inquizitive 2
Match each disease with its classic symptoms.
- fever, chills, cough, chest pain, sore throat, muscle pain: influenza -fever, chills, cough, chest pain, respiratory wheezing: RSV -seal-like bark, hoarseness, respiratory distress: croup - high fever, chills, cough, chest pain, stiffness, confusion: SARS
Which of the following are components of gut-associated lymphoid tissue?
Peyer's Patches M Cells
Which feature in this figure allows bacteria to evade phagocytosis?
(click on all donut shaped objects)
Which of the following statements are true?
- Diagnoses of skin diseases are usually based on clinical presentation. - Treatment of viral skin diseases usually involves supportive therapy.
Which statements have been supported by recent studies?
- Indole can cause the host cell to increase production of anti-inflammatory molecules. - Many end products of bacterial metabolism are found in the blood and urine of mammals. - Indole, produced by E. coli, can cause tight junctions to tighten.
Which of the statements are true of the skin?
- It is the largest human organ and covers 16 square feet of surface. - It serves as a barrier for blocking microbes from deeper tissues. - It serves as a host to approximately 1 trillion microbes.
Which of the situations given represent innate rather than adaptive immune responses?
- Phagocytized Staphylococcus is destroyed by the oxidative burst. - A pathogenic bacterium deposited on the skin fails to replicate quickly because of sebum's acidic pH. - Within a few hours of entry into a cut, a bacterium is killed by cytoplasmic leakage associated with complement.
Which of the following statements are true of human papillomavirus?
- There are different subtypes. The subtype that causes warts on the soles of the feet is different than the one that causes warts on the palms of the hands. - Treatment can involve freezing, burning, and surgical removal.
Which of the following are true of herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2)?
- They can cause corneal infections in the eye. - HSV-1 is present in active or latent form in 60%-90% of older adults and can lie dormant in the trigeminal nerve ganglion.
Match the following diseases with the correct descriptions.
- This disease is caused by Clostridium perfringens. Symptoms include necrotic tissue and a foul-smelling odor. gas gangrene - Symptoms include a shiny, fiery red, raised rash with an uneven surface, like orange peel. erysipelas - One side effect of this disease is turned-in eyelids. Corneal opacifications and blindness are possible complications. trachoma - Usually caused by staph and strep, symptoms of this disease include small papular lesions that often ooze and crust. impetigo
Conserved, repeating non-self structures on microbes, such as peptidoglycan in bacterial cell walls, are called ________________. These structures can be recognized by receptors on host cell surfaces called _________________. Once non-self patterns are recognized by these receptors, chemicals are released that can activate additional components of the immune system.
- pathogen-associated molecular patterns - Toll like receptors
Match each anatomical detail to the upper or lower respiratory tract.
- upper respiratory tract: oral cavity larynx pharynx - lower respiratory tract: ciliated cells alveoli bronchi bronchioles
Match the disease to the type of rash it causes.
- vesicular or pustular: smallpox cold sores shingles - maculopapular: fifth disease rubella measles
Which are true statements that support the idea of considering the microbiome an organ system?
-A person's microbiome is at least partly inherited from his or her mother. -Defects in the microbiome can have dire effects on human health. -The microbiome performs specific functions for the body.
Which of the following accurately describe the relationship between complement and Gram-positive bacteria?
-Antibody coated Gram-positive bacteria can activate complement. -Complement factors attract phagocytes, which target Gram-positive cells. -Gram-positive bacteria are resistant to complement killing.
A patient's white blood cell count with differential shows elevated neutrophils and band cells with 30% lymphocytes as a portion of the total 25,000/mm3 WBC count. What can you tell from this result?
-Elevated neutrophils indicate bacterial infection. -Elevated total WBC count is indicative of acute bacterial infection.
Which is true of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)?
-Host cells are opsonized by antibodies. -Natural Killer cells destroy the target.
Sepsis is a life threatening condition that can be brought on by an over-reactive host immune response to infection. Place the steps leading to septic shock in order following initial infection.
-PAMPs are recognized by TLRs. -Pro-inflammatory cytokines are released. -Endothelial layer becomes damaged. -Clotting factors are exposed. -Initial clot formation depletes platelets leading to bleeding.
Place the steps of acute inflammation in the order they naturally occur.
-Pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus enters tissue through a cut. -Macrophages phagocytize bacteria upon contact and release cytokines. -Production of selectins on capillary endothelial cells is stimulated. -Integrin-producing neutrophils are slowed; extravasation occurs. -Neutrophils assist macrophages in phagocytizing infecting microbes.
Match each condition to its primary symptom.
-inflammation of the cornea: keratitis -inflammation of the conjunctiva: conjuctivitis -infections of the inner structures of the eye: endopthalmitis
When bound to microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), ___________ such as ______ or NLRs stimulate the production of ____________ that attract phagocytic cells to the area.
-pattern recognition receptors(PRRs) -TLRs -cytokines
Match each bacterium with the disease(s) it causes.
-tuberculosis: Mycobacterium bovis -diphtheria: Corynebacterium diphtheriae -bacterial sinusitis: Streptococcus pneumoniae Haemophilis influenzae -strep throat: Streptococcus pyogenes -acute otitis media (AOM): Haemophilis influenzae Streptococcus pneumoniae -scarlet fever: Streptococcus pyogenes -whooping cough: Bordetella pertussis -lobar pneumonia: Streptococcus pneumoniae
Pathogen- or microbe-associated molecular patterns would be likely to include which of the following?
-β-glucan or chitin -double stranded RNA -lipoteichoic acid
Which of the statements are true with regard to the human gastrointestinal tract?
All are true: The high pH and high bile salt concentration of the duodenum and jejunum allow colonization by only a few, mainly Gram-positive, species. About half of the world's population has H. pylori colonizing the stomach. The colon is slightly acidic and is generally anaerobic. The stomach of a healthy individual has a pH of less than 4.
Which of the following organisms are known to cause burn wound infections?
Aspergillus and Candida Staphylococcus aureus Pseudomonas aeruginosa Gram-negative bacteria from the intestinal tract
Why do some influenza strains cause lower respiratory tract infection, while some cause upper respiratory tract infection?
Avian influenza and human influenza bind to different receptors. Antigenic shift changes where the virus infects.
Lactobacillus and __________________ are commonly used in ____________, which are supplements that contain live bacteria and are used to restore natural balance in the digestive system.
Bifidobacterium Probiotics
What term describes the number of microorganisms that typically inhabit a particular site (or ecosystem) of the human body?
Bioburden
Which term describes the use of one microbe to control another?
Biocontrol
Which of the following are true of the human microbiome?
Cells of the microbiota can communicate with each other. Gut bacteria differ between obese people and lean people. Staphylococcus is commonly found in multiple places on the human body. Some microbiota produce important metabolites.
How does the mucociliary escalator decrease the risk of respiratory tract infection?
Ciliated epithelial cells sweep mucus along the respiratory tract. Goblet cells secrete mucin.
The eye itself is not heavily colonized because there are antimicrobial factors present to inhibit bacteria. However, some commensal bacteria can be found on the conjunctiva. Which of the bacteria commonly reside there without causing damage?
Commonly Reside on Conjunctiva: Proteus S. epidermidis
Which of the following help explain why it is difficult to colonize skin?
Enzymes such as lysozyme are present. It is acidic.
Children are more susceptible to upper respiratory tract infections, such as acute otitis media, because of this part of their anatomy.
Eustachian tubes
Match the description to the correct image.
Folliculitis- superficial infection of hair follicles Scalded skin syndrome- blistering disease caused by certain strains of Staphylococcus aureus Carbuncle- lesion from boils joining together Boil or Furuncle- painful abscess of a hair follicle
How are fungal respiratory infections differentiated from viral and bacterial respiratory infections?
Fungal Infections: diffuse infiltration in the lungs unrelated symptoms no patient response to antibiotics
Most of the organisms that colonize the skin are _____________ bacteria, such as Staphylococcus and __________ species, because they are more resistant to salt and ____________.
Gram positive Bacillus dryness
Which of the following are known to cause eye disease?
Haemophilus influenzae Acanthamoeba species C. trachomatis Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Which of the following statements are true of smallpox?
Humans are the only known reservoir for the virus that causes this disease. There are no FDA-approved treatments for smallpox, and the virus is considered a bioterrorism threat.
Why do we not have a universal influenza vaccine?
Influenza surface proteins change every year. Influenza has a high rate of genetic shift. Influenza has a high rate of genetic drift.
As pictured, measles usually start with these white spots on the buccal mucosa. What are the spots called?
Koplik's spots
What do we call the star-shaped, macrophage-like cells that are in the epidermis, above the basal layer?
Langerhans cells
Membrane attack complexes are not able to select the membranes they attack. Why are host cells not destroyed by the action of complement?
Lectins bind mannose residues on bacteria. C-reactive protein does not bind host membranes. CD59 prevents C9 polymerization. Factor H inactivates C3b.
Which of the following is a Gram-positive bacillus pathogen that is found in unpasteurized dairy products and can cross the placental barrier?
Lysteria monocytogenes
You are working to design a universal flu vaccine. Which viral proteins interest you most?
M2 influenza nucleoprotein
Why is fever potentially advantageous?
Many pathogens grow slowly above 37C
Sally is 2 years old and is diagnosed with acute otitis media (AOM). You notice in her chart that Sally was previously vaccinated against Streptococcus pneumoniae, a common cause of AOM. Why does this not surprise you?
More than 90 serotypes of S. pneumoniae exist. AOM is only caused by noninvasive strains of S. pneumoniae.
Toll-like receptors are embedded in cellular membranes. However, a similar receptor system exists to allow recognition of PAMPs within cells. What are these intracytoplasmic receptors known as?
NOD like receptors
This bacterium can reside in the nasopharynx of some individuals without causing disease. Sometimes it can cause infections in the nasopharynx and spread to the bloodstream. It can pass the blood-brain barrier and cause a potentially deadly disease. Which of the following fits this description?
Neisseria meningitidis
Match the diseases with the correct descriptions.
One symptom of this disease is painful oral lesions. There is no vaccine for this disease in the United States. -hand, foot, and mouth disease A person who has this disease could potentially transmit chickenpox to the recipient. -shingles This disease can cause death from multi-organ failure. It has been eradicated. -smallpox The main symptom of this disease is a pruritic vesicular rash. A potential complication of this disease is shingles. -chickenpox
Sort the following terms according to their source: pathogen or host.
Pathogen Associated- peptidoglycan PAMP LPS Host Associated- NOD-like receptor interferon antibody TLR
These small areas of immune system tissue are found in the intestines. They sample normal bacteria to help maintain a low-level immune response.
Peyer's patches
Lungs damaged by disease can be populated by a variety of microbes. Which of the following are typical pathogens that may be present in diseased lungs?
S. pneumoniae P. aeruginosa
S. mutans and ______________ can adhere to each other and to other surfaces. They can also lead to dental plaque formation and _________.
S. salivarius tooth decay
Why are smokers more susceptible to respiratory infections?
Smoker's cough often increases lung damage. Nicotine paralyzes cilia.
Which of the following organisms are the two major contributors to bacterial skin infections?
Staphylococcus Streptococcus
Why do secondary bacterial infections often occur in the lung after a patient is first infected with a virus?
The patient is dehydrated. The patient's mucus is more viscous. The patient's lungs are damaged.
Why does bacterial sinusitis often accompany pneumonia?
The same pathogens that cause pneumonia can infect the sinuses. The sinuses are obstructed. The nasal passages are warm.
What is the fate of neutrophils that have entered tissue to control infection?
They are phagocytized by macrophages. They undergo apoptosis.
Which statements are true of microbiota?
They can help digest food. They can shape and enhance the immune system. They can help synthesize vitamins.
_____________ is a long-term infection of the skin prevalent in warm, moist climates. It is caused by the yeast genus____________, which is actually part of the normal skin biota and is not contagious.
Tinea versicolor Malassezia
Which of the following statements regarding methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are correct?
Vancomycin can be used to treat MRSA. Methicillin is no longer used in the United States. MRSA first appeared as a nosocomial infection.
The slapped cheek rash pictured is pathognomonic for erythema infectiosum (fifth disease). What does pathognomonic mean?
a sign or symptom that is characteristic of a particular disease
What is the most common childhood bacterial respiratory illness diagnosed by pediatricians?
acute otitis media
The _______________ complement activation pathway is initiated by spontaneous cleavage of ____. In the classical and lectin pathways, C4 and ______ must initially be cleaved in order to form the C3 convertase. Once C3 has split, the component C3b acts to split ______. C3a and ______ act as chemoattractant molecules, drawing neutrophils. _____ may also act as an opsonin for phagocytes.
alternative C3 C2 C5 C5a C3b
Which statement about necrotizing fasciitis is not true?
antibiotic therapy alone is the most effective treatment
Which of the following can influence the composition of a person's microbiota?
antibiotic use hormones made by the host stress diet
Why does hospital-acquired pneumonia often result in complications and poor clinical outcomes?
antibiotic-resistant bacteria immunocompromised patients
Programmed cell death, or _____________, can be induced in phagocytes by some bacteria as a mechanism of survival following phagocytosis. The death of the phagocyte allows the bacteria to escape before being destroyed.
apoptosis
Match the polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) type to the most appropriate function or description.
associated with IgE-mediated allergic responses -basophil phagocytize circulating bacterial pathogens -neutrophil release toxins onto the surface of pathogens too large to be phagocytized -eosinophil -basophil
What are the differences between atypical and typical pneumonia?
atypical- infection of multiple organ systems normal white blood cell count (WBC) symptoms appear gradually patients continue normal activities for a period of time usually occurs in the winter months typical- elevated white blood cell count (WBC) infection restricted to the lung usually occurs in the winter months
What term describes the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream?
bacteremia
Adaptive immune mechanisms can identify and attack bacterial, viral, fungal, chemical and other foreign antigens. How many of these distinct structures can be individually recognized and targeted by a normal human immune system?
billions
Patients receiving bronchodilator therapy are showing symptoms associated with which part of the respiratory tract?
bronchi
What patient populations are at risk for secondary tuberculosis?
cancer patients the elderly HIV patients
Which of the following is not a virulence factor of certain strains of S. pyogenes?
cell membrane
Who is most at risk of contracting croup?
children
This complement activation pathway relies on direct cooperation with the adaptive immune system.
classical
How is acute otitis media commonly diagnosed?
clinical presentation physical exam
Staphylococci are Gram-positive microbes that resemble a____________. Two types of staph, S. aureus and S. epidermidis, both commonly affect the skin. Because _______________ produces enzymes, such as __________________, that contribute to its ability to cause disease, it is considered a true pathogen, whereas ________________ does not possess such enzymes and is therefore considered an opportunistic pathogen.
cluster of grapes S. aureus coagulase S epidermis
The outside parts of the eye are covered with a moist, transparent mucous membrane called the __________. If it becomes red and irritated, the condition is called_______________. This can be due to infection, allergies, or_________
conjunctiva conjunctivitis trauma
Which viruses are common causes of human colds?
coronaviruses respiratory syncytial virus parainfluenza virus rhinoviruses influenza
What has caused the rise in whooping cough cases in the United States over the last several years?
decrease in vaccination rates
These antimicrobial compounds, which are active against cytoplasmic membranes, are small cationic peptides that function as an innate defense against microbial infections.
defensins
Macrophages and _______________(both of which are derived from _____________) are antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that display foreign material to _________ in order to initiate an adaptive immune response. Macrophages are more likely to ____________ whole cells by the extension of pseudopods, followed by formation of a phagosome. Ingested microbes may then be destroyed by fusion of an enzyme-filled __________.
dendritic cells monocytes T cells phagocytize lysosome
What is the area of the skin served by a specific nerve called?
dermatome
What term, which is Greek for "skin plants," indicates fungi that love human skin?
dermatophytes
Which of the following statements regarding diabetes wounds is not correct?
diabetic hand wounds are the number one cause of limb amputations in the U.S
The blood-brain barrier is composed of thin, flat ______________ cells that form the walls of blood capillaries. They ___________ and form__________________.
endothelial overlap tight junctions
The skin can be divided into two main sections: a deeper one and a superficial one. What is the superficial layer of the skin called?
epidermis
Select the options that are examples of how the body prevents infection.
epithelial barriers cells with TLR or NLR receptors placental barrier blood-brain barrier
A change in the color and texture of the skin is usually referred to as a rash. Widespread skin rashes accompanied by other systemic symptoms are called ____________, whereas ______________are rashes on______________.
exanthems enanthems mucous membranes
The first step in the process of inflammation, ___________, describes the movement of neutrophils out of blood vessels and into tissues, allowing them access to the site of infection.
extravasation
A positive TB skin test means that the patient is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. true or false?
false
Bacteria cannot survive inside a granuloma, but they may still form around tissue in which damage from an infection has already occurred.true or false?
false
Bacteria cause the majority of upper respiratory tract infections. true or false?
false
Chronic inflammation is a necessary and useful innate immune defense for preventing bacterial illness. true or false?
false
Colonization of a patient by a respiratory pathogen will result in pneumonia. true or false?
false
Fungal skin diseases are named according to their causative agent. true or false?
false
MHC molecules are antigens present on foreign cells that allow innate targeting of the cells by mechanisms like NK cells. true or false?
false
Secondary tuberculosis occurs when patients are reinfected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. true or false?
false
The natural reservoir for S. pyogenes is the human intestinal tract.true or false?
false
This is an extreme form of probiotic therapy. It involves the intestinal microbiome of a healthy individual being transferred to someone with a severe intestinal disease in order to restore a normal microbiome. What is this procedure called?
fecal transplant
This viral disease is one of the six exanthem diseases of childhood. Its portal of entry is the respiratory tract or the conjunctiva. It causes Koplik's spots and a maculopapular rash as immune cells kill the virally infected endothelial cells of blood vessels. What is the name of this disease?
first disease
Clostridial myonecrosis, also called _______________, is a life-threatening disease involving localized tissue death. It is caused mainly by the Gram-positive, spore-forming bacteria _____________. This microbe is a true saprophyte and grows only on __________ tissue.
gas gangrene C. perfringens dead
Which of the following can be found in the dermis?
hair follicles fibroblasts
This photo depicts an outbreak of shingles that ran along a certain branch of the trigeminal nerve, affecting the eye, eyelids, forehead, and nose. The resulting eye disease is known as which of the following?
herpes zoster opthalmicus
The infection depicted in the photo is typically caused by a child sucking his or her thumb when the child has a cold sore. What is the name of this infection?
herpetic whitlow
The__________ hypothesis is also called the __________ microbiota hypothesis. It states that as human health has improved, we have altered or lost certain components of our ___________.
hygiene disappearing microbiome
This brain region acts as the body's thermostat, regulating temperature via involuntary vasodilation and vasoconstriction.
hypothalamus
What risk factors are associated with fungal respiratory infection?
immunosuppression environmental exposure HIV infection
What has contributed to the resurgence of tuberculosis in the developed world?
increase in prison population increase in the indigent population HIV population
Which of these is a benefit of microbiota?
inhibiting the growth or colonization of pathogens
During the course of an infection with the Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli O157:H7, bacterial cells may be recognized by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), which bind to a portion of LPS shared by all Gram-negative bacteria, while antibodies bind to the O157 antigen unique to this serotype. Though both may lead to destruction of the cell, the first is an example of ______________, while the second is an example of _____________________.
innate immunity adaptive immunity
Which is true of interferon?
interferon, which is effective against measles, is also likely effective against chickenpox
Which type of flu vaccine is more effective?
intranasal
A cluster of patients in Atlanta, Georgia, were admitted to the hospital with shortness of breath, a productive cough, and other systemic symptoms. Interestingly, all the patients were in town for a convention and stayed on the same floor of the hotel. Although public health officials couldn't grow the bacteria in the lab, they suspected patients were infected with this bacterium.
legionella pneumophila
Which viruses or diseases commonly affect the skin?
measles human papillomavirus fifth disease
What features indicate that a patient may have a chronic fungal infection?
metastatic lesions normal white blood cell count
What is the new field of microbiology that focuses on how pathogens respond to target cells' hormones?
microbial endocrinology
People's _____________ seem to be ____________. A potential new field, _________________, could possibly match a suspect's microbiome to a weapon or crime scene in a way similar to use of DNA or fingerprints to identify a suspect.
microbiomes unique microbiome forensics
What term describes all of the bacteria, protozoa, fungi, and archaea that inhabit our bodies?
microbiota
Which of these are ways to diagnose fungal skin diseases?
microscopic examination of potassium hydroxide (KOH) preparations of skin flakes or hair culturing on Sabouraud agar
What term describes the ciliated lining of the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles that sweeps foreign particles out of the lungs?
mucociliary escalator
Lymphoid stem cells may differentiate into which of the following cell types?
natural killer cells lymphocytes
What is the term used for normal flora that cause infection in immunocompromised individuals?
opportunistic
Staphylococcus aureus have entered Kim's bloodstream through a small cut on her hand. These organisms are the same strain Kim was exposed to when she scraped her knee a few months ago. When the organisms enter her bloodstream, antibodies to a cell surface protein are able to bind to the bacterial cells. The Fc regions of the antibodies are now exposed to phagocytes that can bind them. This is best described as ___________ .
opsonization
Complement proteins in serum are so named because they enhance the effect of antibodies on bacteria. Which of the following are ways in which complement assists in protecting against bacterial infection?
opsonization membrane attack complex
Please match the lesion name with the correct picture.
papule, vesicle, postule, macule
Monomers of ______________ are released from the NK cell and enter target host cell membranes lacking MHC I. Monomers oligomerize to form a pore in the target cell membrane. NK cells release _____________, which are cytotoxic proteases that enter target cells through the pores and trigger _______________.
perforin granzymes apoptosis
______ therapy is a biocontrol method where a _____ that targets a specific bacterial ________ is introduced into a human host that is infected with the bacteria.
phage bacteriophage pathogen
What mechanism prevents phagocytes from engulfing and destroying our own cells?
phagocyte glycoproteins bind CD47
Select the options that are examples of how the body prevents infection.
placental barrier cells with TLR or NLR receptors epithelial barriers blood-brain barrier
Which of these infections do respiratory viruses cause?
pneumonia bronchitis sinusitis common cold
What is the difference between Streptococcus pneumoniae strains?
polysaccharide capsule structure
Streptococcus pneumoniae employs multiple strategies to evade the immune system. For example, it has many different antigenic types of pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide. Which of the following interventions can reduce infection rates?
polyvalent conjugate vaccine (PCV) pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV)
Match each respiratory bacterial disease with the correct symptoms
prolonged cough, "whoop" noise when breathing in, vomiting- whooping cough earache, ear discharge, fever, decreased hearing- acute otitis media productive cough (including blood), fever, loss of appetite, weight loss, fatigue- tuberculosis fever, dry cough, chest pain, sweating, sore throat- walking pneumonia
Match these common intestinal flora to the groups they belong to.
protozoa- Trichomonas hominis Entamoeba hartmanni fungi- Candida albicans bacteria- Bacteroides spp. Clostridium spp.
Match these common intestinal flora to the groups they belong to.
protozoa-Trichomonas hominis bacteria- Bacteroides spp. fungi- Candida albicans
Which of the following organisms is a Gram-negative opportunistic pathogen that has many virulence factors, including exotoxins A and S, that kill host cells? This organism is found ubiquitously in the environment and is a common cause of wound infections.
pseudomonas aeruginosa
External __________ are substances found outside the body, such as certain bacterial toxins, that cause fever
pyrogens
Bacteria talk with each other by secreting molecules. What is the term for this bacterial communication?
quorum sensing
What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?
redness heat pain edema altered function
The majority of viruses that cause a rash access the body first through the ___________ tract; examples are varicella-zoster virus (VZV) and _____________(German measles). But others, such as _______________, directly attack the epithelial cells of the skin.
respiratory rubella papillomavirus
Which of these symptoms indicates an upper respiratory tract infection?
rhinorrhea
When it was first discovered, the disease commonly known as German measles was thought to be measles because of its similar macropapular rash, but German measles is caused by a completely different virus than ordinary measles. In children, the disease is usually mild and has a short duration, but in adults, German measles can be more serious. It can cause joint pain and can pass through the placenta of a pregnant woman and cause defects in the developing fetus. What is the scientific name of this disease?
rubella
Which sections of the respiratory tract are involved with each of these common symptoms?
runny nose seal like bark sinus congestion seal like bark chest pain
Why are viral infections in the respiratory tract a challenge to treat?
secondary bacterial infections few antiviral medications exist virally induced lung damage
Bacteria may survive following phagocytosis by different mechanisms. Which of the following is not a means for bacteria to survive phagocytosis?
secreting cytokines that attract other bacteria, clogging the phagosome
Which of the following human body sites, tissues, or fluids harbor microbiota?
skin vagina small intestine
Which of the following diseases has been eradicated?
small pox
Which of these risk factors increase susceptibility to chronic bronchitis?
smoking COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) exposure to air pollution exposure to secondary smoke
Which of the following is a chemical produced by the body as part of its innate defense against microbial infection?
stomach acid superoxide radicals sebum
Please place the layers of skin in order from the most surficial to the deepest.
stratum corneum stratum lucidum stratum granulo sumstratum spinosum stratum basale dermis
Please place the layers of skin in order from the most surficial to the deepest.
stratum corneum stratum lucidum stratum granulosum stratum spinosum stratum basale dermis
Why do some strains of Streptococcus pyogenes cause scarlet fever, whereas others don't?
streptococcal exotoxins
Streptococcus pyogenes causes which of the following diseases?
streptococcal pharyngitis scarlet fever rheumatic fever
Which of the following is used to hold together the epithelial layers that line the mucosa?
tight junctions
This photo depicts a fungal infection of the scalp. What is the specific name for such an infection?
tinea capitis
Colonization by certain microbes causes a change in host gene expression. true or false?
true
Eye infections are always considered serious infections. true or false?
true
Herpes viruses are a major cause of keratitis in the United States. true or false?
true
Innate immune mechanisms alone are enough to kill many pathogens, but they are more effective when combined with adaptive responses. true or false?
true
Lysozyme, an enzyme secreted by the body into mucous membranes, can kill microbes by cleaving peptidoglycan. true or false ?
true
Organisms colonize the fetal intestine in the womb. true or false?
true
Regardless of the activation pathway used, the complement system always proceeds identically from the splitting of C3 to the formation of the membrane attack complex. true or false?
true
Roseola is a disease that causes three to five days of high fevers in very young children. It is usually caused by strains of human herpes virus (HHV). The virus is present in many people but remains latent, meaning hidden and not manifesting the disease. true or false?
true
Some commensals are now being used to deliver vaccines. true or false?
true
The majority of viruses that cause a rash first access the body through the respiratory tract. true or false?
true
There are hundreds of bacterial species in the human intestine. Competition between them helps to inhibit pathogenic species. true or false?
true
There are ten times more bacterial cells in the human body than there are body cells. true or false?
true
There are vaccines available for measles, rubella, chickenpox, and some strains of common warts. true or false?
true
mmediately after a severe burn, the surface of the wound is essentially heat sterilized. true or false?
true
Match the bacterium with its probable location. Consider your options carefully before beginning. There is only one way to place all of the bacteria correctly.
vagina-Candida albicans stomach-Helicobacter pylori skin-Propionibacterium acnes eye-Haemophilus large intestine- Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron
Following phagocytosis of a pathogen, macrophages release _____ as well as cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-1. On the cells lining capillaries, these cytokines stimulate the production of ________ that can bind ICAM-1 to the surfaces of neutrophils. In order to migrate through the endothelial cell layer, tight junctions must be loosened. This occurs following the release of __________, a small polypeptide that causes further degranulation of mast cells and the release of histamine. Neutrophils in tissue are guided toward microbes by a special subset of cytokines, like IL-8, known as __________.
vasoactive factors selectins bradykinin chemokines