HPHP II Exam 1

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numerous immune mechanisms are used to protect the body against foreign agents (pathogens) such as _________

bacteria, viruses, and fungi

what is Starling's Law of the Capillaries?

balance between hydrostatic pressure vs. osmotic pressure

_______ are responsible for inflammation chemicals (histamine)

basophils

neutrophils are phagocytes that exit the ________ to enter tissues

blood

with acute inflammation, vasodilation is due to ________ from phagocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils

bradykinins

in ________, lymph nodes are usually enlarged but fixed (non-movable) and nontender

cancer

low grade inflammation is linked to increased risk of _________

cancer, heart disease, diabetes, and Alzheimer's disease

high grade inflammation is seen with ________

certain cancers and rheumatoid arthritis

what are cytokines?

chemical messengers produced in response to a stimulus

what are the purpose of the complement proteins of the innate immune system?

coats and labels foreign material

_______ pressure (or "oncotic pressure") draws water out of vasculature

colloid osmotic

inflammation is triggered by _______ release

cytokine

_______ are signaling molecules released from immune cells, particularly from lymphocytes

cytokines

macrophages produce _______ that stimulate the immune response

cytokines

natural killer cells give off _______

cytokines

chronic inflammation can cause increased circulation of _______

cytokines and c-reactive protein

_______ colloidal osmotic pressure causes edema

decreased

_______ is an abnormal collection of fluid within the interstitial space

edema

with acute inflammation, there is increased blood flow to injured area, which causes _______

edema (swelling)

_______ are responsible for destroying parasites and hypersensitivity reactions

eosinophils

_________ is the protective barrier of skin and mucous membranes is the body's first line of defense

epithelium

what are the manifestations of inflammation?

fever, lethargy, lymphadenopathy, leukocytosis, eukopenia

what is lymph?

fluid in the interstitial space

numerous immune mechanisms are used to protect the body against _________

foreign agents (pathogens)

______ destroy viruses, bacteria, and cancer cells

natural killer cells

_______ give off cytokines

natural killer cells

what are the parts of cellular components of the innate immune system?

natural killer cells and phagocytes

_______ are phagocytes that exit the blood to enter tissues

neutrophils

_______ are responsible for phagocytosis, inflammation (vasodilators and chemotaxis)

neutrophils

inflammation is a ______ part of the immune response

normal

colloid osmotic pressure (or "oncotic pressure") _______ water out of vasculature

pulls

hydrostatic pressure _______ water out of vasculature

pushes

what is rubor?

redness

what are the cardinal signs of inflammation?

redness, swelling, heat, pain, loss of function

where are the mucus membranes of the innate immune system?

respiratory tract, reproductive tract, and digestive tract

________ secrete mucus and immunoglobulins to trap and disable inhaled or ingested pathogens

salivary glands and the glands in the airways

what is the largest organ of the immune system?

skin

what are the parts of physical barriers of the innate immune system?

skin and mucus membranes

what are some examples of physical and chemical barriers of the immune system?

skin, mucus, antimicrobial secretions, stomach acid

macrophages produce cytokines that ________

stimulate the immune response

the low pH of the _______ helps to destroy swallowed pathogens

stomach

increased vascular permeability can lead to ________

swelling

what is tumor?

swelling

what are the 3 important roles of inflammation?

1. attract immune cells and chemical mediators to the site 2. produce a physical barrier to slow the spread of infections 3. promote tissue repair once the infection is under control

what are the key components of immune system?

1. cellular and chemical components 2. innate immune system 3. acquired immune system

what are the common causes of edema?

1. increased capillary pressure 2. decreased colloidal osmotic pressure 3. increased capillary permeability 4. obstruction of lymph flow

what are the indicators of innate immunity?

1. nonspecific antigen-independent 2. no memory 3. fast, maximal response 4. inflammation

what are the 2 lines of defense for the immune system?

1. physical and chemical barriers 2. immune response

what are the indicators of acquired (adaptive) immunity?

1. specific antigen-dependent 2. memory 3.takes days, greater response to secondary exposure 4. cell-mediated 5. humoral (antibody-mediated)

~_____L of lymph fluid is produced each day

3 L

______% of the lymph fluid filtered in the blood is reabsorbed

85%

the normal physiology of fluid movement within the capillary bed is governed by ________

Starling's Law of the Capillaries

_______ immunity has memory

acquired (adaptive)

_______ immunity is cell-mediated

acquired (adaptive)

_______ immunity is humoral (antibody-mediated)

acquired (adaptive)

_______ immunity is specific and antigen-dependent

acquired (adaptive)

_______ immunity takes days to respond, greater response to secondary exposure

acquired (adaptive)

________ inflammation occurs in response to injury

acute

the acquired immune system is also known as ________

adaptive or specific immune system

what are immunoglobulins?

antibodies

what is calor?

heat

increased blood flow can cause ______

heat and redness

_______ grade inflammation is seen with certain cancers and rheumatoid arthritis

high

_______ pressure pushes water out of vasculature

hydrostatic

_______ capillary pressure causes edema

increased

________ capillary permeability causes edema

increased

increased capillary pressure causes _______ vascular volume

increased

with acute inflammation, there is ________ blood flow to injured area

increased

_______ produces a physical barrier to slow the spread of infections

inflammation

_______ promotes tissue repair once the infection is under control

inflammation

________ attracts immune cells and chemical mediators to the site

inflammation

in _________, lymph nodes are usually enlarged and movable, often painful

inflammation

increased capillary permeability leads to _______

inflammation, malignancy, tissue injury

________ immunity has no memory

innate

________ immunity is fast and has maximal response

innate

________ immunity is nonspecific and antigen-independent

innate

a hallmark of ________ immunity is inflammation

innate

what are the types of immunity?

innate and acquired (adaptive)

with acute inflammation, pain is caused by _______

kinins

what is functio laese?

loss of function

_______ grade inflammation is linked to increased risk of cancer, heart disease, diabetes, and Alzheimer's disease

low

_______ grade inflammation is typically due to obesity and aging

low

the _______ pH of the stomach helps to destroy swallowed pathogens

low

_______ is the pathology of lymph nodes)

lymphadenopathy

cytokines are signaling molecules released from immune cells, particularly from ________

lymphocytes

cytokines are sometimes called "_______"

lymphokines

______ are located in tissues and produce cytokines that stimulate the immune response

macrophages

________ produce cytokines that stimulate the immune response

macrophages

what are the types of phagocytes in the innate immune system?

macrophages and neutrophils

low grade inflammation is typically due to ________

obesity and aging

________ of lymph flow causes edema

obstruction

the release of bradykinin and histamine activate nerves to cause ________

pain

what is dolor?

pain

chronic inflammation is due to ________

persistent infection or prolonged immune response

with acute inflammation, vasodilation is due to bradykinins from ________

phagocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils

what are the parts of the innate immune system?

physical barrier, cellular components, and complement proteins

decreased colloidal osmotic pressure causes loss of ________

plasma proteins

where are macrophages located?

tissues

with acute inflammation, ________ is due to bradykinins from phagocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils

vasodilation

natural killer cells destroy _______ cells

viruses, bacteria, and cancer


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