IB 123AL Final
What is cardiovascular reserve? Assuming they are the same age and training status, does Justin or Kaitlin have a higher cardiovascular reserve, and why?
-heart rate reserve is the difference between maximum heart rate and the average resting heart rate -usually males have a higher heart rate reserve because men typically have a higher maximum heart rate and a lower resting heart rate
What are some risk factors for developing coronary heart disease (CHD)
-hypertension (over 140/90) -dyslipidemia -smoking -physical inactivity -obesity (BMI over 30) -diabetes/insulin resistance -atherogenic diet Emerging risk factors: -lipoprotein (a) -homocysteine -prothrombotic factors -proinflammatory factors -impaired fasting glucose -subclinical atherosclerosis
What is metabolic flexibility? What is metabolic inflexibility? What is the insulin response observed in individuals with metabolic inflexibility?
-inflexibility: inability to respond to insulin or switch between CHO and lipid -obese folks are CHO-dependent and don't respond to insulin
The principal of your child's elementary school has asked the parents (you) to help brainstorm ways to build the students' bone bank. What is the principal talking about? What ideas can you contribute to their brainstorming session?
-Bone bank refers to building and keeping bones strong (density and quality) -before the age of 20 want to optimize building bone density/mass as there is a fracture threshold once you hit 50 years of age -suggestions: ~skeletal loading exercises such as walking and toe raises ~intaking calcium, protein, vitamin D, and energy
Define fatigue, and describe what is meant by fatigue being "multifocal."
-fatigue is the inability to maintain a power output -multifocal: -describing that fatigue is individual and task specific and variable -fatigue changes depending on the environment, and peripheral (muscles) vs central (brain) control
What changes occur to VO2max, max heart rate, max stroke volume, max cardiac output, and vital capacity with aging?
-All of these decrease with aging -but can decline slower by maintaining a good PAL (30-60 minutes daily)
How does the lactate paradox relate to altitude physiology?
-Blood lactate should be higher when exercising at altitude compared to at sea level -However, once acclimation happens blood lactate will decrease closer to what it would be at sea level (due to lower catecholamine production/lower epinephrine) -High altitude natives generate lower lactate levels especially a lower post-activity peak -The body uses more lactate at altitude and has increased clearance
How does the PO2 in our alveoli compare with the PO2 of the air surrounding us? If they are different explain why.
-PO2 of the atmosphere is 150 mmHg -PO2 in our alveoli is 100mmHg -When we breathe, oxygen diffuses from high pressure to low pressure
According to Poiseuille's Law, if a vessel constricted to 1⁄2 their original diameter, how much did the total peripheral resistance change?
-TPR = (P1 - P2)(pi r^4) / Q -½ original diameter -(4^2) = 16x
A drug company has developed a "diet pill" that is marketed to help obese individuals lose weight. The drug is known to stimulate UCP1 (uncoupling protein 1). What is the mechanism by which this drug works?
-UCP uncouple oxidation from phosphorylation by leaking protons or hydrogen ions across the mitochondrial intermembrane -greater amount of energy derived from oxidative metabolism will be towards generating heat/thermogenesis as opposed to fueling the needs of the cells -the majority will be used for heat production not fueling the cell -increases thermogenesis by uncoupling oxidation from phosphorylation and therefore is using your body's fat stores
Do glycolysis and glycogenolysis produce lactate or lactic acid? Where does the proton causing metabolic acidosis come from?
-glycolysis produces lactate -metabolic acidosis occurs for multiple reasons such as CO2 transport, oxidative phosphorylation, and the hydrolysis of ATP from glycolysis that all result in proton accumulation that results in acidosis -rate of ATP breakdown is high for high power output (i.e. sprinting) -this can be bad because it can change phosphate ions which has an effect on muscle contraction/ECC
Adequate Intake (AI)
-an observed or experimentally-derived intake level of essential nutrients that meet the nutritional needs of essentially all healthy persons -AI is used when there is insufficient date to establish EAR and RDA
The barometric pressure in Berkeley, CA is 758 mm Hg, and on top of Mt. Everest it is 253 mm Hg. What is the partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) in these two locations?
-as we change altitude, the percent of oxygen stays the same (20.93%) but the pressure changes -Berkeley: (758mmHg)(.2093)= 158.65 mmHg -Everest: (253mmHg) (.2093)= 52.95 mmHg
What is meant by "dominance of the hypoxic ventilatory drive"?
-at altitude, there is a decrease in the availability of oxygen -results in an increase in ventilation induced by hypoxia that allows the body to intake and process oxygen at higher rates (hypoxia inducement factor) -at sea level, excess CO2 drives ventilation and at altitude, it is the lack of O2 (chemoreceptors)
How does resting heart rate change during the first 20 years of life?
-average resting HR is higher in babies -120bpm is normal -with age, resting HR decreases
Robert decides that he wants to improve his time in the cycling race, and he decides to try the blood doping option. What is blood doping?
-blood doping is the practice of boosting the number of red blood cells in the bloodstream in order to enhance athletic performance -because such blood cells carry oxygen from the lungs to the muscles, a higher concentration in the blood can improve an athlete's aerobic capacity (VO2 max) and endurance
Does exercise slow aging or compensate for the effects of aging?
-can compensate for aging effects such as maintain cardiovascular fitness which reduces body fatness and incidence of diabetes -help with freedom from injury and mobility -increase mood
Jose is preparing to run a 10K. He wakes up an hour before the race start, drives to the venue without eating breakfast, then takes 2 Gu shots (high glucose gels) while he is stretching 15 minutes before the start. Describe what Jose's race will probably be like, and why.
-consuming glucose will stimulate insulin secretion -insulin will stimulate anabolic processes and decreases catabolic processes -functions to decrease glucose in the body -exercising with insulin will cause hypoglycemia because muscles will contract more causing glucose to be taken up and insulin will also be taking up glucose which will lead to hypoglycemia -Jose will fatigue earlier/faster and may not be able to finish the race ~we have a finite amount of muscle glycogen in the body, about enough to run a marathon, however this is if the other energy sources are being used/balanced ~therefore the amount of glycogen would be used faster and would not last the whole race
What are some cardiovascular adaptations to endurance training?
-decreased HR at rest -decreased blood pressure -increased stroke volume -increased blood plasma and volume
If you were conducting a study comparing metabolic responses to exercise in men and women, at what phase of the menstrual cycle should the women be in, and why?
-early to mid-follicular phases of menstrual cycle -progesterone and estradiol are lowest in these phase -this will help remove a difference of women utilizing fat more during different parts of their cycle
Robert decides that he wants to improve his time in the cycling race, and he decides to try the blood doping option. Why can blood doping be extremely dangerous?
-erythrocyte transfusion has a transmit disease risk -EPO treatment thickens blood which leads to an increased risk of several deadly disease, such as heart disease, stroke, and cerebral or pulmonary embolism
You want to do a study in which you measure the total energy expenditure (TEE) of a particular population. However, since studies in the past have shown that people tend to underreport the amount of food that they eat and over-report the amount of physical activity that they do, you do not just want to rely on questionnaires. What are some techniques you could use to estimate TEE?
-instead of PAL level/BMR measurements we can use the doubly-labeled water technique which shows the energy costs of the entire day and reflects differences in BMR -doubly-labeled water technique: ~CO2 production, labeled hydrogen lost only as water and labeled oxygen, water, and carbon dioxide Advantages: -allows measurement of energy output under normal, everyday conditions -represents patterns of energy expenditure over several days -reflects differences in BMR during day and night/sleep -includes the engy cost of all physical activities
What is type I diabetes mellitus? Explain the pathology of the disease and what the benefits/problems are with exercise as treatment.
-insulin dependent -beta cells in pancreas do not produce insulin ~Exercise: Benefits -modulation of risk factors -increase overall fitness and metabolism regulation -freedom of mobility and fun Problems -hypoglycemia -"insulin shock" -balance activity and nutrition (timing, dosages of each, sites of injection) -rebound hypoglycemia
What are some biological mechanisms by which exercise may contribute to primary or secondary prevention of coronary heart disease?
-maintain or increase myocardial oxygen supply (delay progression of coronary atherosclerosis) -decrease myocardial work and oxygen demand (decrease HR at rest and during exercise, decrease systolic bp and mean systemic arterial pressure during exercise and at rest) -decrease circulating plasma catecholamine levels at rest and during exercise -increase myocardial function (increase stroke volume and ejection fraction) -increase electrical stability of myocardium (decreases regional ischemia)
You notice that a girl on your cycling team has lost a lot of body fat since last season. On group rides you notice that her endurance has increased since last year and she is able to power up Tunnel, Claremont, and even Marin, blowing everyone away, including the guys on your team. You also notice that her voice has become lower and she has developed acne. At the end of the ride, she starts getting very angry at a motorist who cuts her off and her teammates have to hold her back from assaulting the motorist. What do you think could explain the changes in your teammate's performance and behavior? What tests might you do to confirm your hypothesis?
-maybe taking testosterone supplements as a way to increase their endurance/power output due to increased muscle mass -development of a lower voice, acne, and anger correspond with this theory tests: -testosterone (should be higher than normal levels 15-70ng/dL) -blood glucose (would be elevated, normal levels are 100mg/dL) -cholesterol (would be elevated) -blood pressure (would be elevated) -HDL (would be decreased)
Robert decides that he wants to improve his time in the cycling race, and he decides to try the blood doping option. What is one test that you could do that could alert you to the possibility that the athlete is doping?
-measuring hematocrit -men usually have 45% -women usually have 40%
Cancer primarily arises in what types of cells?
-mitotic cells (skin, breast, gonads) -not muscles and fat (post mitotic)
Give an example of a gene that could be a possible candidate for manipulation to enhance athletic performance. Explain what phenotype could be elicited from manipulating this gene.
-myostatin gene ~if knocked out, this gene could increase muscle growth, but has some issues with the force generated -gene doping can either knockout or overexpress genes ~changing or altering a gene to reverse things such as effects of aging
Gaby is a 7th-grade math teacher, and she observes that the girls in her class perform much better than the boys. Do you think her class demonstrates that girls are better at math than boys? What explanation can you offer for her observation?
-no, this class does not demonstrate that girls are better at math than boys -remember that females mature more rapidly than males by on average, 2 years
What is type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM)? Explain the pathology of the disease and the effect of exercise on glucose production and use.
-non-insulin-dependent -receptors do not react correctly to insulin ~Exercise: -modulation of risk factors -increase insulin action (sensitivity and responsiveness) -decreased platelet stickiness -freedom of mobility and fun
Given what you know about gender differences in body composition and metabolism, does it surprise you that a woman holds the record for swimming across the English Channel in the shortest amount of time? Explain.
-not entirely -women are usually better at longer/endurance performances because they utilize fats and lipids while men utilize glycogen which is better for fast action activities (more easily deplete this resource) -however, men usually still have an advantage because they have increased VO2 and oxidative phosphorylation
Your friend says that obese people are overweight mainly due to the effect that they have a lower basal metabolic rate than lean people. Explain why your friend is wrong and tell him/her about the MAIN factor(s) that may contribute to the overweight problem.
-only one factor/contribution -BMR does not change over our life span in addition to thermic effect of food (how much we eat) and overall PAL -the main contribution of being overweight include a poor diet, low PAL, and low nutrients -energy consumption > energy expenditure
A man is admitted into the ER complaining of chest pains and shortness of breath. In particular, pain in what areas of the chest/body are associated with a lack of blood flow to the heart and may be indicative of a coronary problem?
-pain in center of chest or neck -radiating to left arm due to lack of O2 and small arteries
Are speed and power training in children more effective before or after puberty? As a coach for young athletes, how would you adapt your training differently for each group? Explain why.
-pre-puberty work on skill development -in general, children have more slow twitch fibers and are still growing whereas post puberty focus on speed and power training because of the sex hormones present
In the context of size and number of adipocytes, what is the primary danger of childhood obesity?
-primary danger is that the number of adipocytes is fixed once puberty hits meaning that it will be harder to lose weight later in life -watch weight before puberty, can develop hyperplasia (enlargement) in these tissues which can increase the risk of cancer
The fat cell number is usually set at around what age? What is the significance of this?
-set in early childhood (hyperplasia) -obesity later in life occurs due to the growth of fat cells currently in the body from childhood, not because you are actively making more fat cells (hypertrophy) -therefore, if you are an obese/fatter child, you are more at risk for being obese later in life -it is important that at puberty cell number is fixed because it is harder to lose weight later in life once fixed.
Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA)
-the intake levels of essential nutrients to adequately meet the nutritional needs of 97.5% of the population -RDA = EAR + 2SD
When evaluating all of the fad diets and weight loss programs advertised, what basic principle must be remembered?
-total energy expenditure -the only way to lose weight is to burn more calories (BMR, PAL, thermic effect of food) than you take in
What is the "live high, train low" concept, and what is the rationale behind it?
-training at altitude to enhance altitude performance -allow acclimation that will result in the body having changes to increase carrying capacity BUT will not tire by training low -at altitude, cannot exercise to full capacity/workloads, some training adaptation (such as mitochondrial biogenesis) need a certain VO2 max reached that will be much more plausible at altitude
What happens to blood pH on acute exposure to high altitude, and why?
-when at altitude there is a decrease in the availability of oxygen so our breathing frequency increases which causes the blood to become more acidic (lower PH)
What are the main gender differences in the metabolic responses to exercise with respect to substrate utilization?
-women rely relatively more on blood glucose -men rely more on muscle glycogen -women utilize lipids to a greater extent during exercise than do men
Robert is a cyclist and he really wants to win his final race of the season so that he can go to Nationals. Robert has been training hard all season but decides that he wants to get an "edge." He illegally manages to get a prescription for "Procrit" and begins taking this drug. Procrit is a drug used by cancer patients who have anemia. Describe why he takes this drug to improve his performance. Do you think that it works?
-would increase red blood cell production in the body -this then raises your level of hemoglobin, which would increase the amount of oxygen delivered which would help endurance and could increase VO2 max -this would work as it is similar to blood doping -this is banned and can increase the risk of blood clots
Lactate paradoxes
1. Blood lactate is higher during rest and submaximal exercise but, paradoxically compared to sea level (SL), VO2 was unchanged, or a bit higher at altitude during rest or submaximal exercise, but with acclimation blood lactate decreases even as hypoxia and hypoxemia persisted 2. Blood lactate is higher during rest and submaximal exercise but, paradoxically maximal blood lactate is lower at altitude compared to sea level
Adam exercises on a cycle ergometer at sea level at a workload of 200 W. He then goes to Pike's Peak and cycles at the same workload. Describe any differences between the two exercise bouts, including ventilation, HR, RPE, and the metabolic fuels used in each case. What "concept" introduced in class can be used to describe this?
1. Crossover concept happens at 65% VO2 max which would occur sooner (percentage of VO2 max is different) 2. Increase in ventilation 3. Increase in heart rate (in order for there to be more oxygen delivered at altitude) 4. Increase in VO2 5. Fuels (the body will rely on lactate more due to the lactate paradox which also shows an increase in clearance), at altitude more glycogen/glucose use because represents a higher percentage of VO2 max 6. Increased RPE (will tire more easily with endurance activity)
Describe at least 2 chronic responses to altitude (i.e., acclimatization) and their mechanisms.
1. Decrease in plasma volume (more red blood cells which will allow more oxygen to be transported), increased BPG/hb improves oxygen transport 2. Increase in mitochondrial density (improved oxygen mobilization and transport, improves lactate clearance) 3. Decreased catecholamine secretion (decreases lactate), increased lactate paradox because of increased mitochondrial density
Robert decides that he wants to improve his time in the cycling race, and he decides to try the blood doping option. What are the two different methods for blood doping?
1. Erythrocyte transfusion (increase the number of red blood cells) 2. Exogenous EPO treatment (increases hemoglobin)
Describe at least 2 acute responses to altitude and their mechanisms
1. Increase in heart rate (increase transportation of the blood and increases oxygen transport, changes in oxygen sensed by chemoreceptors and changes in sympathetic drive) 2. Increase in blood pressure (increase transportation of blood and rate which makes oxygen transprort more quickly, especially important for working muscles) 3. Increase in ventiliation (increases and regulates alveolar PO2 at 100mmhg)
How does atherosclerosis develop?
1. Injury to inner lining 2. Monocytes--> macrophages 3. Migration and proliferation of smooth muscle (releases collagen) 4. Plaque (proteins, cells, cholesterol, foam cells) hardens--> clot
What is the female athlete triad?
1. disordered eating -chronic low energy availability 2. amenorrhea -missing of periods/menstruations -due to decrease of LH pulse frequency and osteoporosis -decrease in bone formation due to a decrease in insulin/IGF 1 3. osteoporosis -can be caused by amenorrhea because of the decrease in estradiol which results in an increase of bone reabsorption
You are a physician, and one of your patients is a 30-year old sedentary man who is skeptical about the benefits of exercise. He tells you that data have shown that trained and sedentary individuals have close to the same VO2max by age 70. So why should he bother adopting a physically active lifestyle, if everyone's cardiovascular fitness decreases to nearly the same level throughout life? How would exercise benefit his health as he ages? Provide at least 3 reasons with physiological explanations.
Although this is true that overall VO2 max can decrease with aging, it can be maintained (ie not decrease as much) with PAL which will help decrease morbidity. Other reasons are controlling body fat which decreases the severity and risk of diabetes, decreases the risk of osteoporosis (keeps bones strong by continuing to develop the bone bank and decreases muscle hyperplasia), increases strength and coordination which can decrease chance of falling, increases sense of wellbeing (activity--> release of BDNF which increases mood), and helps maintain enzymes that are defensive against oxygen free radicals (anti-oxidant).
A patient comes into your medical office and your task is to give an assessment and a possible diagnosis. Calculate her BMI, give a risk assessment for cardiovascular disease, and give her recommendations on what she can do to improve her health. Patients' characteristics Female, age55 Bodyweight: 185 lbs (83.91 kg) Height: 5 feet 4 inches (1.63 m) Fasting glucose: 130 mg/dL Triglycerides:190mg/dL Bloodpressure:150/90mmHg HDL: 45 mg/dL Medical history: no pregnancies, father died of a heart attack at age 50 Other: smoker for 15 years, sedentary, recently unemployed and looking for a job, the patient reportedly eats <5 servings of fruits and vegetables per week, eats at McDonald's 3 days per week Observations: The patient had dyspnea and had to stop the exercise stress test early because of this. Lung function tests reveal a FEV1 of 40%.
BMI = weight/height^2 BMI = (83.91kg/(1.63m^2)) = 31.58 She is classified as obese as her BMI is between 30-40 Recommendations: -stop smoking -start exercising -adjust diet
A patient comes into your medical office and your task is to give an assessment and a possible diagnosis. Calculate her BMI, give a risk assessment for cardiovascular disease, and give her recommendations on what she can do to improve her health. Patient's characteristics: Female, age 55 Body weight: 185 lbs Height: 5 feet 4 inches Fasting glucose: 130 mg/dL Triglycerides: 190 mg/dL Blood pressure: 150/90 mmHg HDL-C: 45 mg/dL Medical history: no pregnancies, father died of a heart attack at age 50 Other: smoker for 15 years, sedentary, recently unemployed and looking for a job, the patient reportedly eats <5 servings of fruits and vegetables per week, eats at McDonald's 3 times/wk. Observations: the patient had dyspnea and had to stop the exercise stress test early because of this. Lung function tests reveal an FEV1 of 40%.
BMI= kg/m2 (185lbsx..45)= 83.25 (64 inchesx .025)= 1.6m squared= 2.56 BMI= (83.25/2.56)= 32.51 which is characterized as type 1 or 2 obesity Other factors show hypertension (normal is 120/80, CV disease risk increased), high fasting glucose (normal is 80-100, pre-diabetes), borderline triglycerides (150-200, increased risk of cardiovascular disease), and a lower HDL (below 40 is very bad, greater risk of heart disease) in addition to family history of heart problems. The patient also has a low FEV1 (normal is 80-120, indicating respiratory issues, possibly COPD- obstruction). In the "other" section, this patient's lifestyle definitely shows an increased risk of heart disease as they eat unhealthily and have a very low physical activity level. Very high risk of CV disease. I would recommend multiple changes. 1st) diet- add in fruits vegetables, and be more careful of carbohydrates in addition to making sure cholesterol-based foods are low 2nd) 30 minutes of physical activity a day, can be a small walk (start small and increase) 3rd) If still smoking, try to stop (might take a long time, probably have a routine for this)
What is the difference between central and peripheral fatigue?
Central fatigue: -initiated in the brain -due to neural inhibition Peripheral fatigue: -due to disturbance in: ~motor endplate 1. in the spinal cord 2. motor nerves ~in the muscles
Describe the intrinsic and extrinsic factors that affect myocardial contractility.
Extrinsic: -influences of norepinephrine and epinephrine Intrinsic: -Frank-Starling or length-tension relationship ~determine the strength of contraction and myocardial length (EDV) ~length-tension relationship: increasing preload increases ventricular filling lengthening cardiocytes ~Frank-Starling: the ability of the heart to change its force of contraction and therefore stroke volume in response to changes in venous return -EDV is related to the venous return or "preload" ~myocardial function positively affected by "preload" -systolic blood pressure (SBP) ~myocardial function is negatively affected by SBP or "afterload"
According to NCEP (National Cholesterol Education Program) guidelines, what are desirable levels of plasma lipoproteins and lipids?
LDL: below 100 mg/dL HDL: above is 60 mg/dL total, do not want low HDL (below 40) Cholesterol: below 200 mg/dL Triglycerides: below 150
What are the major hormones involved in developmental processes? Which hormone is highly responsive to exercise during puberty?
Major Hormones: -sex hormone (estrogen, testosterone) -growth hormone ~higher during the early pubertal years and decreases in stages 4-5 whereas testosterone and estrogen are more dependent on the pubertal stage Exercise: -growth hormone increases in every single stage after exercise
If end-diastolic volume (EDV) is 200 mL, and end-systolic volume (ESV) is 50 mL, calculate stroke volume (SV) and ejection fraction (EF).
SV = EDV - ESV SV = 200ml - 50ml = 150ml EF = (EDV - ESV)/EDV EF = (200ml - 50ml)/200ml = 0.75ml
Describe what metabolites might be depleted and/or accumulated for a sprinter in the 400 meters. How about for a marathon runner?
Sprinter: -depleted ~ decreased ATP/CP that are more immediate sources -accumulated ~ lactate/H+ accumulation and ADP/inorganic P from ATP/CP breakdown Marathon: -depleted ~ decreased glycogen/glucose sources -accumulated ~ running at less than VO2 max, reach a steady state
What are the strengths and limitations to using BMI as a indicator of body composition?
Strength: -recognized link to health outcomes -reflects relationship of weight and height -good population data in US and other countries Limitations: -not best indicator of body adiposity -cutoffs may not be valid across populations -some difficulty in defining cutoff points in children and across populations/countries
A man who is 5'6" weighs 170 lbs. What is his BMI, and is he considered healthy, overweight or obese?
Weight= 170 lbs x 0.45= 76.5kg Height= 66 in x 0.25= 1.65 BMI= (76.5/(1.65^2))= (76.5/2.72) = 28.13 -He is overweight
Casey is a nutritionist with the following three patients. Should he supplement each of their diets with liquid or solid foods? Why? a. A cachexic elderly woman who is frail and has a small appetite b. An athlete who is looking for an ideal post-workout meal c. Young sedentary child who plays a lot of video games
a) liquid, she has multiple illnesses and a small appetite: get nutrients in some liquid food, easier to eat b) liquid meals post-workout because they digest faster and need to get nutrients to repair muscles: Your ideal post-workout meal should have a combination of fast-digesting carbohydrates because they induce an insulin response (e.g., glucose, dextrose) and fast-digesting protein (e.g., whey isolate c) solid food because the child is young and sedentary meaning he does not need to digest faster, should recommend to increase PAL
1. Are the following scenarios examples of central or peripheral fatigue? a. Casey and Mike go for a run around Lake Merritt (3 miles). Casey complains of being tired and starts to slow down. Mike proposes that after the run, they go to Fenton's for ice cream. Suddenly, Casey picks up the pace the finishes the lake loop. b. Justin is hooked up to an electromyogram (EMG) and a force transducer. He performs a hand-grip contraction at 80% of maximal voluntary contraction. After 1 minute, the EMG levels have increased slightly, but the force of contraction has decreased. c. The men's track team frequently runs 12 x 400-meter intervals for their speed workout. Despite equal recovery times, their 400-meter times are consistently faster when the women's team is also training on the track.
a. central fatigue (psychological block that is preventing her running) b. peripheral fatigue (muscles, maybe due to H+ accumulation) c. central fatigue
arteriosclerosis
abnormal hardening of the walls of an artery/arteries
Dietary Reference Intake (DRI)
collective term that includes EAR, RDA, AI, and UL
What is the difference between a substance that is "banned" vs. "illegal"?
illegal: -something that no one can legally acquire -not usually sold banned: -substance that is not illegal to buy but something that could improve or alter an athlete's preformance -against the rules of that particular sport and cannot be taken in/before competition more likely than not, banned substances are usually illegal
You hear an adolescent girl say "guys are so dense." What evidence can she cite to prove her point?
males have larger skeletal size and bone mass compared to females even with comparable body size males reach their peak body density (more bone and more muscle mass) around age 18
Does exercise prevent aging
no, exercise slows aging and compensates for aging effects
BMI classifications
normal: 18-25 overweight: 25-30 obesity: 30-40 (class 1 and 2) extreme: over 40 (class 3)
Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL)
the highest intake level of nutrients that poses no risk of adverse health effects to essentially all healthy persons
Estimated Average Required (EAR)
the intake levels of essential nutrients to adequately meet the nutritional needs of 50% of the population
Atherosclerosis
type of arterio -a buildup of fats -cholestrol to make plaque in artery walls to restrict blood flow (narrowing)
