Human development CH 13
A student says, "What is the point of using the memory strategies in this book, as I can look up everything I want to know on the Internet?" Based on the text, which is the BEST answer that can be used as a reply? A) "There are still many things you need to remember, like faces and names, that require 'memorizing' on your own." B) "You are absolutely right since technology has eliminated the need to memorize material." C) "You are wrong, because people now need to memorize more things than before." D) "The over-reliance on technology has made young people less intelligent today, so you are wrong."
A
According to socioemotional selectivity theory, a(n) _____ is MOST likely to be happy. A) elderly person B) middle-aged person C) emerging adult D) teenager
A
According to socioemotional selectivity theory, a(n) _____ is most likely to willingly do something he or she really dislikes. A) young person B) older person C) female D) male
A
Age differences in performance are SMALLEST when young and elderly people take _____. A) multiple-choice tests B) short-answer tests C) fill-in-the-blank tests D) timed tests
A
Age losses on the most difficult memory tests begin in the _____. A) late twenties B) forties C) fifties D) sixties
A
Aniya says she is really looking forward to being old. Which is NOT an old-age perk that Aniya might legitimately mention? A) "My life will be more exciting than it is today." B) "People will treat me better, because they will see me as fragile and in need of care." C) "I'll be able screen out negative events better, and I'll be calmer." D) "I'll have more freedom to do exactly what I want."
A
Based on socioemotional selectivity theory, a grandma's top priority should be to spend time: A) with her family. B) at the senior center. C) trying out new activities. D) relaxing.
A
Compared to Germany, the Social Security System's financial support for U.S. retirees is _____. A) meager (or poor) B) excellent C) about average D) varies, depending on the individual
A
Currently, most people are retiring at _____. A) older ages B) younger ages C) age 64 D) age 70
A
If Dr. Demography is discussing the median age, she means the age at which: A) half the population is older and half is younger. B) people reach middle age. C) the number of people in the middle of the population. D) half the population is richer and half is poorer.
A
If a classmate brags that she can be on social media during lectures and never miss anything the teacher says, she is: A) mistaken. B) correct, but only if she really has practiced that skill. C) correct, but only if she is under 25. D) correct, but only if she is particularly gifted intellectually.
A
If a friend posts photos on-line of some guests at recent party, it is easiest to remember: A) having seen those specific people at the party. B) the names of those people at the party. C) what time at the party you saw those people. D) what those specific people were talking about at the party.
A
If an older adult is continually complaining about her terrible memory, which would be the BEST research-based conclusion? A) This person is depressed. B) His or her memory has seriously declined. C) He or she has an organic memory problem that cannot be reversed. D) This person just wants attention.
A
In polls, most adults see the elderly as _____. A) wise B) angry C) unhappy D) mean
A
In the United States, Social Security comes from the _____. A) federal government B) private industry C) individual savings D) family inheritances
A
In which nation do MOST elderly people still have to work? A) Mexico B) The United States C) Germany D) Italy
A
Laura Carstensen's belief that old age is the best time of life applies BEST to: A) healthy elderly people. B) a very small segment of older people. C) every older person. D) half of all older people.
A
Martha knows that her memory is not what it used to be, so she makes up rhymes for items that are especially important to remember. Martha is using a(n) _____ technique. A) mnemonic B) ineffective C) episodic D) information-processing
A
Negative ideas about older adults are: A) normal worldwide. B) only held by the young. C) a sign of emotional problems. D) only apparent in the United States.
A
Neuroscientists find that when older adults memorize easy material, they activate _____ regions of the brain. A) larger B) smaller C) curvier D) no
A
Older people in _____ are the MOST anxious about their retirement years. A) Poland (Central Europe) B) The United Kingdom C) France (western Europe) D) Germany (northern Europe)
A
On easy memory tasks, older people perform: A) almost as well as the young. B) far worse than the young. C) better than the young. D) better or worse than the young, depending on the test.
A
Put the following nations in the correct order: (1) richer after retirement—at least until recently; (2) no government-funded retirement; (3) basic or minimal government assistance, but not much more. A) (1) Germany; (2) Mexico; (3) the United States B) (1) The United States; (2) Germany; (3) Mexico C) (1) Germany; (2) the United States; (3) Jamaica D) (1) China; (2) the United States; (3) Germany
A
Regularly texting and checking the Internet during class lectures make test performance: A) worse. B) unchanged, as multitasking is "easy" for kids who have grown up in the digital age. C) better, as it helps to focus the mind. D) unchanged if students have already practiced that ability.
A
Remembering the ongoing events of life is in _____ memory, the system most vulnerable to deterioration with age. A) episodic B) procedural C) fluid D) semantic
A
Tasks involving divided attention impair memory _____. A) at every age B) by middle age C) in old age D) unless people practice multitasking
A
The late-life positivity effect refers to the fact that older people: A) selectively focus on positive events. B) are nicer than young adults. C) believe they are better than young adults. D) take more positive actions than young adults.
A
The late-life positivity effect suggests that the elderly: A) are happier because, with age, people have a bias to screen out negative events. B) are more unrealistic than the young. C) are more impaired than the young. D) have poorer memories than the young.
A
The paradox of well-being refers to the fact that: A) older people report higher levels of happiness than young people. B) young people report higher levels of happiness than older people. C) well-being has many paradoxical features. D) it's hard to measure happiness or well-being.
A
The stereotype that people treated the elderly better in the past is: A) false. B) true, worldwide. C) true, but only in China. D) true, but only in hunter-gatherer societies.
A
Victor says, "In the past, people revered the elderly." After reading this chapter, how should a student respond? A) "Wrong! Every culture looks down on people who have the frailties of old age." B) "Wrong! Every culture looks down on people once they reach a certain age." C) "That depends on the society." D) "Yes, that's absolutely correct."
A
What information from this course will a student MOST likely remember a few years from now? A) the material that affected that student emotionally B) the material that student memorized most thoroughly C) the professor's face and name D) the semester that student took this course
A
What is the BEST key to easily remembering material? A) Make the information emotionally vivid. B) Rehearse the information again and again. C) Make the information automatic. D) Focus on remembering only easy facts.
A
What is the MAIN difference between the U.S. retirement philosophy and the German approach? A) The United States puts the main burden on saving for retirement on the individual. B) The United States wants older people to retire in comfort. C) Germany discourages retirement at any age. D) Germany wants more people to retire at a young age.
A
When a 30-year-old and 70-year-old make a memory mistake, what do people tend to think? A) The older adult is "mentally declining"; the young person has too much on his or her mind. B) Both adults are mentally declining. C) Both adults have too much on their mind. D) The 30-year-old is "mentally declining"; the 70-year-old has too much on his or her mind.
A
Which developmental science term is most equivalent to semantic memory? A) crystallized knowledge B) fluid abilities C) reaction time D) physical skills
A
Which is NOT a mnemonic technique that could help someone master the terms in this book? A) Use flashcards to go over and over the relevant terms. B) Think of the word "ocean" since its letters relate to the names of the Big Five traits. C) Visualize fluid running down a drain to remember the type of intelligence that falls off quickly with age. D) Visualize a hard crystal to remember the type of intelligence that grows with age.
A
Which memory situation is easiest? A) recognizing a person in a picture B) remembering where you met a person in a picture C) remembering the name of a person in a picture D) remembering on what day you met a person in a picture
A
Which memory task is virtually impossible for older people? A) memorizing something while simultaneously monitoring something else B) recognizing faces C) memorizing names D) following directions
A
Which of the following is NOT a good memory suggestion for older people? A) Don't tax your brain by trying to memorize material. B) Avoid situations where you have to remember something fast. C) Try not to memorize something while you are doing something else. D) Avoid distractions when you need to remember something.
A
Which older adult has reached Erikson's integrity? A) Gabor, who feels he has lived a rich, fulfilling life B) Bopha, who is looking forward to many new projects C) Andrew, who loves spending time with his wife D) Osa, who is happy to relax and enjoy life
A
Which question should appear on an "intensity of ageism" questionnaire? A) Are you terrified of physical and mental decline? B) Are you below age 35? C) What is your ethnicity? D) Were you raised in a collectivist culture?
A
Which three nations have the "oldest" populations? A) Italy, Japan, and Germany B) China, the United States, and Russia C) Sweden, China, and Russia D) China, Japan, and India
A
While driving, a 75-year-old grandma and her grandchild witness a terrible car crash. Based on the research, which of the following will MOST likely be true? A) Grandma will be better at emotionally blocking out the distressing images. B) The grandchild will be better at emotionally blocking out the distressing images. C) Grandma and her grandchild will both have flashbacks of the distressing images for years. D) Grandma and her grandchild will both quickly get over the distressing images.
A
Who is MOST likely to be forced to work until he or she is disabled and/or dies? A) an elderly person in Mexico B) a U.S. older person C) a German older person D) an older adult in Norway
A
Who is using ALL the principles of selective optimization with compensation to help memory? A) Jing, who focuses on what he needs to remember most, takes special time to remember those facts, and uses a daily planner to make sure he doesn't forget B) Kathy, who writes down everything that might be important that day C) Lala, who asks other people to remember for her, because she believes her memory is so poor D) Dembe, who believes that his memory is so good that he will automatically recall everything.
A
Who is using a mnemonic technique to remember names? A) Janet, who conjures up a visual image that she relates to the person's name B) Kintu, who writes the name in his daily planner C) Dilshad, who repeats the name again and again D) Heidi, who asks her husband to remember the name
A
Based on socioemotional selectivity theory, all of these adults should prefer to spend special time with their significant others EXCEPT: A) an older person. B) a young person. C) a person with a serious illness. D) someone going off to war.
B
Feeling fulfilled in old age depends on: A) relaxing and taking things easy. B) being generative and having a sense of life's meaning. C) having a family and grandchildren. D) avoiding challenging situations.
B
Generalizing from the text, when an older adult is given a laboratory memory test, his or her score will: A) be totally inaccurate. B) minimize her true abilities. C) reflect her true abilities. D) inflate her true abilities.
B
If Grandma Lanying has Alzheimer's disease, which memory will remain intact longest? A) her name B) what it feels like to hug a loved one C) her birthday D) her address
B
If a 70-year-old says, "I won't be as happy in five years as I am today," this person MOST likely is: A) seriously depressed. B) reacting like many people that age. C) lying. D) suffering from a chronic disease.
B
If an elderly person describes old age as a time of physical and mental loss, this person MOST likely: A) is always seriously depressed. B) has the same feelings as many older adults. C) is usually wrong. D) has a serious chronic disease.`
B
In giving difficult, timed memory tasks to older adults, neuroscientists find _____ activation. A) intense frontal-lobe B) minimal frontal-lobe C) very intense parietal-lobe D) minimal parietal-lobe
B
Italy has an especially high proportion of _____. A) large families B) older people C) people in their twenties D) babies
B
Knowing how to drive a car is in _____ memory, the system least vulnerable to deterioration with age. A) episodic B) procedural C) semantic D) cortical
B
Mary is 75. Statistically speaking (and based on the research), when Mary has an unpleasant experience she will: A) be more upset than a younger person. B) be less upset than a younger person. C) be equally upset as a young person. D) have feelings that cannot be generalized or predicted.
B
Most people begin to worry that their memory has significantly declined when they reach their _____. A) thirties B) fifties C) seventies D) eighties
B
Personality research suggests that older people: A) are depressed and demoralized. B) are calmer than young people. C) are angry at life. D) live as if they are in the past.
B
What is the bottom-line message in the text about later-life happiness? A) Old age is typically the happiest life stage. B) Old age can be the happiest life stage if people are healthy, young-old, and fairly affluent. C) The old-old years are typically happy even when a person is not in good health. D) Old age is the most depressing life stage.
B
Which is NOT an explanation for why the median age (the age at which half the population is older and half is younger) has increased dramatically in the developed world? A) Life expectancy has risen. B) People have children at younger ages. C) Birth rates are declining. D) The baby boom generation has entered later life.
B
Which stereotype about the elderly is TRUE? A) People treated the elderly better in the "good old days." B) People see the elderly as wise. C) In China, people feel much better about old age than do people in the West. D) Young people are especially negative about old age.
B
Why is the median age (the age at which half the population is older and half is younger) rising in the developed world? A) The baby boom generation is dying off. B) Fertility is declining and the baby boomers have entered later life. C) Birth rates are going up. D) Life expectancy is decreasing.
B
All are examples of episodic memory EXCEPT: A) remembering what the teacher said in class last week. B) recalling what you had for dinner four days ago. C) remembering your address. D) recalling the name of someone you met at a party a month ago.
C
All are examples of procedural memory EXCEPT: A) remembering how to drive. B) recalling how to turn on a computer. C) remembering the name of one's hometown. D) automatically reciting, "I pledge allegiance to the flag."
C
Based on the memory research, an older actress should do all of the following EXCEPT: A) be wary of trying out for roles with a huge number of lines. B) start studying her lines early and spend more time going over her part. C) avoid this activity, if she is over 65. D) rather than memorizing everything word for word, focus on getting at the emotional meaning of her lines.
C
Based on the text, which is NOT a good suggestion to give to an elderly relative? A) Follow your passions and be generative. B) Have a sense of purpose in life. C) Be sure to go out and meet a lot of new people. D) Avoid distractions and give yourself more time when you need to memorize material.
C
Dr. Developmental is giving a lecture on personality in later life. Which is NOT a point that he can make? A) Older people are calmer than younger adults. B) Life satisfaction in old age is apt to decline when people get physically disabled and feel socially isolated. C) Most older people are unhappy. D) Most older people feel satisfied with life.
C
Dr. Korir is a 68-year-old college professor. His health is deteriorating, but he wants to continue working at a high level. Based on Baltes's selective optimization with compensation model, which of the following should the professor do? A) Ignore his health problems and do the best he can. B) Retire, as he won't be able to fully master his job. C) Choose which aspect of his job, such as teaching or research, he likes best, and then work especially hard at that task. D) Stay on the job, but care less about performing well.
C
If Alice is angry at this particular family member, research suggests that she will be LEAST likely to confront her _____. A) mom B) sister C) grandma D) cousin
C
If an older adult is continually complaining about his or her terrible memory, all may be helpful strategies EXCEPT: A) teaching memory strategies. B) treating what may be a possible depression. C) assuming this person has Alzheimer's disease. D) taking action to make this person's life more fulfilling.
C
In which nation do the elderly have the FEWEST retirement worries? A) Mexico B) The United States C) Sweden D) Portugal
C
Mingyu is describing the emotional advantages of being old. Based on the text, she can mention all of the following pluses EXCEPT: A) being calmer and better able to focus on positive events. B) having fewer daily life hassles. C) feeling less isolated from people. D) being treated more kindly by others.
C
The young-old are in their sixties, and the old-olds are _____. A) over 68 B) over 70 C) in their late 70s and older D) over 90
C
Which is NOT a comment that embodies the principles of socioemotional selectivity theory? A) "What makes me happy is my focus, because I'm 80 and have only have a short time to live." B) "I only have a short time to live because I'm 80, so I'll spend as much time as possible with my family." C) "What happens now doesn't matter, because, now that I'm 80, my best years have passed." D) "Now that I'm 80, I only have a short time left to live. So I won't sweat the small stuff."
C
Which is the oldest nation, population-wise? A) China B) the United States C) Italy D) Egypt
C
Which is the order of memory systems from MOST fragile to MOST enduring? A) episodic memory; procedural memory; semantic memory B) procedural memory; semantic memory; episodic memory C) episodic memory; semantic memory; procedural memory D) semantic memory; episodic memory; procedural memory
C
Which of the following is NOT a good memory tip for older people? A) Avoid situations where you need to remember something fast. B) Avoid getting depressed. C) Assume that your memory is just as good as when you were young. D) Use mnemonic techniques such as conjuring up a visual image.
C
Which trait is LEAST common in the eighties? A) staying socially engaged B) being calmer than when young C) being seriously depressed D) being satisfied with life
C
Who is LEAST likely to be poor in old age? A) a U.S. woman in her eighties B) someone who retires in the United States after working at a low-wage job C) a German retiree in his eighties D) someone who retires early in the United States because of health concerns
C
Who is MOST likely to be depressed? A) a 65-year-old who has just retired B) a 70-year-old who has never married C) a 90-year-old who is socially isolated and physically frail D) a 100-year-old who is married, with close friends who are living
C
_____ memory resides in a lower-brain center, and still stays intact even into Alzheimer's disease. A) Episodic B) Semantic C) Procedural D) Easy
C
According to the author, which of the following is NOT a tip for being happy in old age? A) Be generative. B) Feel a sense of purpose in life. C) Believe you are still developing and growing as a person. D) Spend a good deal of time thinking about the past.
D
According to the information-processing perspective, which is NOT an age-related force that impairs memory? A) The executive processor doesn't work as well. B) Poor focusing ability causes irrelevant thoughts to intrude. C) Neural deterioration has occurred in the frontal lobes. D) Mnemonic techniques don't work.
D
All are difficult memory challenges EXCEPT: A) memorizing material while talking on a cell phone. B) remembering where you heard some bit of information. C) memorizing material under a time limit. D) recognizing the correct answer on a multiple-choice test.
D
All are examples of semantic memory EXCEPT: A) remembering what university you are attending. B) recalling your major. C) remembering the name of your significant other. D) recalling what a professor said in class last week.
D
Based on socioemotional selectivity theory, which statement would an older person make? A) "I'm constantly doing things I don't like." B) "I want to meet as many new people as I possibly can." C) "I'd better be nice to that person, even though I can't stand her." D) "I've decided to do exactly what I want!
D
Based specifically on socioemotional selectivity theory, an older person's social media activities would differ from those of a young adult in all of these ways EXCEPT: A) listing far fewer "friends." B) posting more comments related to family. C) saying he or she uses social media to keep in touch with family. D) not caring as much about using social media
D
Estrela asks, "Why are there so many older people in the United States?" When answering Estrela, which is NOT a force that a developmentalist should mention? A) "Life expectancy has risen." B) "The baby boomers are entering later life." C) "Fertility rates are dropping." D) "Minorities now live just as long as whites."
D
Ileane is making the case that people get happier in later life. Which of the following is NOT an argument she should make? A) Older people selectively focus on positive experiences. B) The elderly have fewer day-to-day stresses, pressures, and hassles. C) People treat the elderly especially kindly. D) The elderly no longer care about family and friends.
D
Imagine visiting the United States in 2030. Based on current trends, a time traveler would notice all of these changes EXCEPT: A) many more elderly people. B) more people working past age 65. C) more poor elderly people. D) fewer people working past age 50.
D
In Sarasota, Florida, a visitor might find all of the following EXCEPT: A) more residents in their seventies and above. B) people who say those in their sixties are relatively young. C) residents who see "later life" as starting at an older age. D) mostly midlife adults.
D
Latisha has pancreatic cancer but still feels well. Generalizing from socioemotional selectivity theory, she would tend to do all of the following EXCEPT: A) focus just on her main life passions. B) spend time with the people she most loves. C) ignore unpleasant people (and events) and put a priority on being happy. D) focus obsessively on the depressing statistics relating to her disease
D
People who retire in their early sixties can expect to live for about _____ more years. A) 2 B) 6 C) 10 D) 20
D
Which is NOT a neuroscience finding relating to memory and age? A) When the memory task is difficult, the elderly brain shuts down. B) When the memory task is easy, the elderly brain needs to "work harder." C) Frontal lobe activation patterns differ on easy and difficult memory tests. D) Individual neurons look different on memory tests.
D
Which memory task does NOT involve divided attention? A) memorizing this chapter in Experiencing the Lifespan while talking on a cell phone B) memorizing this chapter in Experiencing the Lifespan while watching TV C) memorizing this chapter in Experiencing the Lifespan while taking notes in a biology lecture D) daydreaming about something you read in Experiencing the Lifespan while driving home
D
Which of the following is NOT a contradiction about old-age? A) The young-old are very different from the old-old. B) Some older people are active and healthy, while others are frail and impaired. C) While we equate aging with mental and physical decline, we also gravitate to the elderly for positive traits. D) Ageism exists only among the young, not the old.
D
Which older adult is LEAST likely to say, "I love being old"? A) a young-old person B) a healthy, active person C) a person with a loving family D) an old-old person
D
Which quality does NOT differentiate the young-old from the old-old? A) health B) wealth C) happiness D) U.S. location
D
Who is guilty of ageism? A) Western adults B) young people C) old people D) everyone
D
