inquizitive 2

Pataasin ang iyong marka sa homework at exams ngayon gamit ang Quizwiz!

Match each disease with its classic symptoms.

- fever, chills, cough, chest pain, sore throat, muscle pain: influenza -fever, chills, cough, chest pain, respiratory wheezing: RSV -seal-like bark, hoarseness, respiratory distress: croup - high fever, chills, cough, chest pain, stiffness, confusion: SARS

Which of the following are components of gut-associated lymphoid tissue?

Peyer's Patches M Cells

Which feature in this figure allows bacteria to evade phagocytosis?

(click on all donut shaped objects)

Which of the following statements are true?

- Diagnoses of skin diseases are usually based on clinical presentation. - Treatment of viral skin diseases usually involves supportive therapy.

Which statements have been supported by recent studies?

- Indole can cause the host cell to increase production of anti-inflammatory molecules. - Many end products of bacterial metabolism are found in the blood and urine of mammals. - Indole, produced by E. coli, can cause tight junctions to tighten.

Which of the statements are true of the skin?

- It is the largest human organ and covers 16 square feet of surface. - It serves as a barrier for blocking microbes from deeper tissues. - It serves as a host to approximately 1 trillion microbes.

Which of the situations given represent innate rather than adaptive immune responses?

- Phagocytized Staphylococcus is destroyed by the oxidative burst. - A pathogenic bacterium deposited on the skin fails to replicate quickly because of sebum's acidic pH. - Within a few hours of entry into a cut, a bacterium is killed by cytoplasmic leakage associated with complement.

Which of the following statements are true of human papillomavirus?

- There are different subtypes. The subtype that causes warts on the soles of the feet is different than the one that causes warts on the palms of the hands. - Treatment can involve freezing, burning, and surgical removal.

Which of the following are true of herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2)?

- They can cause corneal infections in the eye. - HSV-1 is present in active or latent form in 60%-90% of older adults and can lie dormant in the trigeminal nerve ganglion.

Match the following diseases with the correct descriptions.

- This disease is caused by Clostridium perfringens. Symptoms include necrotic tissue and a foul-smelling odor. gas gangrene - Symptoms include a shiny, fiery red, raised rash with an uneven surface, like orange peel. erysipelas - One side effect of this disease is turned-in eyelids. Corneal opacifications and blindness are possible complications. trachoma - Usually caused by staph and strep, symptoms of this disease include small papular lesions that often ooze and crust. impetigo

Conserved, repeating non-self structures on microbes, such as peptidoglycan in bacterial cell walls, are called ________________. These structures can be recognized by receptors on host cell surfaces called _________________. Once non-self patterns are recognized by these receptors, chemicals are released that can activate additional components of the immune system.

- pathogen-associated molecular patterns - Toll like receptors

Match each anatomical detail to the upper or lower respiratory tract.

- upper respiratory tract: oral cavity larynx pharynx - lower respiratory tract: ciliated cells alveoli bronchi bronchioles

Match the disease to the type of rash it causes.

- vesicular or pustular: smallpox cold sores shingles - maculopapular: fifth disease rubella measles

Which are true statements that support the idea of considering the microbiome an organ system?

-A person's microbiome is at least partly inherited from his or her mother. -Defects in the microbiome can have dire effects on human health. -The microbiome performs specific functions for the body.

Which of the following accurately describe the relationship between complement and Gram-positive bacteria?

-Antibody coated Gram-positive bacteria can activate complement. -Complement factors attract phagocytes, which target Gram-positive cells. -Gram-positive bacteria are resistant to complement killing.

A patient's white blood cell count with differential shows elevated neutrophils and band cells with 30% lymphocytes as a portion of the total 25,000/mm3 WBC count. What can you tell from this result?

-Elevated neutrophils indicate bacterial infection. -Elevated total WBC count is indicative of acute bacterial infection.

Which is true of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)?

-Host cells are opsonized by antibodies. -Natural Killer cells destroy the target.

Sepsis is a life threatening condition that can be brought on by an over-reactive host immune response to infection. Place the steps leading to septic shock in order following initial infection.

-PAMPs are recognized by TLRs. -Pro-inflammatory cytokines are released. -Endothelial layer becomes damaged. -Clotting factors are exposed. -Initial clot formation depletes platelets leading to bleeding.

Place the steps of acute inflammation in the order they naturally occur.

-Pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus enters tissue through a cut. -Macrophages phagocytize bacteria upon contact and release cytokines. -Production of selectins on capillary endothelial cells is stimulated. -Integrin-producing neutrophils are slowed; extravasation occurs. -Neutrophils assist macrophages in phagocytizing infecting microbes.

Match each condition to its primary symptom.

-inflammation of the cornea: keratitis -inflammation of the conjunctiva: conjuctivitis -infections of the inner structures of the eye: endopthalmitis

When bound to microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), ___________ such as ______ or NLRs stimulate the production of ____________ that attract phagocytic cells to the area.

-pattern recognition receptors(PRRs) -TLRs -cytokines

Match each bacterium with the disease(s) it causes.

-tuberculosis: Mycobacterium bovis -diphtheria: Corynebacterium diphtheriae -bacterial sinusitis: Streptococcus pneumoniae Haemophilis influenzae -strep throat: Streptococcus pyogenes -acute otitis media (AOM): Haemophilis influenzae Streptococcus pneumoniae -scarlet fever: Streptococcus pyogenes -whooping cough: Bordetella pertussis -lobar pneumonia: Streptococcus pneumoniae

Pathogen- or microbe-associated molecular patterns would be likely to include which of the following?

-β-glucan or chitin -double stranded RNA -lipoteichoic acid

Which of the statements are true with regard to the human gastrointestinal tract?

All are true: The high pH and high bile salt concentration of the duodenum and jejunum allow colonization by only a few, mainly Gram-positive, species. About half of the world's population has H. pylori colonizing the stomach. The colon is slightly acidic and is generally anaerobic. The stomach of a healthy individual has a pH of less than 4.

Which of the following organisms are known to cause burn wound infections?

Aspergillus and Candida Staphylococcus aureus Pseudomonas aeruginosa Gram-negative bacteria from the intestinal tract

Why do some influenza strains cause lower respiratory tract infection, while some cause upper respiratory tract infection?

Avian influenza and human influenza bind to different receptors. Antigenic shift changes where the virus infects.

Lactobacillus and __________________ are commonly used in ____________, which are supplements that contain live bacteria and are used to restore natural balance in the digestive system.

Bifidobacterium Probiotics

What term describes the number of microorganisms that typically inhabit a particular site (or ecosystem) of the human body?

Bioburden

Which term describes the use of one microbe to control another?

Biocontrol

Which of the following are true of the human microbiome?

Cells of the microbiota can communicate with each other. Gut bacteria differ between obese people and lean people. Staphylococcus is commonly found in multiple places on the human body. Some microbiota produce important metabolites.

How does the mucociliary escalator decrease the risk of respiratory tract infection?

Ciliated epithelial cells sweep mucus along the respiratory tract. Goblet cells secrete mucin.

The eye itself is not heavily colonized because there are antimicrobial factors present to inhibit bacteria. However, some commensal bacteria can be found on the conjunctiva. Which of the bacteria commonly reside there without causing damage?

Commonly Reside on Conjunctiva: Proteus S. epidermidis

Which of the following help explain why it is difficult to colonize skin?

Enzymes such as lysozyme are present. It is acidic.

Children are more susceptible to upper respiratory tract infections, such as acute otitis media, because of this part of their anatomy.

Eustachian tubes

Match the description to the correct image.

Folliculitis- superficial infection of hair follicles Scalded skin syndrome- blistering disease caused by certain strains of Staphylococcus aureus Carbuncle- lesion from boils joining together Boil or Furuncle- painful abscess of a hair follicle

How are fungal respiratory infections differentiated from viral and bacterial respiratory infections?

Fungal Infections: diffuse infiltration in the lungs unrelated symptoms no patient response to antibiotics

Most of the organisms that colonize the skin are _____________ bacteria, such as Staphylococcus and __________ species, because they are more resistant to salt and ____________.

Gram positive Bacillus dryness

Which of the following are known to cause eye disease?

Haemophilus influenzae Acanthamoeba species C. trachomatis Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Which of the following statements are true of smallpox?

Humans are the only known reservoir for the virus that causes this disease. There are no FDA-approved treatments for smallpox, and the virus is considered a bioterrorism threat.

Why do we not have a universal influenza vaccine?

Influenza surface proteins change every year. Influenza has a high rate of genetic shift. Influenza has a high rate of genetic drift.

As pictured, measles usually start with these white spots on the buccal mucosa. What are the spots called?

Koplik's spots

What do we call the star-shaped, macrophage-like cells that are in the epidermis, above the basal layer?

Langerhans cells

Membrane attack complexes are not able to select the membranes they attack. Why are host cells not destroyed by the action of complement?

Lectins bind mannose residues on bacteria. C-reactive protein does not bind host membranes. CD59 prevents C9 polymerization. Factor H inactivates C3b.

Which of the following is a Gram-positive bacillus pathogen that is found in unpasteurized dairy products and can cross the placental barrier?

Lysteria monocytogenes

You are working to design a universal flu vaccine. Which viral proteins interest you most?

M2 influenza nucleoprotein

Why is fever potentially advantageous?

Many pathogens grow slowly above 37C

Sally is 2 years old and is diagnosed with acute otitis media (AOM). You notice in her chart that Sally was previously vaccinated against Streptococcus pneumoniae, a common cause of AOM. Why does this not surprise you?

More than 90 serotypes of S. pneumoniae exist. AOM is only caused by noninvasive strains of S. pneumoniae.

Toll-like receptors are embedded in cellular membranes. However, a similar receptor system exists to allow recognition of PAMPs within cells. What are these intracytoplasmic receptors known as?

NOD like receptors

This bacterium can reside in the nasopharynx of some individuals without causing disease. Sometimes it can cause infections in the nasopharynx and spread to the bloodstream. It can pass the blood-brain barrier and cause a potentially deadly disease. Which of the following fits this description?

Neisseria meningitidis

Match the diseases with the correct descriptions.

One symptom of this disease is painful oral lesions. There is no vaccine for this disease in the United States. -hand, foot, and mouth disease A person who has this disease could potentially transmit chickenpox to the recipient. -shingles This disease can cause death from multi-organ failure. It has been eradicated. -smallpox The main symptom of this disease is a pruritic vesicular rash. A potential complication of this disease is shingles. -chickenpox

Sort the following terms according to their source: pathogen or host.

Pathogen Associated- peptidoglycan PAMP LPS Host Associated- NOD-like receptor interferon antibody TLR

These small areas of immune system tissue are found in the intestines. They sample normal bacteria to help maintain a low-level immune response.

Peyer's patches

Lungs damaged by disease can be populated by a variety of microbes. Which of the following are typical pathogens that may be present in diseased lungs?

S. pneumoniae P. aeruginosa

S. mutans and ______________ can adhere to each other and to other surfaces. They can also lead to dental plaque formation and _________.

S. salivarius tooth decay

Why are smokers more susceptible to respiratory infections?

Smoker's cough often increases lung damage. Nicotine paralyzes cilia.

Which of the following organisms are the two major contributors to bacterial skin infections?

Staphylococcus Streptococcus

Why do secondary bacterial infections often occur in the lung after a patient is first infected with a virus?

The patient is dehydrated. The patient's mucus is more viscous. The patient's lungs are damaged.

Why does bacterial sinusitis often accompany pneumonia?

The same pathogens that cause pneumonia can infect the sinuses. The sinuses are obstructed. The nasal passages are warm.

What is the fate of neutrophils that have entered tissue to control infection?

They are phagocytized by macrophages. They undergo apoptosis.

Which statements are true of microbiota?

They can help digest food. They can shape and enhance the immune system. They can help synthesize vitamins.

_____________ is a long-term infection of the skin prevalent in warm, moist climates. It is caused by the yeast genus____________, which is actually part of the normal skin biota and is not contagious.

Tinea versicolor Malassezia

Which of the following statements regarding methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are correct?

Vancomycin can be used to treat MRSA. Methicillin is no longer used in the United States. MRSA first appeared as a nosocomial infection.

The slapped cheek rash pictured is pathognomonic for erythema infectiosum (fifth disease). What does pathognomonic mean?

a sign or symptom that is characteristic of a particular disease

What is the most common childhood bacterial respiratory illness diagnosed by pediatricians?

acute otitis media

The _______________ complement activation pathway is initiated by spontaneous cleavage of ____. In the classical and lectin pathways, C4 and ______ must initially be cleaved in order to form the C3 convertase. Once C3 has split, the component C3b acts to split ______. C3a and ______ act as chemoattractant molecules, drawing neutrophils. _____ may also act as an opsonin for phagocytes.

alternative C3 C2 C5 C5a C3b

Which statement about necrotizing fasciitis is not true?

antibiotic therapy alone is the most effective treatment

Which of the following can influence the composition of a person's microbiota?

antibiotic use hormones made by the host stress diet

Why does hospital-acquired pneumonia often result in complications and poor clinical outcomes?

antibiotic-resistant bacteria immunocompromised patients

Programmed cell death, or _____________, can be induced in phagocytes by some bacteria as a mechanism of survival following phagocytosis. The death of the phagocyte allows the bacteria to escape before being destroyed.

apoptosis

Match the polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) type to the most appropriate function or description.

associated with IgE-mediated allergic responses -basophil phagocytize circulating bacterial pathogens -neutrophil release toxins onto the surface of pathogens too large to be phagocytized -eosinophil -basophil

What are the differences between atypical and typical pneumonia?

atypical- infection of multiple organ systems normal white blood cell count (WBC) symptoms appear gradually patients continue normal activities for a period of time usually occurs in the winter months typical- elevated white blood cell count (WBC) infection restricted to the lung usually occurs in the winter months

What term describes the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream?

bacteremia

Adaptive immune mechanisms can identify and attack bacterial, viral, fungal, chemical and other foreign antigens. How many of these distinct structures can be individually recognized and targeted by a normal human immune system?

billions

Patients receiving bronchodilator therapy are showing symptoms associated with which part of the respiratory tract?

bronchi

What patient populations are at risk for secondary tuberculosis?

cancer patients the elderly HIV patients

Which of the following is not a virulence factor of certain strains of S. pyogenes?

cell membrane

Who is most at risk of contracting croup?

children

This complement activation pathway relies on direct cooperation with the adaptive immune system.

classical

How is acute otitis media commonly diagnosed?

clinical presentation physical exam

Staphylococci are Gram-positive microbes that resemble a____________. Two types of staph, S. aureus and S. epidermidis, both commonly affect the skin. Because _______________ produces enzymes, such as __________________, that contribute to its ability to cause disease, it is considered a true pathogen, whereas ________________ does not possess such enzymes and is therefore considered an opportunistic pathogen.

cluster of grapes S. aureus coagulase S epidermis

The outside parts of the eye are covered with a moist, transparent mucous membrane called the __________. If it becomes red and irritated, the condition is called_______________. This can be due to infection, allergies, or_________

conjunctiva conjunctivitis trauma

Which viruses are common causes of human colds?

coronaviruses respiratory syncytial virus parainfluenza virus rhinoviruses influenza

What has caused the rise in whooping cough cases in the United States over the last several years?

decrease in vaccination rates

These antimicrobial compounds, which are active against cytoplasmic membranes, are small cationic peptides that function as an innate defense against microbial infections.

defensins

Macrophages and _______________(both of which are derived from _____________) are antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that display foreign material to _________ in order to initiate an adaptive immune response. Macrophages are more likely to ____________ whole cells by the extension of pseudopods, followed by formation of a phagosome. Ingested microbes may then be destroyed by fusion of an enzyme-filled __________.

dendritic cells monocytes T cells phagocytize lysosome

What is the area of the skin served by a specific nerve called?

dermatome

What term, which is Greek for "skin plants," indicates fungi that love human skin?

dermatophytes

Which of the following statements regarding diabetes wounds is not correct?

diabetic hand wounds are the number one cause of limb amputations in the U.S

The blood-brain barrier is composed of thin, flat ______________ cells that form the walls of blood capillaries. They ___________ and form__________________.

endothelial overlap tight junctions

The skin can be divided into two main sections: a deeper one and a superficial one. What is the superficial layer of the skin called?

epidermis

Select the options that are examples of how the body prevents infection.

epithelial barriers cells with TLR or NLR receptors placental barrier blood-brain barrier

A change in the color and texture of the skin is usually referred to as a rash. Widespread skin rashes accompanied by other systemic symptoms are called ____________, whereas ______________are rashes on______________.

exanthems enanthems mucous membranes

The first step in the process of inflammation, ___________, describes the movement of neutrophils out of blood vessels and into tissues, allowing them access to the site of infection.

extravasation

A positive TB skin test means that the patient is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. true or false?

false

Bacteria cannot survive inside a granuloma, but they may still form around tissue in which damage from an infection has already occurred.true or false?

false

Bacteria cause the majority of upper respiratory tract infections. true or false?

false

Chronic inflammation is a necessary and useful innate immune defense for preventing bacterial illness. true or false?

false

Colonization of a patient by a respiratory pathogen will result in pneumonia. true or false?

false

Fungal skin diseases are named according to their causative agent. true or false?

false

MHC molecules are antigens present on foreign cells that allow innate targeting of the cells by mechanisms like NK cells. true or false?

false

Secondary tuberculosis occurs when patients are reinfected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. true or false?

false

The natural reservoir for S. pyogenes is the human intestinal tract.true or false?

false

This is an extreme form of probiotic therapy. It involves the intestinal microbiome of a healthy individual being transferred to someone with a severe intestinal disease in order to restore a normal microbiome. What is this procedure called?

fecal transplant

This viral disease is one of the six exanthem diseases of childhood. Its portal of entry is the respiratory tract or the conjunctiva. It causes Koplik's spots and a maculopapular rash as immune cells kill the virally infected endothelial cells of blood vessels. What is the name of this disease?

first disease

Clostridial myonecrosis, also called _______________, is a life-threatening disease involving localized tissue death. It is caused mainly by the Gram-positive, spore-forming bacteria _____________. This microbe is a true saprophyte and grows only on __________ tissue.

gas gangrene C. perfringens dead

Which of the following can be found in the dermis?

hair follicles fibroblasts

This photo depicts an outbreak of shingles that ran along a certain branch of the trigeminal nerve, affecting the eye, eyelids, forehead, and nose. The resulting eye disease is known as which of the following?

herpes zoster opthalmicus

The infection depicted in the photo is typically caused by a child sucking his or her thumb when the child has a cold sore. What is the name of this infection?

herpetic whitlow

The__________ hypothesis is also called the __________ microbiota hypothesis. It states that as human health has improved, we have altered or lost certain components of our ___________.

hygiene disappearing microbiome

This brain region acts as the body's thermostat, regulating temperature via involuntary vasodilation and vasoconstriction.

hypothalamus

What risk factors are associated with fungal respiratory infection?

immunosuppression environmental exposure HIV infection

What has contributed to the resurgence of tuberculosis in the developed world?

increase in prison population increase in the indigent population HIV population

Which of these is a benefit of microbiota?

inhibiting the growth or colonization of pathogens

During the course of an infection with the Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli O157:H7, bacterial cells may be recognized by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), which bind to a portion of LPS shared by all Gram-negative bacteria, while antibodies bind to the O157 antigen unique to this serotype. Though both may lead to destruction of the cell, the first is an example of ______________, while the second is an example of _____________________.

innate immunity adaptive immunity

Which is true of interferon?

interferon, which is effective against measles, is also likely effective against chickenpox

Which type of flu vaccine is more effective?

intranasal

A cluster of patients in Atlanta, Georgia, were admitted to the hospital with shortness of breath, a productive cough, and other systemic symptoms. Interestingly, all the patients were in town for a convention and stayed on the same floor of the hotel. Although public health officials couldn't grow the bacteria in the lab, they suspected patients were infected with this bacterium.

legionella pneumophila

Which viruses or diseases commonly affect the skin?

measles human papillomavirus fifth disease

What features indicate that a patient may have a chronic fungal infection?

metastatic lesions normal white blood cell count

What is the new field of microbiology that focuses on how pathogens respond to target cells' hormones?

microbial endocrinology

People's _____________ seem to be ____________. A potential new field, _________________, could possibly match a suspect's microbiome to a weapon or crime scene in a way similar to use of DNA or fingerprints to identify a suspect.

microbiomes unique microbiome forensics

What term describes all of the bacteria, protozoa, fungi, and archaea that inhabit our bodies?

microbiota

Which of these are ways to diagnose fungal skin diseases?

microscopic examination of potassium hydroxide (KOH) preparations of skin flakes or hair culturing on Sabouraud agar

What term describes the ciliated lining of the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles that sweeps foreign particles out of the lungs?

mucociliary escalator

Lymphoid stem cells may differentiate into which of the following cell types?

natural killer cells lymphocytes

What is the term used for normal flora that cause infection in immunocompromised individuals?

opportunistic

Staphylococcus aureus have entered Kim's bloodstream through a small cut on her hand. These organisms are the same strain Kim was exposed to when she scraped her knee a few months ago. When the organisms enter her bloodstream, antibodies to a cell surface protein are able to bind to the bacterial cells. The Fc regions of the antibodies are now exposed to phagocytes that can bind them. This is best described as ___________ .

opsonization

Complement proteins in serum are so named because they enhance the effect of antibodies on bacteria. Which of the following are ways in which complement assists in protecting against bacterial infection?

opsonization membrane attack complex

Please match the lesion name with the correct picture.

papule, vesicle, postule, macule

Monomers of ______________ are released from the NK cell and enter target host cell membranes lacking MHC I. Monomers oligomerize to form a pore in the target cell membrane. NK cells release _____________, which are cytotoxic proteases that enter target cells through the pores and trigger _______________.

perforin granzymes apoptosis

______ therapy is a biocontrol method where a _____ that targets a specific bacterial ________ is introduced into a human host that is infected with the bacteria.

phage bacteriophage pathogen

What mechanism prevents phagocytes from engulfing and destroying our own cells?

phagocyte glycoproteins bind CD47

Select the options that are examples of how the body prevents infection.

placental barrier cells with TLR or NLR receptors epithelial barriers blood-brain barrier

Which of these infections do respiratory viruses cause?

pneumonia bronchitis sinusitis common cold

What is the difference between Streptococcus pneumoniae strains?

polysaccharide capsule structure

Streptococcus pneumoniae employs multiple strategies to evade the immune system. For example, it has many different antigenic types of pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide. Which of the following interventions can reduce infection rates?

polyvalent conjugate vaccine (PCV) pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV)

Match each respiratory bacterial disease with the correct symptoms

prolonged cough, "whoop" noise when breathing in, vomiting- whooping cough earache, ear discharge, fever, decreased hearing- acute otitis media productive cough (including blood), fever, loss of appetite, weight loss, fatigue- tuberculosis fever, dry cough, chest pain, sweating, sore throat- walking pneumonia

Match these common intestinal flora to the groups they belong to.

protozoa- Trichomonas hominis Entamoeba hartmanni fungi- Candida albicans bacteria- Bacteroides spp. Clostridium spp.

Match these common intestinal flora to the groups they belong to.

protozoa-Trichomonas hominis bacteria- Bacteroides spp. fungi- Candida albicans

Which of the following organisms is a Gram-negative opportunistic pathogen that has many virulence factors, including exotoxins A and S, that kill host cells? This organism is found ubiquitously in the environment and is a common cause of wound infections.

pseudomonas aeruginosa

External __________ are substances found outside the body, such as certain bacterial toxins, that cause fever

pyrogens

Bacteria talk with each other by secreting molecules. What is the term for this bacterial communication?

quorum sensing

What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?

redness heat pain edema altered function

The majority of viruses that cause a rash access the body first through the ___________ tract; examples are varicella-zoster virus (VZV) and _____________(German measles). But others, such as _______________, directly attack the epithelial cells of the skin.

respiratory rubella papillomavirus

Which of these symptoms indicates an upper respiratory tract infection?

rhinorrhea

When it was first discovered, the disease commonly known as German measles was thought to be measles because of its similar macropapular rash, but German measles is caused by a completely different virus than ordinary measles. In children, the disease is usually mild and has a short duration, but in adults, German measles can be more serious. It can cause joint pain and can pass through the placenta of a pregnant woman and cause defects in the developing fetus. What is the scientific name of this disease?

rubella

Which sections of the respiratory tract are involved with each of these common symptoms?

runny nose seal like bark sinus congestion seal like bark chest pain

Why are viral infections in the respiratory tract a challenge to treat?

secondary bacterial infections few antiviral medications exist virally induced lung damage

Bacteria may survive following phagocytosis by different mechanisms. Which of the following is not a means for bacteria to survive phagocytosis?

secreting cytokines that attract other bacteria, clogging the phagosome

Which of the following human body sites, tissues, or fluids harbor microbiota?

skin vagina small intestine

Which of the following diseases has been eradicated?

small pox

Which of these risk factors increase susceptibility to chronic bronchitis?

smoking COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) exposure to air pollution exposure to secondary smoke

Which of the following is a chemical produced by the body as part of its innate defense against microbial infection?

stomach acid superoxide radicals sebum

Please place the layers of skin in order from the most surficial to the deepest.

stratum corneum stratum lucidum stratum granulo sumstratum spinosum stratum basale dermis

Please place the layers of skin in order from the most surficial to the deepest.

stratum corneum stratum lucidum stratum granulosum stratum spinosum stratum basale dermis

Why do some strains of Streptococcus pyogenes cause scarlet fever, whereas others don't?

streptococcal exotoxins

Streptococcus pyogenes causes which of the following diseases?

streptococcal pharyngitis scarlet fever rheumatic fever

Which of the following is used to hold together the epithelial layers that line the mucosa?

tight junctions

This photo depicts a fungal infection of the scalp. What is the specific name for such an infection?

tinea capitis

Colonization by certain microbes causes a change in host gene expression. true or false?

true

Eye infections are always considered serious infections. true or false?

true

Herpes viruses are a major cause of keratitis in the United States. true or false?

true

Innate immune mechanisms alone are enough to kill many pathogens, but they are more effective when combined with adaptive responses. true or false?

true

Lysozyme, an enzyme secreted by the body into mucous membranes, can kill microbes by cleaving peptidoglycan. true or false ?

true

Organisms colonize the fetal intestine in the womb. true or false?

true

Regardless of the activation pathway used, the complement system always proceeds identically from the splitting of C3 to the formation of the membrane attack complex. true or false?

true

Roseola is a disease that causes three to five days of high fevers in very young children. It is usually caused by strains of human herpes virus (HHV). The virus is present in many people but remains latent, meaning hidden and not manifesting the disease. true or false?

true

Some commensals are now being used to deliver vaccines. true or false?

true

The majority of viruses that cause a rash first access the body through the respiratory tract. true or false?

true

There are hundreds of bacterial species in the human intestine. Competition between them helps to inhibit pathogenic species. true or false?

true

There are ten times more bacterial cells in the human body than there are body cells. true or false?

true

There are vaccines available for measles, rubella, chickenpox, and some strains of common warts. true or false?

true

mmediately after a severe burn, the surface of the wound is essentially heat sterilized. true or false?

true

Match the bacterium with its probable location. Consider your options carefully before beginning. There is only one way to place all of the bacteria correctly.

vagina-Candida albicans stomach-Helicobacter pylori skin-Propionibacterium acnes eye-Haemophilus large intestine- Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron

Following phagocytosis of a pathogen, macrophages release _____ as well as cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-1. On the cells lining capillaries, these cytokines stimulate the production of ________ that can bind ICAM-1 to the surfaces of neutrophils. In order to migrate through the endothelial cell layer, tight junctions must be loosened. This occurs following the release of __________, a small polypeptide that causes further degranulation of mast cells and the release of histamine. Neutrophils in tissue are guided toward microbes by a special subset of cytokines, like IL-8, known as __________.

vasoactive factors selectins bradykinin chemokines


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