Industrial and Organizational Psychology (Levy Ch. 1-5)
ways to control extraneous variables?
held constant different levels of variable part of the experimental design statistical control
the skills, behaviors, and capabilities that allow employees to perform specific functions?
competencies
an abstract quality, such as intelligence or motivation, that is not observable and is difficult to measure?
construct
the extent to which a test measures the underlying construct that it was intended to measure?
construct validity
the degree to which a test or predictor covers a representative sample of the quality being assessed?
content validity
the manipulation of antecedent conditions to affect behavior?
control
dependent variables are often called?
criteria, outcomes and consequences
which are collected at one point in time from a single group of respondents?
cross-sectional data
what kind of data does archival research contain?
cross-sectional data and longitudinal data
suggests that behavior is orderly and systematic and doesn't just happen by chance?
determinism
suggests not only that behavior is orderly but also that this orderliness can be discovered?
discoverability
a unique piece of scholarly research that is usually the last hurdle before obtaining a PhD?
dissertation
The research process?
formulate they hypothesis, design the study, collect data, analyze the data, report the findings
which the investigator asks a series of questions orally rather than in writing?
interview
What does a case study involve?
interviews, historical analysis, research into the writings or policies of an individual or organization
the theory should be able to explain a lot as simply as possible?
parsimonious
criteria to a good theory?
parsimonious precision testability useful generatively
the observer tries to "blend in" with those who are to be observed?
participant observation
4th area of I/O psychologists is?
performance appraisal
I/O psychology dependent variables?
performance, profits, costs, job attitudes, salary, promotion, attendance, behaviors, and motivation
should be specific and accurate in its wording and conceptual statements so that everyone knows what its propositions and predictions are?
precision
the ability to anticipate an event prior to its actual occurrence?
prediction
independent variables are often called?
predictors, precursors and antecents
5th are of I/O psychologists is?
quality of work life
a research design that resembles an experimental design but does not include random assignment?
quasi-experiment
the procedure by which research participants, once selected, are assigned to contains such that each one has an equally likely chance of being assigned to each condition?
random assignment
we can split the test in half by off or even questions numbers and see if the even half of the test is equivalent to the off half?
split hald reliability
involves selecting a sample of respondents and administering some type of questionnaire?
surveys
the stability of a test over time; often called a coefficient of stability?
test-retest reliability
the proportions presented in the theory must be verifiable by some sort of experimentation?
testability
a set of interrelated constructs, definitions, and propositions that present a systematic view of a phenomenon by specifying relations among variables, with the purpose of explains and predicting the phenomenon?
theory
when did the I/O psychology field really grow?
when they were employed by the government to train, tests and measure the performance of soldiers
The lady of Management and the Mother of Scientific management?
Lillian Gilbreth
When was I/O first established?
1901 by Walter Dill Scott, at the Agate Club in Chicago
Mental ability tests developed by I/O psychologists during World War 1 that were used to select and classify army personnel?
Army Alpha and Army Beta
First PhD in industrial Psychology?
Bruce V. Moore
is a process or method for generating a body of knowledge?
Science
includes information on personal characteristics, ability, occupation and work performance for over 36,000 individuals?
GATB
What is the largest Archival research?
GATB General Aptitude Test Battery
were a series of experiments, some of which examined the impact of illumination or productivity, that were conducted at the Western Electric Plant in Hawthorne, Illinois?
Hawthorne Studies
the application of psychological principles and theories to the workplace?
I/O Psychology
the extent to which two independent forms of a test are equivalent measures of the same construct; sometimes called equivalent forms reliability or a coefficient of equivalence?
Parallel forms reliability
the variable of interest, or what we design experiments to assess?
dependent variable
a theory is developed to?
describe, predict, explain and control important phenomena
the accurate portrayal or depiction of the phenomenon of interest?
description
Types of reliability?
Test retest reliability Parallel forms reliability interrater reliability internal consistency
What do I/O psychologists study?
The attitudes and behaviors of employees and employers Interpersonal relationships at work The structure of organizations and organizational policies The complex processes of motivation and leadership Both individual and organization performance The context, culture, and climate of organizations The match between people and jobs
goals of science?
description explanation prediction control
broad conceptual frameworks within which motivation and performance can be examined?
action theories
research the relies on such data sets, which have been collected for either general or specific purposes identified by an individual or organization?
archival research
What should out measure of reliability be?
at least .70
a dimension along which individuals can be measured and along which they vary?
attribute
examinations of a single individual, group, company or society?
case study
a conclusion, drawn from research data, about the likelihood of a causal relationship between two variables?
causal inference
starting with a theory and propositions and then collecting data to test those propositions?
deduction
is the variable of interest-what we design our experiment to assess?
dependent variable
How to come up with a hypothesis?
generated as a results of a thorough review of the literature arise from the experimenters own experiences from a question that has not yet been answered in the published literature
it should stimulate research that attempts to support or refute its propositions?
generatively
a question that can be answered only though experimentation, experience, or observation?
empirical
the notion that the vest way to understand behavior is to generate predictions based on theory, gather data and use the data to test theses predictions?
empiricism
assumptions about the world?
empiricism determinism discoverability
a data collection approach that captures momentary attitudes and psychological states?
experience sampling methodology (ESM)
which designs have higher internal validity?
experimental have higher internal validity over observational
research procedures that are distinguished by random assignment of participants to conditions and the manipulation of independent variable?
experimental methods
gathering knowledge about why the phenomenon exists or what causes it?
explanation
is external or internal validity always and empirical question?
external validity
the extent to which the results obtained in an experiment generalize to other people, settings, and times?
external validity
is anything other than the independent variable that can contaminate the results or be thought of as an alternative to out causal explanation?
extraneous variable
anything other than the independent variable that can contaminate our results of be thought of as an alternative to our causal explanation?
extraneous variable/confounding variable
how is data collected?
face to face interactions mail e-mail interent
a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables?
hypothesis
a variable that is systematically manipulated by the experimenter or, at the least, measured by the experimenter as an antecedent to other variables?
independent variable
working from data to theory?
induction
associated with job analysis, training, selection and performance measurement/appraisal?
industrial psychology
does quasi experiment use random assignment or intact groups?
intact groups
we can determine whether there is consistency among a set of items by looking at the correlations among all the items?
inter item reliability or the cornerbacks coefficient alpha
An indication of the extent to which individual test items seem to be measuring the same thing?
internal consistency
the extent to which we can draw causal inferences about our variables?
internal validity
the extent to which multiple raters or judges agree on ratings made about a particular person, thing or behavior?
interrater reliability
3 points of reliability?
keep in mind that if we are going to use a test score as a predictor of on the job performance is it imperative that the predictor be measured reliably recall that I mentioned measurement error as getting in the way of accurate measurement reliability is extremely important because we cannot accurately predict attitudes, performance, or behavior with a variable that is not measured very well
a way of going about doing things to increase our understanding of concepts, processes and relationships?
logic of inquiry
which are collected over multiple time periods so that changes in attitudes and behaviors can be examined?
longitudinal data
example of self-administered questionnaire?
mail survey
the systematic control, variation, or application of independent variables to different groups of participants?
manipulation
the assignment of numbers to objects or events using rules in such a way as to represent specified attributes of the objects?
measurement
refers to the observation of someone or something in its natural environment?
naturalistic observation
Do descriptive studies involves random assignments or manipulation?
no
results that are usually analyzed by correlational statistics?
observational methods or correlation designs
3rd area of I/O psychologists is?
organizational development
deals with motivation, work attitudes, and leadership, as well as the structure, culture, and processes of organizations?
organizational psychology
the consistency or stability of measure?
reliability
How are I/O psychologists trained?
scientist/practitioner model
an approach used to train I/O psychologists maintaining that because I/O psychologists are both generators and consumers of knowledge, training must be focused on both theory and application
scientist/practitioner model
1st area of I/O psychologists is?
selection
are surveys that are completed by respondents in the absence of an investigator or in the response of the researcher?
self-administered questionnaires
3 reasons self administered surveys are useful?
they are relatively easy to administer they can be administered to large groups of people at the same time they can provide respondents with anonymity, which makes them feel more comfortable and increases the likelihood that their responses will be hones
2nd area of I/O psychologists is?
training and development
the researcher tries not to draw attention to himself or herself and objectively observes individuals?
unobtrusive naturalistic observation
it is practical and helps in describing, explaining and predictions an important phenomenon?
useful
Measuring internal consistency?
we can split the test in half by odd or even question numbers and see if the even half of the test is equivalent to the odd half whether there is consistency among a set of items by looking at the correlations among all the items