IDS YouTube

open source

code is public, you can modify any of it, but you can't sell it. Developer makes money if any through support & training services

routing

communication across networks

TCP

connection-oriented protocol

HTML5

current version of HTML

how APIs work

data is in a standard format, applications are designed to send and receive data in that standard format

transmission scheduling

devices take turns transmitting so their signals don't interfere with eachother

Web application attributes

1) generally low hardware requirements becasue can be used by weak mobile devices 2) runs in a web browser 3) typically needs to tolerate disconnects & doesn't require continuous network access

physical

7L PCPI- actually does the transmitting

presentation

7L PCPI- reformats data for network travel

session

7L PCPI- synchronize related application

transport

7L PCPI- takes application data and converts it to a packet sequence

application

7L PCPI- user interface

network

7L PCPI-assigns destination IP address to each packet

data link

7L PCPI-controls transmission scheduling and converts byte to bitstream

Application

A PSTNDP

MySQL

A relational database management system (RDBMS) that runs as a server providing multi-user access to a number of databases.

3rd person cookie

A site that did not put the cookie on the machine is able to use the cookie

Application Programming Interface (API)

API

Data Link

APSTNDP

Network

APSTNDP

Physical

APSTNDP

Presentation

APSTNDP

Session

APSTNDP

Transport

APSTNDP

problem with routing

Core problems: For an incoming packet, is its destination in my network? If the data link layer finds the packet is for me, am I its final destination?

Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH)

DASH

Plug in

Download & install the application on your machine, then run it

Supercookie

Gather information about a user's Internet history across sessions, websites, and even browsers

Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)

HTML

Fingerprinting

Identifying users by unique combinations of browser, operating system, & hardware features

HTML5

One of its main features is providing functions to make plugins unnecessary and improve security

Tier 3 ISP

Only use transit agreements with other ISPs

Tier 1 ISP

Own part of the backbone, only use peering agreements

HTML

Primary language used for writing webpages

APSTNDP

Seven layers of PCPI

transmission control protocol

TCP

Latency

Time it takes for a bit to travel from its sender to its receiver

User Datagram Protocol

UDP

user-generated content (UGC)

UGC

Tier 2 ISP

Use both peering and transit agreements

Jitter

Variability in the delay of transmissions

problem with switching

When I receive a packet, the sender might be connected to multiple devices - should I ignore this packet?

Stateless applications

Why are cookies necessary?

Vitess

YouTube's database for storing videos

TCP

Youtube uses (TCP/ UDP) ?

UDP

a connectionless protocol that has little overhead and is used for communication data such as voice and video

JavaScript

an object-oriented computer programming language commonly used to create interactive effects within web browsers

machine learning

automated learning of patterns in the data, expressed as rules: people who like X also like Y&Z

modular layer cons

because it is loosely coupled, could be made more efficient by sharing cross-layer information

Why APIs necessary

if you have many flavors of two applications (like email) then developing a custom interface for each & every application pair is a LOT of work

video problems

latency, jitter, packet loss

modular layer pros

makes it easy to modify a layer without any impact on the rest of the system

closed source

source code is kept secret, you can't customize the application except for plugins etc. and developer can sell it

Switching

technique for packet handling: Direct connections between devices, within local area networks (LANs)

Client-side scripting

the script code runs on your machine

Server-side scripting

the script exists and runs (remotely) on a server

transit

the service of allowing network traffic to cross a computer network, usually used to connect a smaller Internet service provider (ISP) to the larger Internet

applets

type of plugin, no longer around really.

1st person cookie

used by the same site your'e visiting

buffering

used to help smooth out problems with latency and jitter

peering

voluntary interconnection of administratively separate Internet networks for the purpose of exchanging traffic between the users of each network

pros of layered architecture

you can alter one layer without much impact on the others ---> easy to implement new software