Industrial Revolution Review Guide- History Chapter 25

What did workers do in order to reform problems caused by industrialization?

They set up a labor union and created strikes.

What is urbanization, what caused urbanization, and what are the effects of urbanization?

Urbanization is city building and the movement of people to cities. Urbanization was caused by the growth of the factory system. Bad Effects: Crime rate rises, Environmental damage and loss, Overcrowding and higher demand to provide services and employment, Cost of living rises. Good Effects: Increased economic activity and appeal, Boost of local culture, Services and shops become more accessible and there are more of them, More homes for a growing population.

Collective Bargaining

negotiations between workers and their employers

Laissez-Faire

refers to the economic policy of letting owners of industry and business set working conditions without interference

Strike

refuse to work

Labor Union

voluntary labor associations

Entrepreneur

A person who organizes, manages, and takes on the risks of a business.

What are the political, social, and economic effects of the Industrial Revolution? (both positive and negative)

Economic: It created a lot of jobs, It fostered technological progress and invention, It greatly increased the production of goods. Social: Raised the standard of living, Tensions between classes grew, Healthier diets. Political: Child labor laws form to end abuses, Trade unions formed

What caused the need for workers to form labor unions?

Factory workers faced long hours, dirty and dangerous working conditions, and the threat of being laid off. So, they demanded more rights and protection. Laborers eventually won higher wages, shorter hours, and better working conditions after they joined together to form labor unions.

Where did the Industrial Revolution spread?

It began in Britain spread both to the United States and to continental Europe.

How did the class structure change during the Industrial Revolution, and what was the relationship between social classes?

Landowners and aristocrats had occupied the top position in British society. Now some factory owners, merchants, and bankers grew wealthier than them. Tensions between the classes grew.

What were the major inventions of the Industrial Revolution, and how did they change society?

The Flying Shuttle- by John Kay (doubled the work a weaver could do in a day.), Spinning Jenny- James Hargreaves (allowed one spinner to work eight threads at a time.), Water Frame- Richard Arkwright (used the waterpower from rapid streams to drive spinning wheels.), Spinning Mule- Samuel Crompton (made thread that was stronger, finer, and more consistent), Power Loom- Edmund Cartwright (sped up weaving), Factories- Merchants (large building that held heavy machinery such as the water frame), Cotton Gin- Eli Whitney (separates seeds from cotton.)

What was the impact of industrialization at the global, and local level?

The U.S experienced a technological boom. These included a wealth of natural resources, a burst of inventions, and a swelling urban population. Railroads were very popular and led to businesses of all kinds merging

What were the results of the Agricultural Revolution (changes in agriculture)?

The enclosures had two important results. First, landowners tried new agricultural methods. Second, large landowners forced small farmers to become tenant farmers or to give up farming and move to the cities. called the seed drill, invented by Jethro Tull in 1701, allowed farmers to sow seeds in well-spaced rows at specific depths. Scientific farmers also developed crop rotation.

What is the Industrial Revolution, and how did industrialization change society?

The greatly increased output of machine-made goods that began in England in the middle 1700s. Transportation was quicker and less expensive, more jobs became available, and improved agricultural practices.

What are the characteristics of capitalism, socialism, and communism? With each system, what is the role of the government, and who would have supported each system during the Industrial Revolution?

Capitalism: an economic system in which the factors of production are privately owned and money is invested in business ventures to make a profit. Socialism: the factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all. Communism: a form of complete socialism in which the means of production would be owned by the people.

Where did the Industrial Revolution begin, why did it begin there, and what was the first industry to become industrialized there?

The industrialization began in England. The small island country had extensive natural resources (water, iron, and ore). Britain also had an expanding economy to support industrialization, political stability, and factors of production. The textile industry was the first to be industrialized.

What is the enclosure movement?

The movement of which landowners experimented with more productive seeding and harvesting methods to boost crop yields. The enclosure movement had two important results. First, landowners tried new agricultural methods. Second, large landowners forced small farmers to become tenant farmers or to give up farming and move to the cities.

What is crop rotation, and what are the effects of crop rotation?

The practice of growing a series of dissimilar crops in the same area in sequenced seasons. It prevented soil erosion and increases crop yield.

What are the factors of production?

The resources needed to produce goods and services that the Industrial Revolution required. They included land, labor, and capital (or wealth).