systems will eventually be necessary

Why is a lighting system's design an important element of a building's overall design?

The lighting system's design is an important element of a building's design because they help attract guests and make them comfortable, communicate a concept, establish atmosphere, highlight artwork or interior features, and improve productivity.

What are the various types of electric discharge lamps and their characteristics?

The various types of electrical discharge lamps are fluorescent lamps which have a longer lifetimes and put out less heat, mercury vapor, metal halide, and high and low pressure sodium lamps which operate the same as fluorescent lamps and require ballasts for operation.

Color Rendition

The types of lamps used by a property have a great impact on the appearance of interior surfaces, finishes, and furnishings Restaurants should have lamps in their dining areas that give off a sufficient amount of light in the red and orange frequencies, or foods such as beef and tomatoes will appear dull, dark, and unappetizing The color rendering index (CRI) is used to rate the relative performance of artificial light sources Generally speaking, the higher the CRI value, the truer the colors

Reading Electric Utility Meters

The utility usually sends a meter reader to record the energy and demand values off the property's meter A well-run operation will take its own meter readings, usually once per day or sometimes once per shift; these readings help to detect problems and can be compared to utility company readings There are various types of electric utility meter dials, but the method of reading the meters are the same: quantities of energy consumed are determined by subtracting the beginning meter readings from the end-of-period meter readings; if a multiplier is shown on the dial face, you must multiply the difference between the two readings by the number shown to determine the actual quantity of energy used

Telecommunications Systems

The widespread use of cell phones and personal computers with high-speed Internet connections has significantly reduced the overall revenue and profit that hotels generate from telecommunications For this reason, telecom often does not capture management's attention as it once did, but the telecommunications function has not entirely disappeared Telecommunications systems use equipment within the hotel to provide telecom services to guests and operations; the system must also be able to interface with (1) service providers outside the hotel that provide local and long distance telephone services, and (2) various pieces of equipment within the hotel, such as property management systems Hotels operate private branch exchanges (PBXs) that switch calls between the internal users on lines within the hotel, while all users share a certain number of external lines (trunks) At the present time, most guestroom phones are analog phones; digital phones are coming into use with more capabilities Hotels use call accounting systems to resell telecommunication services to guestrooms, meeting rooms, event spaces, and other guest areas The PBX unit should be connected to an uninterruptible power supply Telecommunications rooms may have unique requirements: electrical equipment often must be located on dedicated electrical circuits, and adequate cooling is necessary Properties must have a support contract with equipment vendors to ensure that the telecommunications system is supported in the event of a failure

______________ - a tunnel washing machine that lifts the laundry out of the water and drains it before transferring it to the next bath

Top-transfer machines

Towel Folders

Towel folders are not usually necessary unless hourly towel and bath mat folding capacity exceeds 400 pounds per hour

_______ - a device that changed the voltage of the electrical supply

Transformer

Safety

When designing their lighting systems, hospitality businesses must comply with local safety codes Plastic fixtures should only be used if the plastic materials are slow-burning or self-extinguishing and have low smoke-density ratings and low heat-distortion temperatures Fixtures should always be installed according to the manufacturer's recommendations, with adequate ventilation and clearance to avoid heat build-up Luminaries should always be used with lamps with the proper (rated) wattage Light sources in locations where the breakage of a lamp could pose health hazards should have either a luminaire with an acrylic diffuser or a tube safety shield around the lamp Insufficient lighting or too much light can cause safety problems For safety reasons, guests and employees should not be confronted with widely varying light levels between adjacent hotel areas Workers may need to wear eye protection and gloves when removing failed lamps Lockout/tagout requirements should be considered when working with lighting systems operating at 277 volts

The voltage of the system is a ...

measure of the electrical potential provided by the utility

Electronic Locks

o Electronic locks perform many elements of key control automatically o The central computer for an electronic locking system maintains records of keys issued o With an electronic locking system, the need to retrieve guestroom keys from departing guests is greatly reduced, since the combination for opening a guestroom's door is changed for each new guest o If a master key is lost, the central computer and individual units can be reprogrammed; the locks themselves to not have to be replaced o Some electronic locks maintain records of the keys used to gain entry to the room; this has cut down on theft and assists in the investigation of those thefts that do occur o Electronic locking systems continue to evolve; some automatically engage the deadbolt when a guestroom door is closed, for example, while others now incorporate "smart card" technology

Fire notification

o Emergency instructions and floor plans o Building horns and alarms o Voice alarms, visual alarms, and communication systems o Single station smoke detectors

Fire Notification

o Emergency instructions and floor plans o Building horns/alarms o Voice alarms o Visual alarms o Communication systems o Single-station detectors

Terrorism and other extraordinary events (extraordinary events include accidental events, intentional events, and natural disasters

o Encourage personnel to be alert to suspicious behavior o Use vehicle barriers to move vehicle traffic farther from the building o Control access to the building o Deploy visible security cameras and security personnel o Be aware of persons who are wearing clothing that is wrong for the weather or visible loose o Regularly train personnel on terrorism presentation

Mitigating the Risk of Terrorist Attacks

o Encourage personnel to be alert to suspicious behavior or unusual activity and report it to management o Use vehicle barriers/bollards or rearrange traffic patterns to move vehicle traffic further from the hotel o Control building access o Deploy visible security cameras/personnel; review surveillance tapes regularly o Be aware of persons unusually dressed o Train personnel regularly on terrorism prevention

What are the advantages of natural light?

o Energy savings o Even distribution of light appears to reveal the "true" colors of objects and surfaces o Positive psychological and physiological effects on people

Laundry Maintenance

o Engineering is responsible for maintaining laundry equipment and keeping the laundry's utility and water costs within limits set by upper management o The laundry manager or supervisor reports to the housekeeping director and makes decisions that have an impact on how much maintenance a laundry needs o A laundry's maintenance needs depend in part on its size and equipment o Maintenance activities are usually not complex, although troubleshooting and repair of today's computerized equipment can become so o For large laundries, some maintenance employees may be assigned virtually full-time to the laundry, or contract maintenance services may be used o A good preventive maintenance program for laundry equipment is a must, since a breakdown can have immediate effects on many aspects of the hotel o A laundry's HVAC system must be properly maintained in addition to the laundry equipment, because of the heat, humidity, and chemicals present in laundries

Equipment Selection for an On-Premises Laundry

o Equipment should be selected to provide an overall sustainable capacity equal to at least 115 percent of the average expected weekly workload o Basic laundry equipment: washer-extractors, ironing system, dryers, towel folders, valet shop equipment, miscellaneous small equipment

Washer extractors

o Extract water from laundered fabrics o Free standing units made of stainless steel used to clean linen and extract water from it to prepare it for drying o Formulas programmed into the machine are developed by chemical technicians who take into account the chemicals required, the typical degree of soiling of the various types of linen, desire water temps, and the condition of the water itself

Extractors

o Extractors extract water from laundered fabrics o Stand-alone extractors are used in laundries with tunnel washers o Many laundries don't need separate extractors, using combination washer-extractors instead

What factors might lead a hospitality property to choose to produce its own power supply?

o Factors that might lead a hospitality property to choose to produce its own power supply are the cogeneration, which refers to usable thermal output and electrical power are produced. o Some facilities have their electricity delivered by a local utility and the building owner provides for some located within larger complex.

Fire control

o Fire and smoke dampers in air handling systems o Smoke sensors in HVAC ductwork o Stairwell pressurization systems o Automatic guestroom door closers o Alarm initiated fire and smoke control door closers

Fire Control Items

o Fire dampers o Smoke dampers o Smoke sensors o Stairwell pressurization systems o Automatic door closers on doors o Walls with minimum fire resistance ratings o Smoke and fire stops

Fire Prevention

o Fire prevention is everyone's job at a property o There are many links between maintenance activities and fire prevention, such as cleaning dryer ductwork regularly, removing lint from filters, locking linen chutes, inspecting electrical systems, and so on o Kitchen areas pose great risks for fire; proper housekeeping practices in the kitchen, regular cleaning of hoods and ductwork, and quick attention to poorly operating kitchen equipment can help prevent a kitchen fire o Trash storage and disposal should be viewed with fire safety in mind; combustible trash should not be stored near the building, and trash and storage areas should be secured o Fire prevention issues must be kept in mind during renovations: interior finishes must be selected with care, and new furniture, carpeting, and other combustibles should be stored carefully; contractor equipment such as cutting torches and fuel tanks can create fire risks

Flatwork Finishers

o Flatwork ironers o Folders

Portable Fire Extinguishers

o Portable fire extinguishers are useful for extinguishing fires in their early stages o To be effective, an extinguisher must be of the correct type and operated properly o The extinguishers in a given area should be appropriate for the type of fire likely to be encountered in that area o All portable extinguishers should be included in the operation's preventive maintenance program

Flatwork Ironers

o Flatwork ironers give linens a crisp, finished look o Flatwork ironers can be heated by gas, propane, steam, or circulating thermal fluid o The capacity of a flatwork ironer is measured by the number, diameter size, and length of each roll o Small units may finish 40 to 100 pounds of laundry per hour; large units can finish up to 1,500 pounds per laundry o Modern flatwork ironers are wide enough to finish tablecloths and king-size bed linens o Some flatwork ironers also automatically fold and stack linens after finishing o Microprocessors on large units monitor temperatures, roll pressure, and production speed o Large-diameter ironers can fully dry linens directly from washer-extractors, eliminating the drying step

Folders

o Folders can be simple devices that function like an extra pair of hands to help an employee fold laundry manually o Folders can be large, rectangular machines that look much like ironers and fold laundry automatically o There are primary folders and cross-folders; some folders combine both functions o Some folders have attachments that stack folded linens on a conveyor belt that moves the stacks to the next laundry station o Automated folders should be cleaned and maintained regularly o Small piece folders, also called towel folders, are typically used in large hotels to fold towels

When is the use of battery backup systems most appropriate? What is the difference between a standby power supply and an uninterruptible power supply?

o For all hospitality operations with the possible exception of very small food service establishments. o Standby Power Supply: The SPS units switch from utility power to backup power when the utility power is interrupted. o Uninterrupted power supply: UPS is always on line. Power from the utility feeds the UPS, which stores this in batteries and supplies the equipment with a "clean" power source using the batteries and electronics that creates AC power.

Systems and equipment maintenance

o For an effective electrical maintenance program, the following are needed A current set of plans for the building's electrical system Good knowledge of electrical practices and the building's electrical system by maintenance personnel Good housekeeping practices in areas containing electrical equipment Knowledge of and adherence to proper safety procedures Incorporation of electrical maintenance procedures into the facility's preventive maintenance program

Kitchen Hood Fire Suppression Systems

o For many years, dry chemical hood systems were commonly used in kitchens o Recent code changes require food service operations to use wet agents in their kitchen hoods; advantages to a wet agent system include easier cleanup and low corrosiveness compared to dry chemical hood systems o Many different types of kitchen hood systems exist o For any kitchen hood system, maintenance staff should make sure that: The hood system is properly connected The nozzle caps are in place to protect nozzles from grease The nozzles are aimed correctly The fusible links are not covered with grease and dirt o When the fire suppression system is activated, it should also shut off the supply of fuel to kitchen equipment o When maintenance work is done on a fire suppression system, the system's capability should not be compromised by inappropriate maintenance work

14 elements of a successful safety and health program

o Hazard recognition, evaluation, and control o Workplace design and engineering o Safety performance management o Regulatory compliance management o Occupational health o Information collection o Employee involvement o Motivation, behavior, attitudes o Training and orientation o Organizational communications o Management and control of external exposures o Environmental management o Workplace planning and staffing o Assessments, audits, and evaluations

Safety Concerns in the Guest Bath

o Hot water temperatures o Slip resistance of bathtubs, showers, and bathroom floor coverings o Electrical shock o Proper bathroom construction

Training in operating and safety procedures

o Hotel staff members should also have a familiarity with the characteristics of the hotel's electrical system and be able to answer guest inquiries as to the basic compatibility of foreign electrical equipment such as shavers, hair dryers, computers, and so on o Staff-caused electrical maintenance needs can be reduced if staff members observe good operating practices, which include the following Keep equipment that uses electricity clean Avoid storage of this equipment in damp/wet locations Etc.

Fire Detection

o Human observation o Heat detectors o Photoelectric smoke detectors o Ionization smoke detectors o Sprinkler systems

System design and operating standards

o In the US, electrical system codes are established by local governments These codes are patterned after the National Electrical Code developed by the National Fire Protection Association Major areas of concern include design safety standards for electrical systems, safety-related work practices, safety related maintenance requirements, and safety requirements for special equipment

Security

o Installing electric locks o Provide guest with info about property security and safe behaviors for guests o Equipping guestrooms with phones to enable guests to. Make emergency calls o Installing guestroom doors that self-close and lock automatically o Installing deadbolt locks on both sides of connecting doors between guestrooms o Ensuring the operable guestroom windows and sliding glass door shave a means of being locked o Security cameras o Safe-deposit box

Security Measures

o Installing electronic locks o Providing guests with information about property security and safe guest behavior o Equipping guestrooms with phones o Installing guestroom doors that self-close and lock automatically, and have deadbolt locks and view ports o Installing deadbolt locks on both sides of connecting doors between guestrooms o Ensuring that sliding glass doors and operable windows have a means of being locked; windows should not open wide enough to allow a person to pass through; managers should consider installing secondary access-restricting devices for sliding glass doors o Installing security cameras o Providing safe-deposit boxes and in-room safes for guests o Training employees to recognize and report suspicious individuals and unsafe conditions

Options Hotels Have for Dealing with Laundry

o Rent linens from commercial linen and uniform rental companies o Buy their own linens and use a commercial laundry for processing services o Buy their own linens and send them to a centralized laundry (either freestanding or in a hotel) run by the hotel chain or some other group of affiliated hotels o Buy their own linens and use their own on-premises laundry for processing o Use a combination of these options

Location and Size Considerations for an On-Premises Laundry

o It is most efficient to expand an on-premises laundry into adjacent space if possible o An on-premises laundry should be located far enough from guestrooms so that guests won't be disturbed o Utilities and drains must be readily available o Laundries should be located on the main floor with an outside wall o If a hotel has a basement, the laundry is usually located there because (1) laundry equipment can be very heavy, and (2) vibrations from the equipment are better absorbed o A laundry room's walls should be durable and moisture-resistant; ceilings should resist moisture and absorb sound—an eight- to ten-foot ceiling is usually sufficient o A cement floor with easily cleanable floor drains and no low spots is ideal o The laundry's size is dependent on: the types and amounts of linen used; the average number of guests per day; the number of restaurants in the hotel; the types and capacities of laundry equipment; whether employees wear uniforms laundered at the hotel

Records

o Key control records involve a number of elements o For guestrooms, effective key control calls for keeping records about the status of guestroom keys, the names of room occupants, and the names of any others having access to the guestroom o Guestroom keys should be given out only to guestroom occupants who can verify their identity o Records should indicate which employees have which keys o Hotels should also maintain records of problems with guestroom and other locks (maintenance and incidents) and of actions taken to enhance security, such as rotating or replacing locks o Information about the number of key blanks and their disposition should be recorded and checked o Records of the lock cores installed in each guestroom should be made o The guestroom number should not be recorded on the guestroom key itself

Chutes

o Laundry chutes are usually located on each floor of a hotel inside the housekeeping storage area o Laundry chutes are a convenient way to get guestroom linen to the laundry room o Laundry chutes should be cleaned regularly to remove lint and dust o Fire detection/suppression equipment in the chute should be checked periodically o Laundry chutes should be kept locked to protect against pranksters or arsonists

Laundry Equipment

o Laundry transport equipment o Washers o Extractors o Dryers o Flatwork finishers o Valet equipment

Artificial light

o Light other than sunlight Incandescent lamps Electric discharge lamps • Fluorescent lamps Light-emitting diode lamps

Lighting system design

o Lighting system design is an important element of the overall design of any hospitality facility. Interior and exterior lighting are crucial design components that Help attract guests and make them comfortable Communicate a concept Establish an atmosphere Highlight artwork or interior features Improve employee productivity o Lighting can substantially affect safety and energy costs, both directly and indirectly o Design factors Light levels Luminaires • Also known as fixtures, consist of the following components o Lamps o Lamp sockets o Ballast o Reflective material o Lenses o Housing Color rendition Safety Emergency lighting o Lighting system maintenance Cleaning luminaires and lamps Replacing lamps

Workload and Operating Schedule

o Managers should determine the average weekly workload and how many days per week the new laundry plant will operate o The laundry manager should carefully measure and record the weights of the goods produced by the hotel's current laundry o The average weekly workload should reflect the hotel's forecast of long-term average annual occupancy (typically 70 to 85 percent) o Managers can multiply the average of the estimated occupied room nights per week by an actual or estimated value of overall linen usage per occupied room night to determine the so-called "weekly design workload" for the new laundry facility o Managers can then determine the number of days (or shifts or hours) that the plant will operate each week in order to produce the average weekly design workload

Washer-Extractors

o Managers should select solid-mount washer-extractors unless the laundry floor is above grade, in which case suspended-mount units must be specified o Four washer-extractors is a typical number for a hotel to have o Open-pocket washer-extractors in the range of 35 to 150 pounds are preferred o At least one small washer-extractor is needed in order to efficiently process small or odd lots of goods o Steam and liquid chemical injection are mandatory options o Solid-mount washer-extractors require an 18- to 20-inch-deep isolated concrete pad, six inches of which should protrude above the adjacent floor surface

Electrical maintenance equipment

o Multimeter o Wall receptacle analyzer o Fuse pullers for cartridge fuses o Rubber boots, gloves and insulated ladders o Hydrometer

10 most common drying mistakes

o Not loading the dryer to full capacity o Allowing laundry to dry too long o Not running the dryer at constant production rates o Taking too long to load or unload machines o Too much heat at end of load o Not enough cool down o Not keeping filters clean enough to allow dryer to operate at optimum o Not maintaining dryer's seal o Not moving laundry to finishing stations quickly o Not keeping accurate production and cost figures for dryer o Utilities usage and conservation Proper hot water temp Tightly fitting door and drain seals and the absence of any leaks in the piping Proper operation of all burner and temperature control components in dryer tumblers A properly ventilated and well-maintained flatwork ioner will increase ironing productivity Properly maintained piping insultation will reduce energy losses due to radiation Elimination of all leaks in the steam, condensate return, water and compressed air piping systems Proper maintenance of all steam straps

Trends Affecting Commercial Laundry Operations

o Outsourcing o "In-sourcing" o RFID tracking of linen and uniform items o Centralized laundry operations o Ozone for bleaching/sanitizing o Water recycling equipment o "Green" initiatives to reduce the volume of linen used in hotels o Recycling

Terrorism

o Over the past dozen years, terrorists have conducted several mass-casualty attacks on "soft targets," including hotels, using vehicle bombs, suicide bombs, and explosives in briefcases o Factors that put hotels at risk for terrorist attacks include location, clientele, and the iconic status of the building itself

5 common fire code violations

o Painted sprinkler heads o Fire extinguishers that do not meet requirements for hazard type o Failures in emergency lighting and exit signs o Alarm systems not tested at required intervals o No inspection paperwork

Safety and the Hospitality Industry

o Safety involves avoiding those causes of injury and damage that we might call accidental—slips and falls, cuts, burns, and other personal injuries, as well as related property damages o Safety issues are important for their impact not only on guests and employees but on profitability as well o Risk management and loss prevention programs are designed to pinpoint major potential risk areas and identify options to reduce either the frequency or the severity of their losses o Establishing a safety committee is a key to a safe workplace; employee involvement is a key to employee buy-in on safety issues o Occupational injuries and lost workdays affect the capability of operating departments to function properly o It is very important to place either an individual or a safety committee in charge of safety o Responsibility for safety and security cannot be delegated to a committee or department; safety and security is the responsibility of all staff members o A method of measuring how staff members are doing with regard to safety must be implemented o Attention to employee safety is legally mandated in the United States under the Occupational Safety and Health Act

Slip Resistance of Bathtubs

o Slippery bathtubs can cause injuries o The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) has defined indices of slipperiness; lodging managers should purchase bathtubs and showers with a nonslip surface per ASTM F462 o The slip resistance rating of a bathtub and shower can decrease over time due to wear and the effects of cleaning chemicals o If bathtubs and showers are resurfaced, managers should specify the required slip resistance as part of the contract; the contractor should be required to submit test results per ASTM F462 on samples of the finished product

Automated Overhead Monorail Systems

o Some large lodging properties have automated overhead monorail systems in their laundry rooms o With a typical system, employees sort laundry items and place them in bags that travel on overhead rails to the washers o Bags of laundry suspended over the washers are opened by employees (or open automatically) so that the linen within drops into the washer (some washers tile backward to make this easier) o If the system is computerized, the computer keeps track of which linen goes where and makes sure the linen is properly processed

Process Machinery

o Space allocation guidelines also stipulate the amount of space required for installation of washing machines, dryers, an ironing system, and an optional towel folder o A properly configured laundry will provide space at each station in the laundering process for the staging of work-in-progress

Fire Suppression Equipment

o Sprinkler systems o Portable fire extinguishers o Kitchen hood fire suppression systems

Sprinkler Systems

o Sprinkler systems are becoming much more prevalent, as their effectiveness becomes better known and as fire codes require them o Wet-pipe sprinklers are commonly found in hospitality operations o Wet-pipe sprinkler systems consist of pipes filled with water, individual temperature-activated sprinkler heads, and a water source with sufficient pressure o Properties with sprinkler systems are required by law to stock a supply of spare sprinkler heads

Fire suppression

o Sprinkles, standpipes, and hose systems, portable extinguishers, and all related equipment (fire pumps, emergency generators, and hoses) o Properties with sprinkler systems are required by code to stock a supply of spare sprinkler heads to replace those damaged or needing replacement after a small fire

Natural light

o Sunlight o Most common/lease expensive light source o Can create substantial solar heat gain, be a source of glare and distraction and contribute to the fading and physical deterioration of fabrics o Psychologically pleasing

Other Extraordinary Events

o Terrorism is just one item in the category referred to by some as "extraordinary events" o Extraordinary events include accidental events (e.g., toxic chemical leaks), intentional events (e.g., war and terrorism), and natural disasters (e.g., hurricanes and floods) o When extraordinary events occur, hotel staff and others face extraordinary challenges o The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers has a publication that provides some guidance for facilities professionals in dealing with extraordinary threats affecting air, water, and food systems o The Caribbean Hotel Association and the Caribbean Tourism Organization have prepared a Hurricane Procedures Manual to assist hotel operators in the Caribbean deal with hurricanes o Given the current political and environmental challenges facing the world today, coping with extraordinary events may, unfortunately, become more ordinary in the years ahead

Fire Safety

o The U.S. lodging industry has had great success in improving the fire safety of hotels and in reducing the number and severity of hotel fires o A greater attention to fire prevention, improved ways to detect a fire and notify/evacuate building occupants, and improved fire suppression systems have all contributed to the better safety record o Even with this vastly improved fire safety record, fires and loss of life still happen, so focusing on fire safety is still important o Improved, more sophisticated fire detection and suppression equipment needs attention and proper maintenance o The federal government requires hotels in which government employees stay to meet minimum fire safety standards o No fire safety program will ever totally eliminate the possibility of a fire; however, a well-conceived and well-managed fire protection program can reduce the frequency and severity of fires o One key fire safety provision is that all fire protection equipment must be able to operate during a power outage

Electrical plans

o The electrical plan of a guestroom provides a good reference for viewing a number of elements of the system o A major challenge is to keep them current as modifications are made to the building

Adjacencies and Workflow

o The garment shop and the uniform storage room should be immediately adjacent to each other o The garment-finishing tunnel should be installed in the garment shop and not in the laundry o The uniform room should be near employee locker rooms, the time clock station, and the employee entrance, with a direct connection to the main corridor o The laundry should be located near the valet shop and uniform room o The laundry should be located adjacent to the main service corridor o The laundry should have a "U" shaped flow o The soiled and clean linen storage spaces should be located immediately inside and adjacent to each of the two principle laundry entrances o The soiled linen scale should be installed just inside the soiled linen entrance (and also near the washer-loading area if possible) o Laundry manager/supervisor offices and/or the chemical storage and air compressor rooms should be located at the top of the laundry's "U" layout and along the main service corridor, with access from both areas

Ironing System

o The ideal ironer will be of the chest-type design and will have a minimum of three rolls at least 32 inches in diameter and at least 130 inches long o Steam heat is preferred; a self-contained gas-heated or thermal-oil-heated ironer is acceptable o Gas-heated cylinder-type ironers do not produce as high a level of linen quality and do not usually provide a similar level of capacity as a steam-heated unit o An automatic sheet spreader/feeder is optional and should not be included unless the flatwork ironing task exceeds 500 pounds per hour o The folder should include four primary lanes, a single cross-folding lane, a multi-lane small-piece accumulator, and at least one large-piece stacker o Managers should make sure that the "eject" side of the folder is on the correct side in terms of the laundry layout

Clean Linen Storage

o The laundry must have adequate space in which to store a suitable supply of clean linen and park delivery carts o One formula for determining how big the clean linen storage area should be for the laundry is: 0.13 square feet × the pounds-per-day of laundry processed o If an optimally sized clean linen space is not possible, managers may have to develop special operating procedures and look for other storage solutions

Other Guest Bath Safety Concerns

o The location and installation of grab bars is also important in bath safety o All wall-mounted grab bars should be installed with adequate blocking to ensure secure anchoring; the Americans with Disabilities Act also contains provisions regarding grab bars o Any glass used in shower stalls and mirrors should be safety glazed; shower stall doors should be of tempered glass o Bathroom floors should have proper slip resistance; managers should ask the manufacturer of flooring materials to submit certified copies of slip resistance test results from independent laboratories o Managers should furnish ground fault protection on selected electrical outlets in the bathroom o If a lodging property provides hair dryers, the fan and coil should be mounted on the wall with a built-in GFCI capability

Building Design, Maintenance, and Safety

o The proper design and maintenance of the physical plant are important contributors to employee and guest safety o Properly maintained and adequately illuminated walkways, stairs, and parking lots reduce the likelihood of falls and related injuries o Slip-resistant flooring and tempered glass help with safety o The Americans with Disabilities Act spells out accommodations that must be made to make the environment safer for people with disabilities o Furniture, fixtures, and equipment are safer when properly maintained o Managers should also pay attention to product recall and defect notices

Rationale

o The rationale of a key control system determines how many keying levels there will be and who gets what keys o Considerations include the physical layout of the building, departmental needs for access, the interaction of these needs with the productivity and staffing of these departments, the needs of guests, and the property's overall security needs o The rationale helps managers develop a coherent keying schedule

Replacement

o The replacement of part or all of a locking system will eventually be necessary o Locks for back-of-the-house areas should be replaced if security has been compromised to the point where rotating the existing locks will not solve the problem o The loss of master keys at hotels still using mechanical locks may trigger the replacement of all the locks in the hotel o Replacement of mechanical locks should be considered when the property is sold, especially when there is a major change in staff o The replacement process for those operations currently using mechanical locks will likely involve the installation of electronic locks o Operations currently using electronic locks will also find that changing technology will probably cause them periodically to consider updating or replacing their systems

Egress Issues

o The role of exit signs and lighting in a fire is very important o Exit signs are almost always included in a fire department inspection o Managers must keep exit signs illuminated and clear of obstruction o Emergency lighting should be properly installed and operational at all times o Systems powered by emergency generators should be checked with the generator under load o Doors and hallways that are dead ends should be clearly marked "NOT AN EXIT" o Changes in exit patterns during renovation work should be noted o Managers should never override the protection devices of fire doors or allow exit passages to be blocked o Fire and smoke control doors should not be held open by anything other than an approved device that will release the door in case of a fire o Exit passages should not be used for storage

Scalding of Guests in Lodging Bathrooms

o The scalding of guests in lodging bathrooms has resulted in injury and even death o This issue occurs primarily in older establishments with outmoded system design and operation o According to one survey, many hotels deliver hot water to guest baths that is hotter than it should be o Guest-use water temperatures should be set no higher than 120°F (49°C) at the source and 110°F (43°C) at the tap o Water systems supplying commercial facilities, guestrooms, and locker rooms should be separated from those supplying kitchens and laundries o Bath and shower valves should be installed that provide pressure and temperature compensation

Washers

o There are two commercial washer types: conventional washer-extractors and tunnel washers o Commercial washer-extractors range in size from 25 to 700 pounds per load; tunnel washers range in size from five chambers to twelve chambers (each chamber accommodating 100 to 150 pounds of linen)

Dryers

o There should be at least one dryer for each size of washer, and each dryer should be sized at least 35 percent larger than the washer o Overall dryer capacity should be determined on the basis of full-drying all terry and other non-ironed goods and pre-conditioning of all flatwork and uniforms o Integral/internal lint filters are preferable to a separate lint filter o Dryers should be ordered with fire suppression systems o Steam heating is preferred for units having a capacity of less than 200 pounds

What are lockout/tagout procedures? Why are they critical to electrical safety?

o This involves locking out of service those circuits to be worked on so that another individual cannot accidentally energize the circuits while someone is working on them. o It reduces the chances of someone getting electrocuted.

Soiled Linen Storage

o To be productive, the laundry must have a consistently ready supply of soiled linen whenever the laundry staff is present o Availability of soiled linen may have an effect on the daily shift starting time or the order in which goods are processed o Typically, the laundry will require storage space for some portion of the daily workload o One formula for determining how big the soiled linen storage area should be for the laundry is: 0.085 square feet x the pounds-per-day of laundry processed

Valet Equipment

o Valet services require many types of equipment o Valet equipment includes body presses, sleeve finishers, collar-yoke-cuff presses, vacuum spotting boards, form finishers, utility presses, mushroom presses, pants toppers, etc. o Presses are heated with steam and come in automatic, semi-automatic, and manual models o Finishing cabinets and tunnels are used to get wrinkles out of no-iron employee uniforms and other garments o Hand irons, water spray guns, and sewing machines are also part of a good valet department

Basic definitions

o Visible light is defined most simply as radiated energy that can be seen by the human eye o When light whines on a surface, some of the colors in the light are absorbed and disappear, while others are transmitted or reflected. The transmitted or reflected light is what gives object their color o Color rendition refers to a light source's ability to provide a perceived color similar to that which results from sunlight o The lumen is a commonly used unit of light. Light that strikes a surface is known as illumination. o Illumination is typically measured in foot-candles One foot-candle is a light intensity of one lumen per square foot

Washer-Extractors

o Washer-extractors are freestanding units made of stainless steel used to clean linen and extract water from it to prepare it for drying o Washer-extractors may be front or side loaders o Once linen is loaded into the washer-extractor, an operator selects the proper computerized washing formula for the items being washed o Wash times of standard washing formulas vary in length depending on the items being processed o Some large washer-extractors tilt forward to help with unloading; linen tumbles out into a cart or onto a conveyor for transport to a dryer

What steps can be taken to reduce the likelihood of electrical problems interfering with electronic equipment?

o Wiring-intensive solutions such as wiring upgrades, grounding/bonding upgrades, and isolation of equipment needs. o Equipment-intensive solutions such as surge suppression equipment, voltage regulators, isolation transformers, and battery backup units.

Functional Requirements of an On-Premises Laundry

o Workload and operating schedule o Soiled linen storage o Clean linen storage o Process machinery o Valet (garment shop) o Uniform storage and issue o Auxiliary activities o Adjacencies and workflow

Should preventive maintenance be performed on every piece of electrical equipment at a facility? Why or why not?

o Yes, however, the level of preventive maintenance performed will vary significantly with motor size and motor's importance to the operation. o Remember, the goal of preventive maintenance is to help keep the overall cost of maintenance as low as possible while promoting proper and reliable equipment operation.

Top-transfer and bottom-transfer tunnel washers differ:

• Top-transfer: lift the laundry out of the water and drain it before transferring to the next bath, which makes cleaner laundry. • Bottom-transfer: transfer both the laundry and water along the bottom of the washer.

Laundry can be transported to and within the laundry room by:

• Carts • Chutes • Automated Overhead Transport Systems

What are some of the maintenance issues for a laundry?

• Engineering is responsible for maintaining laundry equipment and keeping laundry's utility and water costs within limits • Laundry equipment may be maintained by engineering personnel or by an outside contractor • Housekeeping employees staff laundry and involved in day-to-day decisions and actions that impact how much maintenance a laundry needs • A laundry's maintenance and operating needs depend in part on its size and equipment • Type of equipment depends on whether the facility provides all possible laundry services or only the basics • Maintenance actions are not complex, although troubleshooting and repair of today's computerized equipment can become so • Good preventive maintenance program is a must since a breakdown can have immediate effects on many aspects of the hotel • Heat, humidity, and chemicals present in laundries, the only way most laundries can be kept habitable is by using an HVAC system. • Maintenance staff should give HVAC maintenance requests by laundry priority

Features on sophisticated dryers today:

• Microprocessor-driven control systems which allows you to press a button on a control panel that corresponds to the type of laundry being dried. • Energy-saving features include an ignition system for gas dryers rather than a standing pilot light. • "Heat reclaimer" package in which a portion of the hot exhaust air is recirculated into the dryer. • Permanently tilted basket and gravity to position the wettest laundry closest to the hot air inlet to save time and energy. • Signal lights indicating dryer operation, self-cleaning lint screens, reverse cylinder drives, "no-snag" baskets and automatic backdrop dampers.

Emerging trends in laundry operations in hotels are:

• Off-site laundry • Using ozone for bleaching and sanitizing in place of chlorine-based bleaches. • Water recycling

What are the five basic elements of a fire safety program? How do these elements fit together into a coherent whole? What happens when one or more of the elements are missing?

• Prevention • Detection • Notification • Suppression • Control A well-conceived and a well-managed fire protection program can reduce the frequency and severity of fires. They help to reduce deaths in lodging fires and decreased the amount of lodging fires. Without one of the elements, the risk of a lodging fire is greatly increased.

What are the "five R's of key control"? What roles does key control play in a hotel's security efforts? What problems can arise when key control is lax?

• Rationale • Records • Retrieval • Rotation • Replacement Key control makes it so that locks rotate from room to room to maintain security. Also by replacing the equipment, security issues can be averted or fixed. If key control is not working properly, many security issues arise. Records can be mistaken, master keys could be lost, and the key locks should be rotated.

Signs that a laundry may need to be redesigned:

• Too many last-minute rush jobs • Persistent linen shortages • Too much overtime among laundry workers • Laundry never seems to catch up • Work space it tight and congested