Immunity

A genetic defect causes a fetus to not develop a thymus. Which mature cells would you predict to be low?

T lymphocytes

where are all granulocytes formed?

bone marrow

Which disease is fought by the immune system as part of its function to recognize and remove abnormal "self" cells?

cancer

Leukemia is

cancer of the bone marrow and the lymph nodes

If a virus attacks a cell, which type of immunity would be activated?

cell-mediated immunity (cellular immunity)

Which class of MCH proteins presents exogenous antigens?

class || MHC proteins

Which of the innate defense mechanisms can lyse bacteria and mark cells for phagocytes?

complement proteins

Cancer cells would be attacked by which of the following cells? -cytotoxic T cells -macrophages -B cells

cytotoxic T cells

which of the following is not an antigen-mediated mechanism of disposal? -neutralization -decreased natural killer cell activity -agglutination -opsonization

decreased natural killer cell activity

The most prevalent of the leukocytes are neutrophils. What is the primary role of neutrophils?

digesting microorganisms, abnormal cells, and foreign particles

B lymphocytes can be activated by

helper T cells.

What type of immunity can be transferred by bodily fluids from one person to another, thus conferring immunity to the recipient?

humoral immunity

Where in the lining of the genital tract is a common place for the human papilloma virus (HPV)?

in squamous epithelium that lines the mucus membranes of the genital tract

Tears and mucus membranes would be a part of which defense system?

innate external defenses

tears and mucous membranes would be part of which defense system?

innate external defenses

Phagocytotic cells such as macrophages identify a variety of enemies by recognizing markers unique to pathogens. They would be classified as which type of defense system?

innate internal defenses

natural killer cells _______

insert perforin into cell membranes and cause cell to lyse

Which of the following innate internal defenses work by interfering with viral replication? -phagocytes -interferons -complement proteins -T lymphocytes

interferons

Which of the nonspecific defenses prevents the spread of viruses by interfering with the viruses' ability to replicate?

interferons

____ signal neighboring cells to produce enzymes that inhibit the replication of viruses

interferons

Which condition is matched to its correct abnormal immune response? -autoimmune disease; hypertension -lack of response; H I V -parasitic infection; type 1 diabetes -A and C -All of the above

lack of response; H I V

During a viral infection increased numbers of __________ are expected in the blood.

lymphocytes

Which leukocytes are mainly responsible for specific immune responses?

lymphocytes

A cell's __________ is recognized as "self" and is not targeted by the immune response for destruction.

major histocompatibility complex (M H C) membrane proteins

Most leukocytes circulate in the blood but migrate outside of the vessels to perform their function. Which pairing represents the same cell? -monocytes; macrophages -lymphocytes; plasma cells -eosinophils; mast cells -A and B -All of the above

monocytes; macrophages

Physical barriers are the first line of defense against invading pathogens. Which is a physical (not chemical) barrier? -lysozymes -acidity of the stomach -antibodies -mucous membranes lining the G I and respiratory tracts

mucous membranes lining the G I and respiratory tracts

what granulocytes are the most abundant?

neutrophils

What cells make antibodies?

plasma B cells

____ is the process of identifying antigen receptors against normal body cells and destroying the cells that produce these antigens

self tolerance

The capacity of lymphocytes to distinguish self from nonself is known as what?

self-tolerance

What is the purpose of macrophage migration inhibition factor?

signal macrophages to stay in their location

How do the various vaccines for human papilloma virus (HPV) help protect the recipient from possible HPV infections?

stimulate antibody production

What are the two primary lymphoid tissues?

thymus and bone marrow

Measuring _____ in the blood permits clinicians to determine there is an infection in the body

white blood cells

____ the process of squeezing through the capillary pores.

Diapedesis

____ are cells that are the first cells to arrive at an infection, are phagocytic and a part of the non-specific immune response.

Neutrophils

Is it possible for the human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccine to cause an HPV infection in the recipient?

No; there is no DNA in the vaccine.

____ is a type of T cell that suppresses antibody production as well as inhibits other T cell activity

Suppressor T cells

What is the name of the unique area (specific region) that a lymphocyte recognizes and binds to?

an antigenic determinant

Which molecules are secreted by certain immune cells, and bind to antigens?

antibodies

Which of the following can act as opsonins on bacteria, thus enhancing phagocytosis?

antibodies and complement proteins

Specific immune responses are mediated by -lysozyme. -interferons. -antibodies. -All of the above.

antibodies.

Which of the following does NOT form part of the body's nonspecific defenses? -the complement system -inflammation -interferons -antigens

antigens

The complement protein cascade ends with -lipid-soluble proteins in infected cell membranes -cell death -membrane attack complexes -All of the above

All of the above

The immune system -removes dead or damaged cells -protects against pathogens -removes abnormal cells produced during cell replication -B and C -All of the above

All of the above

Which are phagocytic? -macrophages -neutrophils -eosinophils -All of the above

All of the above

A patient has a problem with apoptosis, and cells that react with self-antigens are not destroyed during development. Which type of immune system pathology would you predict?

Auto-immune Disease

_____ are responsible for the humoral immunity. They produced antibodies and are a part of the specific immune response.

B lymphocytes

Class | MHC proteins are recognized by which of the following cell types (that are destined to become T cells)

CD8

Which major class of lymphocytes become cytotoxic T cells?

CD8 cells

Inhibition of _____ production results in cancer cells and virus infected cells being protected from the immune system

Class | MHC molecules

Which type of cell is NOT capable of phagocytosis?

Cytotoxic T cells

A patient is born without cytotoxic T cells. Which of the following would you predict to be decreased?

Destruction of virally infected cells

Immediate hypersensitivity reactions against pollen are mediated by which antibodies?

I g E

During a primary immune response, which antibody level is probably increasing?

I g M

_____ are antibodies that involved in allergic reactions as well as assist in fighting parasitic infections

IgE

By which mechanism do natural killer (NK) cells destroy virally infected cells?

Induction of apoptosis

what is the paracrine signal released from macrophages undergoing clonal selection is responsible for signaling B lymphocytes to become plasma cells?

Interleukin 1

Which immune-system molecule is involved in cell recognition?

MHC

Which cells function to both ingest invaders and present antigens?

Macrophages

How do phagocytes recognize foreign cells or bacteria?

The phagocytes recognize molecules on pathogens not normally found on body cells

What is the function of secondary lymphoid tissues?

To allow mature immune cells to interact with pathogens

True or False: Specific immunity includes cell-mediated and humoral immunity.

True

The process by which thousands of antibody molecules frequently clump together and neutralize antigens is known as what?

agglutination

Class | MHC proteins are found on which of the following cell types?

all nucleated cells

Which of the following types of cells display protein fragments produced by the cancer within them?

all nucleated cells

Which of the following are conditions/symptoms that develop during allergic reactions? -anaphylactic shock -urticaria -asthma -all of the above

all of the above

Which of the following is not a purpose of the immune response? -increase blood flow to the area -remove cellular debris -isolate and kill invading pathogens -all of the above

all of the above