Quiz 6

Respiratory alkalosis is caused by a. hyperventilation. b. pneumonia. c. chest muscle weakness. d. pulmonary edema.

A

The body compensates for metabolic alkalosis by a. hypoventilation. b. decreasing arterial carbon dioxide. c. increasing bicarbonate ion excretion. d. hyperventilation.

A

The finding of ketones in the blood suggests that a person may have a. metabolic acidosis. b. metabolic alkalosis. c. respiratory acidosis. d. respiratory alkalosis.

A

Uncompensated metabolic alkalosis would result in a. increased pH, increased HCO3-. b. increased pH, decreased HCO3-. c. decreased pH, increased HCO3-. d. decreased pH, decreased HCO3-.

A

What is the most likely explanation for a diagnosis of hypernatremia in an elderly patient receiving tube feeding? a. Too much sodium in the feedings b. Excess of feedings c. Inadequate water intake d. Kidney failure

C

Which alterations can lead to edema? a. Decreased capillary hydrostatic pressure b. Increased capillary colloid osmotic pressure c. Decreased lymphatic flow d. Decreased capillary membrane permeability

C

Which electrolyte imbalances cause increased neuromuscular excitability? a. Hypokalemia and hyperphosphatemia b. Hyperkalemia and hypophosphatemia c. Hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia d. Hypercalcemia and hypermagnesemia

C

Emesis causes a. respiratory acidosis. b. respiratory alkalosis. c. metabolic acidosis. d. metabolic alkalosis

D

What is likely to lead to hyponatremia? a. Insufficient ADH secretion b. Excess aldosterone secretion c. Administration of intravenous normal saline d. Frequent nasogastric tube irrigation with water

D

An increase in the resting membrane potential (hyperpolarized) is associated with a. hypokalemia. b. hyperkalemia. c. hypocalcemia. d. hypercalcemia.

A

Decreased neuromuscular excitability is often the result of a. hypercalcemia and hypermagnesemia b. hypomagnesemia and hyperkalemia. c. hypocalcemia and hypokalemia. d. hypernatremia and hypomagnesemia.

A

Effects of hypernatremia on the central nervous system typically include a. confusion. b. excitation. c. insomnia. d. hallucinations.

A

Vomiting of stomach contents or continuous nasogastric suctioning may predispose to development of a. carbonic acid deficit. b. metabolic acid deficit. c. metabolic acidosis. d. carbonic acid excess.

B

Which acid are the kidneys unable to excrete? a. Metabolic b. Carbonic c. Bicarbonate d. Ammonia

B

The patient who requires the most careful monitoring for development of metabolic acidosis is a patient who a. is in the diuretic phase of acute renal failure. b. has had hypokalemia for over a week. c. has had diarrhea for over a week. d. has newly diagnosed Cushing syndrome.

C

A person with acute hypoxemia may hyperventilate and develop a. respiratory acidosis. b. respiratory alkalosis. c. metabolic alkalosis. d. metabolic acidosis.

B

Causes of hypomagnesemia include a. hyperphosphatemia. b. chronic alcoholism. c. oliguric renal failure. d. clinical dehydration.

B

Clinical manifestations of moderate to severe hypokalemia include a. muscle spasms and rapid respirations. b. muscle weakness and cardiac dysrhythmias. c. confusion and irritability. d. vomiting and diarrhea.

B

Diarrhea and other lower intestinal fluid losses will contribute to a. metabolic alkalosis. b. metabolic acidosis. c. respiratory acidosis. d. mixed acid-base disorders.

B

Excessive antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion can cause _____ concentration. a. increased serum sodium b. decreased serum sodium c. increased serum potassium d. decreased serum potassium

B

A person who experiences a panic attack and develops hyperventilation symptoms may experience a. neuromuscular depression. b. anxiety acidosis. c. numbness and tingling in the extremities. d. acute compensatory metabolic acidosis.

C

A person who overuses magnesium-aluminum antacids for a long period of time is likely to develop a. hypokalemia. b. hyperkalemia. c. hypophosphatemia. d. hyperphosphatemia.

C

Causes of metabolic acidosis include a. hyperventilation. b. massive blood transfusion. c. tissue anoxia. d. hypoventilation.

C

Clinical manifestations of hyponatremia include a. weak pulse, low blood pressure, and increased heart rate. b. thirst, dry mucous membranes, and diarrhea. c. confusion, lethargy, coma, and perhaps seizures. d. cardiac dysrhythmias, paresthesias, and muscle weakness.

C

Diarrhea causes a. respiratory acidosis. b. respiratory alkalosis. c. metabolic acidosis. d. metabolic alkalosis.

C

A patient has a positive Chvostek sign. The nurse interprets this as a sign of: a. hypercalcemia. b. hypermagnesemia. c. decreased neuromuscular excitability. d. increased neuromuscular excitability.

D

Metabolic alkalosis is often accompanied by a. hypernatremia. b. hyponatremia. c. hyperkalemia. d. hypokalemia.

D

Renal compensation for respiratory acidosis is evidenced by a. decreased carbon dioxide. b. elevated carbon dioxide. c. decreased bicarbonate ion concentration. d. elevated bicarbonate ion concentration.

D

Respiratory acidosis may be caused by a. hyperventilation. b. massive blood transfusion. c. tissue hypoxia. d. hypoventilation.

D

The ________ system compensates for metabolic acidosis and alkalosis. a. gastrointestinal b. renal c. cardiovascular d. respiratory

D

Manifestations from sodium imbalances occur primarily due to a. cellular fluid shifts. b. vascular collapse. c. hyperosmolarity. d. hypervolemia.

A

Respiratory acidosis is associated with a. increased carbonic acid. b. hypokalemia. c. increased neuromuscular excitability. d. increased pH.

A

Signs and symptoms of clinical dehydration include a. decreased urine output. b. increased skin turgor. c. increased blood pressure. d. decreased heart rate.

A

The electrolyte that has a higher concentration in the extracellular fluid than in the intracellular fluid is _____ ions. a. sodium b. phosphate c. magnesium d. potassium

A

Hypernatremia may be caused by a. decreased aldosterone secretion. b. decreased antidiuretic hormone secretion. c. compulsive water drinking. d. excessive dietary potassium.

B

The person at highest risk for developing hypernatremia is a person who a. self-administers a daily tap water enema to manage a partial bowel obstruction. b. receives tube feedings because he or she is comatose after a stroke. c. has ectopic production of ADH from small cell carcinoma of the lung. d. is receiving IV 0.9% NaCl at a fast rate.

B

Signs and symptoms of extracellular fluid volume excess include a. tachycardia. b. increased serum sodium concentration. c. bounding pulse. d. increased hematocrit.

C

The arterial blood gas pH = 7.52, PaCO2 = 30 mm Hg, HCO3- = 24 mEq/L demonstrates a. metabolic acidosis. b. respiratory acidosis. c. respiratory alkalosis. d. mixed alkalosis.

C

The major buffer in the extracellular fluid is a. hemoglobin. b. albumin. c. bicarbonate. d. phosphate.

C

Which change in a patient's assessment has the greatest urgency? a. Serum potassium concentration is decreasing; abdominal distention, but denies any difficulty breathing b. Serum calcium concentration is decreasing; reports constipation; is alert and denies any discomfort c. Serum calcium concentration is increasing; reports constipation; is alert and denies any discomfort d. Serum potassium concentration is increasing; has developed cardiac dysrhythmias, but denies any difficulty breathing

D