Human Development Chapter 6 Study Guide

Which of the following is supported by case reports and examples of attachment relationships discussed in class?

An attachment to a neglectful or abusive caregiver can be powerful and lasting even though the child may not experience love for that caregiver.

Which of the following is supported by research on early self-development?

Babies whose parents respond sensitively to their signals and encourage exploration tend to be advanced in self-development.

Which of the following is true about basic emotions?

Babies' earliest emotional life consists of attraction to pleasant stimuli and withdrawal from unpleasant stimuli.

____________ involves creating child-rearing environments that recognize each child's temperament while encouraging more adaptive functioning.

Goodness of fit

____________ is early-appearing, stable individual differences in reactivity and self-regulation.

Temperament

Two-year-old Annmarie tells her mom, "I a good girl." This statement demonstrates that Annmarie is beginning to develop

a categorical self.

A preschooler who seeks his mother's comfort whenever he is in an unfamiliar or stressful situation shows that he has

a healthy attachment.

Besides self-awareness, self-conscious emotions require

a theory of mind and adult guidance.

__________ is the strong affectionate tie children have with special people in their lives that leads them to be comforted by their nearness in times of stress.

attachment.

. In Erikson's theory, the conflict of toddlerhood, _______________, is resolved favorably when parents provide suitable guidance and reasonable choices.

autonomy versus shame and doubt

Some basic emotions are fear, sadness, and

happiness.

Biologically based reactivity can best be measured by assessing ______________.

heart rate and cortisol levels

According to Bowlby, the _____________ becomes a vital part of personality, serving as a guide for all future close relationships.

internal working model

Biologically based reactivity

is assessed by attention to the intensity of a child's emotional response.

The rise in fear after 6 months is adaptive because it

keeps newly mobile babies' enthusiasm for exploration in check.

A researcher places a red dot on two-year-old Raven's nose. When she looks into a mirror, she tries to rub the dot off of her nose rather than off of the mirror. This behavior indicates that she has developed

self-recognition.

Infants use __________ by actively seeking emotional information from a trusted person in an uncertain situation.

social referencing

Orson's parents smile and say "Yummy!" when he tries new vegetables. His parents are using _________ to try to influence Orson's food preferences.

social referencing

Effortful control is

the ability to inhibit an impulse if it would take a person away from the selected goal.

In Erikson's theory, the psychological conflict of basic trust versus mistrust is resolved on the positive side when

the balance of care is sympathetic and loving.

Emotional self-regulation refers to

the strategies people learn to keep their emotional behavior within a comfortable level of intensity.

Humans are capable of a higher-order set of feelings beyond basic emotions called __________ emotions.

self-conscious

Researchers often study the early emergence of self-control by giving children tasks, like the marshmallow test, that require

delay of gratification.

According to Thomas and Chess's research, __________ children are at high risk for anxious withdrawal and aggressive behavior in early and middle childhood.

difficult

In Thomas and Chess's New York Longitudinal Study, _____ percent of the children did not fit any category and showed unique blends of temperamental characteristics.

35

The social smile first appears between __________ of age.

6 and 10 weeks

Josh is irregular in daily routines, is slow to accept new experiences, and tends to react negatively and intensely. In Thomas and Chess's research, Josh would be classified as a(n) _________ child.

difficult

Bindi quickly establishes regular routines, is generally cheerful, and adapts easily to new experiences. In Thomas and Chess's research, Bindi would be classified as a(n) ________ child.

easy

Most children classified by Thomas and Chess fell into the ________ category.

easy

Some researchers claim that infants respond in kind to others' emotions through a fairly automatic process of

emotional contagion.

Joan decides not to see a scary horror film. Joan is using

emotional self-regulation.

Veronica has the ability to understand her friends' emotional state and respond emotionally in a similar way. Veronica is displaying

empathy.

The __________ theory of attachment recognizes the infant's emotional tie to the caregiver as an evolved response that promotes survival.

ethological

According to Erikson, a mother who __________ is likely to promote autonomy in toddlerhood.

gives a child an extra five minutes to finish playing before they leave the park

Emotional self-regulation requires that a person first ________ their feelings before they are able to do something about them.

notices.

Overall stability of temperament is

only low to moderate.

To acquire effective social skills, aggressive children need

parenting tailored to their temperaments.

Persistent nutritional and emotional deprivation ___________ temperament.

profoundly alters

Reactivity refers to the

quickness and intensity of arousal, attention, and motor activity.

In the Strange Situation, Bernadette uses her mother as a secure base. When separated, Bernadette does not cry, but when her mother returns, Bernadette crawls to her. Bernadette is demonstrating __________ attachment.

secure

Basic emotions are

universal in humans.