Human growth and development: prenatal development

At which point during prenatal development are the internal organs developed fully enough to allow the baby to survive outside the womb if born prematurely (age of viability)? Answers: a. 24 weeks b. 16 weeks c. 40 weeks d. 37 weeks

24 weeks

Normal human cells have ________ chromosomes while gametes have ________ chromosomes. Answers: a. 46; 23 b. 23; 46 c. 23; 23 d. 46; 46

46; 23

Which of the following describes an allele? Answers: a. a specific version of a gene b. sequences of DNA c. inherited physical characteristics d. long strings of genetic material

A specific version of a gene

Which of the following is the most common reason for spontaneous abortions or miscarriages? Answers: a. gestational diabetes b. hypertension c. chromosomal abnormalities d. defective eggs

Chromosomal abnormalities

What causes the most common chromosomal abnormality, called Trisomy 21? Answers: Correcta. An extra chromosome on #21 b. An extra X chromosome only on #21 c. An extra Y chromosome only on #21 d. A missing chromosome on #21

An extra chromosome on #21

Why do most women choose to have general prenatal screening before deciding whether or not to have more invasive testing? Answers: a. Because invasive testing such as ultrasounds and blood tests can increase the risk of miscarriage and fetal damage. b. Because prenatal screening such as ultrasounds and blood tests are more accurate than the more invasive tests. c. Because invasive testing such as amniocentesis and CVS procedures can increase the risk of miscarriage and fetal damage. d. Because prenatal screening can be done before the baby is born, but the invasive testing can only be done after birth.

Because invasive testing such as amniocentesis and CVS procedures can increase the risk of miscarriage and fetal damage.

Which disorder is commonly associated with very low birth weight babies? Answers: a. hypoxia b. autism c. cerebral palsy d. anoxia

Cerebral palsy

Which of the following pain relief methods is most common during birth? Answers: a. narcotic pills b. anesthesia c. water birth d. epidural

Epidural

Which stage of labor is typically the longest? Answers: a. first stage b. second stage c. third stage d. fourth stage

First stage

How do the chromosomes contained in a gamete differ from the chromosomes contained in other normal human cells? Answers: a. Gametes have 46 chromosomes, while other normal human cells have 23. b. Gametes have 23 chromosomes, while other normal human cells have none. c. Gametes have 23 chromosomes, while other normal human cells have 46. d. Gametes have one chromosome, while

Gametes have 23 chromosomes, while other normal human cells have 46.

What is the underlying claim of gene-environment interaction? a. Genetic makeup determines a range of possible outcomes that may or may not occur depending on the environment. b. Environmental factors definitively determine all possible outcomes that occur in both appearance and behavior. c. Environmental factors only influence the expression of genes associated with negative behavior traits d. Genetic makeup definitively determines all possible outcomes that occur in both appearance and behavior.

Genetic makeup determines a range of possible outcomes that may or may not occur depending on the environment.

What is the difference between genotype and phenotype? Answers: a. Genotype is a specific version of a gene, while phenotype is a long strip of genetic material. b. Genotype refers to inherited physical characteristics, while phenotype refers to genetic makeup. c. Genotype refers to genetic makeup, while phenotype refers to inherited physical characteristics. d. Genotype is a long strip of genetic material, while phenotype is a specific version of a gene.

Genotype refers to genetic makeup, while phenotype refers to inherited physical characteristics

What is the difference between anoxia and hypoxia? a. Hypoxia occurs when the infant experiences total lack of oxygen and experiences severe brain damage, while anoxia occurs when the infant is deprived of adequate oxygen and experiences mild brain damage b. Hypoxia occurs when the infant is deprived of adequate oxygen and experiences mild brain damage, while anoxia occurs when the infant experiences total lack of oxygen and experiences severe brain damage c. Hypoxia is caused by gestational diabetes, while anoxia is caused by lack of oxygen to the brain d. Hypoxia is caused by lack of oxygen to the brain, while anoxia is caused by gestational diabetes

Hypoxia occurs when the infant is deprived of adequate oxygen and experiences mild brain damage, while anoxia occurs when the infant experiences total lack of oxygen and experiences severe brain damage

Which of the following describes a cause of premature birth? Answers: a. infections b. cerebral palsy c. hypoxia d. anoxia

Infections

Which of the following is true about the effects of alcohol during prenatal development? Answers: a. It can only have negative effects when consumed during the second month of prenatal development b. It can lead to a spectrum of symptoms that include both physical and behavioral abnormalities. c. It can only have negative effects when consumed through patterns of binge drinking. d. It can lead to problems with the kidneys, bones, and heart, that go away after birth.

It can lead to a spectrum of symptoms that include both physical and behavioral abnormalities.

How would the theory of evolution by natural selection explain the well-developed ability of human beings to seek socialization and to socialize effectively? Answers: a. It is an ability that has developed over time because it promotes survival. b. It is an ability that individuals learn solely from their family. c. It is an ability that individuals are taught in school, beginning during adolescence. d. It is an ability that has developed over

It is an ability that has developed over time because it promotes survival.

How does a birthing center differ from a hospital? Answers: a. It provides a larger variety of pain medications. b. It allows the partner to be present. c. It provides a more home-like environment. d. It provides education about birth.

It provides a more home-like environment

Which of the following is true about complications that can be experienced during pregnancy? a. Major complications are always caused by the pregnant woman's increased susceptibility to infections. b. Major complications only occur when pregnant women make poor health decisions during pregnancy. c. Major complications only occur in women who become pregnant later in life, such as after age 35. d. Major complications often require special care and may include gestational

Major complications often require special care and may include gestational diabetes and hypertension.

Conjoined twins are also which type of twin? Answers: a. Monozygotic b. Dizygotic c. Fraternal d. Zygotic

Monozygotic

Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between sexes and twin type? Answers: a. Monozygotic twins can be different sexes, while dizygotic twins are the same sex. b. There is no relationship between gender and twin type. c. Monozygotic twins are the same sex, while dizygotic twins can be different sexes. d. Both monozygotic and dizygotic twins

Monozygotic twins are the same sex, while dizygotic twins can be different sexes.

Which of the following describes a difference between how monozygotic and dizygotic twins develop? Answers: a. Monozygotic twins come from an egg that was fertilized in the fallopian tube, while dizygotic twins come from an egg that was fertilized in the uterus. b. Monozygotic twins come from a single zygote, while dizygotic twins come from two zygotes. c. Monozygotic twins are caused by a double X chromosome, while dizygotic twins are caused by a combination of one X and one Y chromosome d. Dizygotic twins come from a single zygote, while monozygotic twins come from

Monozygotic twins come from a single zygote, while dizygotic twins come from two zygotes.

Which of the following describes the way in which genetic material is distributed between twins? Answers: a. Monozygotic twins share 100% of their genetic material. b. Monozygotic twins share 70% of their genetic material. c. Dizygotic twins share 100% of their genetic material. d. Dizygotic twins do not have any shared genetic material.

Monozygotic twins share 100% of their genetic material.

According to the theory of evolution by natural selection, which of the following statements would be true? Answers: a. Mothers form a bond with their babies because of the norms and rules established by society. b. Mothers form a bond with their babies because it is usually a law in most locations. c. Mothers form a bond with their babies because doing so facilitates successful development. d. Mothers form a bond with their babies because not doing so would cause them to be rejected by others.

Mothers form a bond with their babies because doing so facilitates successful development.

Scott is talking to his friends about what he has learned in his psychology class. They want to hear more about the theory of evolution by natural selection. What should Scott tell them is the main idea of the theory of evolution by natural selection? Answers: a. Organisms that are poorly suited for their environments will change during their early years to be better suited. b. Organisms that are best suited for their environments will prevail in survival and reproduction. c. Organisms that are best suited for their environment will wipe out those that are not suited. d. Organisms that are poorly suited for their environments will change throughout

Organisms that are best suited for their environments will prevail in survival and reproduction.

Shaylesa is learning about various approaches to childbirth. She is most interested in hypno-birthing and Lamaze. What is a key theme in both hypno-birthing and the Lamaze method? a. relaxation and breathing b. relaxation and nutrition c. nutrition and pain blockers d. nutrition and education

Relaxation and breathing

What are genes comprised of? Answers: a. alleles b. sequences of DNA c. phenotypes d. genotypes

Sequences of DNA

In the nature/nurture debate, those on the "nature" side would argue: Answers: a. That who we are is an equal mix of our genetics and our environment. b. That only twins share similar genetic make-up. c. That who we are is determined by our genetics. d. That who we are is determined by our environment.

That who we are is determined by our genetics.

Which of the following is true about the effects of heroin use during pregnancy? a. The baby can only develop an addiction if exposed during the first few weeks of prenatal development. b. The baby can only develop an addiction if exposed during the final few weeks of prenatal development. c. The baby could be born with a heroin addiction. d. The baby cannot develop an addiction to heroine

The baby could be born with a heroin addiction.

Sue just told Teresa that she has reached the end of stage 1. Which event marks the end of stage 1 of a normal delivery? Answers: a. The passage of the baby through the birth canal b. The delivery of the placenta c. The delivery of the umbilical cord d. The dilation of the cervix to 10 cm

The dilation of the cervix to 10 cm

Jacqueline just found out that she is pregnant. She is aware that exposure to harmful substances can damage her baby. During which period of prenatal development is the baby most vulnerable to damage if exposed to harmful substances? Answers: a. the fetal period b. the germinal period c. vulnerability is the same throughout prenatal development d. the embryonic period

The embryonic period

What happens with gametes to create chromosomal abnormalities? a. The gametes do not divide when they are forming. b. The gametes divide too many times when they are forming. c. The gametes do not divide evenly when they are forming. d. The gametes divide evenly when they

The gametes do not divide evenly when they are forming

What happens during stage 2 of a normal delivery? Answers: a. The delivery of posterior shoulder and lower body. b. The delivery of lower body and umbilical cord. c. The placenta detaches and exits through the vagina. d. The rotation and delivery of anterior shoulder.

The rotation and delivery of anterior shoulder.

What is the difference between a sperm and an egg? Answers: a. The sperm causes monozygotic twins, while the egg causes dizygotic twins. b. The sperm contains only Y chromosomes, while the egg contains both X and Y chromosomes. c. The sperm is the male gamete, while the egg is the female gamete. d. The sperm is the female gamete, while the egg is the male gamete.

The sperm is the male gamete, while the egg is the female gamete.

What is the primary focus of evolutionary psychology? Answers: a. The universal patterns of behavior and cognitive processes that stay the same over time b. The ways in which universal patterns of behavior and cognitive processes have evolved over time c. The universal patterns of behavior and cognitive processes that are different between humans and animals d. The universal patterns of behavior and

The ways in which universal patterns of behavior and cognitive processes have evolved over time

What is the primary function of gametes? a. They are the structure that an egg travels through from the ovary to the uterus. b. They are the sex cells involved in reproduction. c. They are the part of the cell cell that contains the genetic information. d. They are the new cells that are formed

They are the sex cells involved in reproduction

What is the defining feature of chromosomes? a. They are released from the ovary every 28 days. b. They always produce monozygotic twins. Correctc. They contain genetic information from each parent. d. They combine during fertilization to

They contain genetic information from each parent.

What is the main goal of prenatal screening? Answers: a. To detect health conditions that are not identified before birth. b. To pursue additional information after a problem has been found. c. To determine if the baby is going to be male or female at birth. d. To detect problems with the health of the zygote, embryo, or fetus.

To detect problems with the health of the zygote, embryo, or fetus.

What do adoption studies compare? Answers: a. behavioral traits between biological relatives and adopted relatives b. behavioral traits between non-related individuals in different environments c. behavioral traits between identical twins and fraternal twins d. behavioral traits between identical twins

behavioral traits between biological relatives and adopted relatives

What do behavioral geneticists study? a. individual differences that occur between individuals of the same gender and race b. individual differences that occur through the interaction of genes and the environment c. individual differences that occur as a result of the environment only d. individual difference

individual differences that occur through the interaction of genes and the environment

Brayson's son was diagnosed with having a chromosomal abnormality. If you were Brayson's friend, how would you explain the cause of chromosomal abnormalities? Answers: a. two eggs being fertilized by two sperm b. inheriting too many or too few chromosomes c. a zygote that fails to separate completely d. inheriting the wrong type of

inheriting too many or too few chromosomes

Which of the following describes an effect of tobacco to an unborn baby? a. flattened nose b. small eye sockets c. an abnormally small head d. reduced blood oxygen levels

reduced blood oxygen levels

What are low birth weight babies typically unable to do? Answers: a. hear with both ears b. breathe on their own c. cry or make other sounds d. regulate their body temperature

regulate their body temperature

Zaria and Kalvin recently received the results of the prenatal screening conducted for their unborn baby. They were provided with a risk score. What does a risk score tell expecting parents about their baby? a. the probability of the baby having autism b. the type of birth defect that the baby could have c. the probability of the baby having down syndrome d. the probability of a birth defect being present

the probability of a birth defect being present

What event occurs at the end of the germinal period? Answers: a. the egg is fertilized by the sperm b. the parents' DNA is passed on to the child c. the zygote divides and multiplies d. the zygote is implanted into the uterus lining

the zygote is implanted into the uterus lining