HPHP II Exam 1
numerous immune mechanisms are used to protect the body against foreign agents (pathogens) such as _________
bacteria, viruses, and fungi
what is Starling's Law of the Capillaries?
balance between hydrostatic pressure vs. osmotic pressure
_______ are responsible for inflammation chemicals (histamine)
basophils
neutrophils are phagocytes that exit the ________ to enter tissues
blood
with acute inflammation, vasodilation is due to ________ from phagocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils
bradykinins
in ________, lymph nodes are usually enlarged but fixed (non-movable) and nontender
cancer
low grade inflammation is linked to increased risk of _________
cancer, heart disease, diabetes, and Alzheimer's disease
high grade inflammation is seen with ________
certain cancers and rheumatoid arthritis
what are cytokines?
chemical messengers produced in response to a stimulus
what are the purpose of the complement proteins of the innate immune system?
coats and labels foreign material
_______ pressure (or "oncotic pressure") draws water out of vasculature
colloid osmotic
inflammation is triggered by _______ release
cytokine
_______ are signaling molecules released from immune cells, particularly from lymphocytes
cytokines
macrophages produce _______ that stimulate the immune response
cytokines
natural killer cells give off _______
cytokines
chronic inflammation can cause increased circulation of _______
cytokines and c-reactive protein
_______ colloidal osmotic pressure causes edema
decreased
_______ is an abnormal collection of fluid within the interstitial space
edema
with acute inflammation, there is increased blood flow to injured area, which causes _______
edema (swelling)
_______ are responsible for destroying parasites and hypersensitivity reactions
eosinophils
_________ is the protective barrier of skin and mucous membranes is the body's first line of defense
epithelium
what are the manifestations of inflammation?
fever, lethargy, lymphadenopathy, leukocytosis, eukopenia
what is lymph?
fluid in the interstitial space
numerous immune mechanisms are used to protect the body against _________
foreign agents (pathogens)
______ destroy viruses, bacteria, and cancer cells
natural killer cells
_______ give off cytokines
natural killer cells
what are the parts of cellular components of the innate immune system?
natural killer cells and phagocytes
_______ are phagocytes that exit the blood to enter tissues
neutrophils
_______ are responsible for phagocytosis, inflammation (vasodilators and chemotaxis)
neutrophils
inflammation is a ______ part of the immune response
normal
colloid osmotic pressure (or "oncotic pressure") _______ water out of vasculature
pulls
hydrostatic pressure _______ water out of vasculature
pushes
what is rubor?
redness
what are the cardinal signs of inflammation?
redness, swelling, heat, pain, loss of function
where are the mucus membranes of the innate immune system?
respiratory tract, reproductive tract, and digestive tract
________ secrete mucus and immunoglobulins to trap and disable inhaled or ingested pathogens
salivary glands and the glands in the airways
what is the largest organ of the immune system?
skin
what are the parts of physical barriers of the innate immune system?
skin and mucus membranes
what are some examples of physical and chemical barriers of the immune system?
skin, mucus, antimicrobial secretions, stomach acid
macrophages produce cytokines that ________
stimulate the immune response
the low pH of the _______ helps to destroy swallowed pathogens
stomach
increased vascular permeability can lead to ________
swelling
what is tumor?
swelling
what are the 3 important roles of inflammation?
1. attract immune cells and chemical mediators to the site 2. produce a physical barrier to slow the spread of infections 3. promote tissue repair once the infection is under control
what are the key components of immune system?
1. cellular and chemical components 2. innate immune system 3. acquired immune system
what are the common causes of edema?
1. increased capillary pressure 2. decreased colloidal osmotic pressure 3. increased capillary permeability 4. obstruction of lymph flow
what are the indicators of innate immunity?
1. nonspecific antigen-independent 2. no memory 3. fast, maximal response 4. inflammation
what are the 2 lines of defense for the immune system?
1. physical and chemical barriers 2. immune response
what are the indicators of acquired (adaptive) immunity?
1. specific antigen-dependent 2. memory 3.takes days, greater response to secondary exposure 4. cell-mediated 5. humoral (antibody-mediated)
~_____L of lymph fluid is produced each day
3 L
______% of the lymph fluid filtered in the blood is reabsorbed
85%
the normal physiology of fluid movement within the capillary bed is governed by ________
Starling's Law of the Capillaries
_______ immunity has memory
acquired (adaptive)
_______ immunity is cell-mediated
acquired (adaptive)
_______ immunity is humoral (antibody-mediated)
acquired (adaptive)
_______ immunity is specific and antigen-dependent
acquired (adaptive)
_______ immunity takes days to respond, greater response to secondary exposure
acquired (adaptive)
________ inflammation occurs in response to injury
acute
the acquired immune system is also known as ________
adaptive or specific immune system
what are immunoglobulins?
antibodies
what is calor?
heat
increased blood flow can cause ______
heat and redness
_______ grade inflammation is seen with certain cancers and rheumatoid arthritis
high
_______ pressure pushes water out of vasculature
hydrostatic
_______ capillary pressure causes edema
increased
________ capillary permeability causes edema
increased
increased capillary pressure causes _______ vascular volume
increased
with acute inflammation, there is ________ blood flow to injured area
increased
_______ produces a physical barrier to slow the spread of infections
inflammation
_______ promotes tissue repair once the infection is under control
inflammation
________ attracts immune cells and chemical mediators to the site
inflammation
in _________, lymph nodes are usually enlarged and movable, often painful
inflammation
increased capillary permeability leads to _______
inflammation, malignancy, tissue injury
________ immunity has no memory
innate
________ immunity is fast and has maximal response
innate
________ immunity is nonspecific and antigen-independent
innate
a hallmark of ________ immunity is inflammation
innate
what are the types of immunity?
innate and acquired (adaptive)
with acute inflammation, pain is caused by _______
kinins
what is functio laese?
loss of function
_______ grade inflammation is linked to increased risk of cancer, heart disease, diabetes, and Alzheimer's disease
low
_______ grade inflammation is typically due to obesity and aging
low
the _______ pH of the stomach helps to destroy swallowed pathogens
low
_______ is the pathology of lymph nodes)
lymphadenopathy
cytokines are signaling molecules released from immune cells, particularly from ________
lymphocytes
cytokines are sometimes called "_______"
lymphokines
______ are located in tissues and produce cytokines that stimulate the immune response
macrophages
________ produce cytokines that stimulate the immune response
macrophages
what are the types of phagocytes in the innate immune system?
macrophages and neutrophils
low grade inflammation is typically due to ________
obesity and aging
________ of lymph flow causes edema
obstruction
the release of bradykinin and histamine activate nerves to cause ________
pain
what is dolor?
pain
chronic inflammation is due to ________
persistent infection or prolonged immune response
with acute inflammation, vasodilation is due to bradykinins from ________
phagocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils
what are the parts of the innate immune system?
physical barrier, cellular components, and complement proteins
decreased colloidal osmotic pressure causes loss of ________
plasma proteins
where are macrophages located?
tissues
with acute inflammation, ________ is due to bradykinins from phagocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils
vasodilation
natural killer cells destroy _______ cells
viruses, bacteria, and cancer
