Hypothalamus
the NPY and AgRP cells release what neurotransmitter to inhibit release of TSH and ACTH
GABA
decreased leptin levels stimulate an increase in 2 neurons of the arcuate nucleus
NPY and AgRP
the NPY and AgRP inhibit the secretion of what 2 hormones
TSH and ACTH
the periventricular nucleus in response to high leptin levels regulates the release of what 2 hormones
TSH and ACTH
high leptin levels increase secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone TSH and ACTH by doing what
acting on thyroid and adrenal glands to increase metabolic rate throughout the nervous system
high leptin levels decrease feeding behavior by doing what
activating MSH and CART neurons that project onto brain stem areas that controls this behavior
the anterior lobe is also called
adenohypophysis
the POMC neurons contain 2 hormones that respond to various levels of leptin
alpha MSH and CART
essentially, the periventricular nucleus can project both to the
anterior and posterior pituitary
vasopressin is abbreviated ADH which stands for
antidiuretic hormone
central control of feeding behavior is done through what 2 nuclei in the what hypothalamus
arcuate and periventricular nuclei in the lateral hypothalamus
high leptin levels activate leptin receptors in what nucleus
arcuate nucleus
the hypothalamus also gets ascending sensory signals from what and descending afferents from what
ascending sensory signals come from the brainstem/spinal cord and descending afferents come from the cortex and limbic system
oxytocin is also the main treatment of what condition
autism
the hypothalamus also has outputs to the what nuclei and what formation in the brainstem
autonomic nuclei and reticular formation in the brainstem
what artery supplies blood to the hypothalamus
branches of the circle of Willis
the suprachiasmatic nucleus is responsible for
circadian rhythms of the body
CART stands for
cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript
a lesion to the lateral hypothalamus results in a decrease/increase in feeding
decrease
more leptin levels generally mean a decrease/increase in appetite
decrease
with high leptin levels what is the somatic response
decreases feeding behavior
the hypothalamus integrates sensory, cognitive, and emotional info to regulate 3 main responses of the body
endocrine, autonomic, and behavioral response
arcuate and periventricular nuclei are responsible for hypothalamic releasing factors that control
feeding behavior
orexin stimulates
feeding behavior
the brain requires a lot of glucose to continue running properly, so the hypothalamus controls what to keep it fed
feeding behavior
the maxillary region marks the termination of what pathway/area
fornix
the posterior lobe secretes its hormones into
general bloodstream
MCH, along with aiding in sleep/wake behavior, organizes and initiates what type of behavior
goal-oriented
ventromedial and dorsomedial nuclei cause release of 2 things
growth hormone and feeding behavior hormones
after meals leptin levels are
high
the main function of the hypothalamus is maintenance of what
homeostasis
where are the releasing hormone cells found in the anterior lobe
hypothalamic terminals in the median eminence
vasopressin responds to decreased blood volume called
hypovolemia
a lesion to the medial hypothalamus results in a decrease/increase in feeding
increase
stimulation of POMC cells using channel rodopsin (excitatory) did what to food intake
increase
oxytocin is the hormone for
lactation, contractions, and partition in women and bond formation in both men and women
AgRP and NPY act at the what hypothalamus
lateral
MCH is released from which hypothalamus
lateral hypothalamus
what hormone acts on the hypothalamus to increase or decrease appetite
leptin
MCH and orexin levels rise when what levels fall
leptin levels
the hippocampus will send signals to the maxillary bodies, which is thought to aid in
long-term memory formation
MCH stands for
melanin concentrating hormone
MSH stands for
melanocyte stimulating hormone
adrenal glands and anterior pituitary gland regulation are a what feedback system
negative feedback system
the efferent of the hypothalamus for endocrine response is the what cells via what
neuroendocrine cells via the pituitary gland
the posterior lobe is also called
neurohypophysis
the periventricular zone is responsible for 2 things
neurosecretory and autonomic nervous system function
the neurons that project from the surpaoptic and paraventricular nuclei to the posterior pituitary are what type of neurons
neurosecretory magnoceullular neurons
this system of regulating balance between water and electrolytes is called
osmoregulation
the supraoptic nucleus mainly contains what 2 hormone cells
oxytocin and vasopressin
what 2 neurons of the hypothalamus control the autonomic nervous system
paraventricular and arcuate neurons
the cells of the periventicular nucleus and anterior areas that send signals to the anterior gland are what type of cells
parvocellular neurosecretory cells
the NPY and AgRP have connections to what 2 areas of the hypothalamus
periventricular nucleus and the lateral hypothalamus
which of the 3 zones is closest to the 3rd ventricle
periventricular zone
what are the 3 broad zones that the hypothalamus is split into
periventricular zone medial zone lateral zone
neuroendocrine function of the hypothalamus is accomplished by sending signals to what structure
pituitary gland
the hypothalamic nuclei send their projections to where
pituitary gland
the hypothalamus sends its signals to the anterior lobe via
portal blood vessels
the hypothalamus communicates with the anterior pituitary gland through what circulation
portal circulation
the pituitary gland is split up into 2 lobes
posterior lobe and anterior lobe
the supraoptic nucleus and periventricular nucleus projects to
posterior pituitary
the efferent of the hypothalamus for autonomic response is the what cells via what
pre-autonomic cells via brainstem and spinal cord
in addition to containing oxytocin and vasopressin cells, the periventricular nucleus also contains what cells
preautonomic cells
what does the viceromotor response do
raises metabolic rate and raises body temperature
maintenance of homeostasis includes
regulation of metabolism, temperature, food intake and glucose levels, and blood flow
the anterior and preoptic areas play a role in multiple things including (3)
regulation of sexual behavior sleep regulation temperature regulation
the anterior lobe is controlled by what
releasing hormone cells
the hypothalamus is important in regulating what activity
reproductive activity
what does the hypothalamus connect via the medial forebrain bundle
septum to tegmentum
hypothalamus is also important in the what response
stress
the periventricular nucleus is also responsible for responding to
stress
what are the vasopressin nuclei in the hypothalamus
supraoptic nucleus and periventricular nucleus
the arcuate and periventricular nuclei project to
the anterior pituitary
due to their emotional connection, the hypothalamus sends info to and from the amygdala via what 2 pathways
the stria terminalis pathway and the amygdalofugal pathway
true or false if the hypothalamus receives info from an area in the brain, it will most likely send info to that area
true
the supraoptic and periventricular nuclei are responsible for causing the release of 2 important hormones
vasopressin and oxytocin
the hypothalamus is where relative to the thalamus and in the brain
ventral to the thalamus at the base of the brain
the supraoptic and periventricular nuclei aid in balance of
water and electrolytes
how is the adrenal glands and anterior pituitary gland regulated under acute stress
-hypothalamus releases corticotropin releasing hormone (ACTH) in response to stress -ACTH acts on the adrenal glands on top of the kidney -adrenal glands cause kidneys to release cortisol into the body -cortisol (glucocorticoids) acts back on the brain to stop ACTH production
how does vasopressin work
-the kidney secretes renin -renin turns angiotensinogen into angiotensin I then into angiotensin II -angiotensin II activates subfornical organ -subfornical organ activates vasopressin neurons in hypothalamus -vasopressin activates water retention in kidneys
what specific neurons on the arcuate nucleus are activated by high leptin levels
POMC (propiomelanocortin) neurons