InQuizitive Chapter 9

Today there are roughly equal numbers of men and women in the global workforce.

False

How does evidence about aggression and testosterone in males contradict the idea that biology alone defines the difference between male and female?

Aggressive behavior may increase testosterone levels

Match each feminist perspective to the statement most closely associated with it.

1. Laws should be enacted to reduce workplace discrimination. -Liberal feminism 2. Feminists should consider how global processes, such as imperialism, shape gender relations. -transnational feminism 3. Feminists should consider the influence of slavery and racial segregation on women's experience. -Black feminism 4. Men are responsible for and benefit from the exploitation of women. -Radical feminism

Harassment clearly takes a toll on its victims' emotional well-being, yet it also can do long-lasting harm to their X stress. In a recent mixed-method study, researchers discovered that many women left their jobs to escape the harassment and the menacing work environment; these workplace exits, in turn, increased the women's X stress and hurt their career prospects in the longer term.

Careers, Financial stress

Which statement best describes the functionalist perspective on gender?

Gender differences contribute to social stability and integration

What do the bacha posh in Afghanistan help sociologists better understand about gender?

How gender in various societies is socially constructed

A research study by Glassdoor documented gender differences in college majors and found that women dominated college majors including X work. Men dominated fields related to X work. Feminist scholars have noted that this stark X work in college majors contributes to the persistent gender X work after graduation.

Social work, engineering, gender segregation, pay gap

What do sociologists mean by the term "second shift"?

This refers to women who perform housework and child care at the end of the paid work day.

Feminist approaches vary from one another, but they share a common concern for explaining and overcoming gender inequalities.

True

At the heart of radical feminism is the belief that men are responsible for and benefit from the exploitation of women. The analysis of X is of central concern to radical feminism. Radical feminists often concentrate on the X as one of the primary sources of women's oppression in society.

patriarchy, family

The occupation of clerk—together with a related occupation, secretary—has long been gender typed as a woman's job. Place the steps in the evolution of this occupation in order from first to last.

1. Clerks held responsible, often managerial, positions requiring accountancy skills 2. As the typewriter, and other forms of mechanization appeared in the workplace, clerks acquired new skills 3. Clerks increasingly performed routine tasks, ensuring that the company and its managers operated smoothly. 4. Pay and prestige of the clerk declined as the job became routine.

The demeaning, demoralizing, and even dangerous treatment of women in almost every industry may partly explain why women account for less than X percent of all senior officers and only X percent of CEOs in finance, lower rates than in other industries. The challenges women face in wealthy Western nations vary markedly from those of women in the Global South, which is why sociologists use a(n) X perspective to understand how women's multiple identities and social locations shape their experiences.

30, 6, intersectional

The Gender Inequality Index (GII) compares gender inequality across countries, looking at metrics including women's educational attainment, labor force participation, and representation in governmental bodies. Place the following countries in order from least to greatest percentage of parliament seats held by women.

India, Turkey, United States, China, Switzerland, Canada, Rwanda

Which statement most clearly uses gender socialization as an explanation for gender differences?

Individuals learn gender roles from schooling, peers, the media, and family.

Most rapes are committed by close relatives, intimate partners, or acquaintances.

True

Some researchers have noted that the narrowing of the gender gap in earnings is in part the result of the decline in men's economic standing.

True

There are only two legally recognized forms of sexual harassment. When a person in a position of power demands sexual acts as a condition of employment or work-related benefit, or promises job promotion in return for sexual favors, it is called X. When there is a pattern of activity or behavior such as cat-calling, sexually demeaning imagery, or actions that make workers uncomfortable, it is called the X.

quid pro quo, hostile work environment

It is difficult to know with accuracy how many rapes actually occur since rapes are so often X. Young X are particularly reluctant to report sexual assault.

unreported, men

Match the intervention with the social problem it most specifically addresses.

1. Obstetricians encourage newly pregnant women and their partners to value female babies as much as male babies. -Female infanticide 2. A college gives a seminar to incoming students about acquaintance rape, and the sense of male entitlement that often makes men believe they have sexual access to women without clear consent. -Toxic Masculinity 3. A public health messaging program had focused on sexual assault by strangers. It is updated to also include violence committed against women by their romantic partners. -Intimate Partner Violence 4. A local police department encourages people to report after being forced into nonconsensual intercourse. -Rape

According to the World Health Organization, approximately what percentage of women around the world have been beaten, coerced into sex, or abused in some way?

33%

Since the turn of the twentieth century, women's participation in the paid labor force has risen more or less continuously, especially in the past X years. In 2018, X percent of women ages sixteen and older were in the workforce, compared to X percent in 1960.

Fifty, 57.1, 38

The Gender Inequality Index (GII) compares gender inequality across countries, looking at metrics including women's educational attainment, labor force participation, and representation in governmental bodies. Place the following countries in order from lowest to highest GII. Remember, the lowest GII means the lowest degree of gender inequality.

Switzerland, Canada, China, United States, Turkey, Rwanda, India

Differences between males and females are always determined by biology.

False

Review the section in Chapter 1 that discusses the main methods used is sociological research. Then match each methodological approach to the corresponding research project on sexual assault.

1. A researcher distributes paper questionnaires to women on college campuses who have been sexually assaulted. -Survey 2. A researcher conducts a series of interviews with women on college campuses who have been sexually assaulted. -Ethnography 3. A researcher examines the differences in the prevalence of sexual assault on college campuses in the United States vs. Canada. -Comparative Research 4. A researcher sends two sets of undergraduates out to interact with others and find out how people stigmatize one of two conditions: (1) a student who has been sexually assaulted or (2) a student who is homeless. -Experiment

Match each example of "doing gender" to the corresponding cultural group.

1. The !Kung of the Kalahari Desert men and women who both do a lot of child care 2. Persons who identify as nonbinary individuals who take selfies that emphasize passing as male or female, or gender ambiguity 3. The Arapesh of New Guinea males and females who are gentle, passive, and emotionally responsive to one another 4. Teenagers in Western societies young heterosexual women who "play dumb" in order to support the masculinity of young men they wish to attract

In the United States, rates of employment for all social classes of women working outside the home were quite low until well into the twentieth century, when rates increased considerably—including for married mothers of young children. Place the following statements in order from lowest to highest percentage.

1. The percentage of women ages sixteen and older in the labor force in 1960 2. The percentage of married women with preschool-age children in the labor force in 1975 3. The percentage of women ages sixteen and older in the labor force in 2018 4. The percentage of married women with preschool-age children in the labor force in 2018

Which description best fits the Navajo term nádleehí?

A male-bodied person at birth who expresses a feminine nature

Schools help perpetuate gender differences in both outlook and behavior, and sociologists have observed this through student-teacher interaction. Match each behavior to either boys or girls.

Boys: interact more frequently with their teacher, call out in class and get attention from the teacher, get scolded and punished for rowdy behavior Girls: call out in class and get reprimanded, are encouraged to turn to others for answers

Place each root concern with the theory it fits with

Concept: Social Constructionist Approaches Root Concern: Society has great impact in shaping us, so much that social influence is often misperceived as natural or biological. Contemporary Application: A husband who loses his job may refuse to do housework as a way to "do gender" and re-assert his masculine identity. This places a burden on his wife, and perpetuates gendered social roles. Concept: Socialization Approaches Root Concern: Self and identity are shaped by various agents including families, schools, and peer groups. Contemporary Application: A young girl who likes to play football is admonished to "act more ladylike." She may learn to stop playing in traditionally masculine sports and seek out more traditionally feminine ones. Concept: Functionalist Approaches Root Concern: Women's inequality is pervasive across societies, due to sexism, patriarchy, capitalism, and racism. Contemporary Application: Feminist social policies hold that paying men and women equally for equal work, paying women for care work, and promoting equity in the workplace and education are ways to move toward gender equality in society.

Match each term related to the persistence of the gender pay gap to the appropriate description.

More subtle: sex segregation More obvious and explicit: direct discrimination

Several nations have begun to collect official statistics on persons who identify as "third gender" or "third sex," terms which encompass diverse experiences such as identifying as X, when an individual identifies as a gender identity that differs from the sex assigned at birth, or being X, which refers to individuals who possess both male and female genitalia and those born with ambiguous genitalia. In 2011, X became the first country to officially include a third gender category, followed by X and X. In X, parents now have the option of not specifying a child's sex in birth registries.

Transgender, Intersex, Nepal, India, New Zealand, Germany