Integrated Physical Sciences

A. The study is conducted by observing the system in its natural environment without manipulating any variables in a lab.

Callisto is a moon of the planet Jupiter. Which of these terms BEST describes a research project in which telescopes are used to study ice sheets on Callisto? A. an observational study B. a laboratory experiment C. a controlled experiment

D. The added weight will increase the contact force between the bottom book and table, thus increasing the frictional force.

Consider a box lying on a table. If another box is stacked on top of it, how will the gravitational force (weight) of the top box affect the frictional force between the bottom box and the table if someone pushes slowly on the lower box? A. The frictional force will remain the same. B. It is impossible to determine how the frictional force will change. C. The frictional force will decrease. D. The frictional force will increase.

A. Volume is a derived quantity, not a base quantity.

Cooking involves making many different measurements. Which of the following measurements is NOT a measurement of an SI base quantity? A. the volume of cream used in a dessert B. the time needed to cook a steak C. the temperature of an oven D. the length of a cake pan

A. There are conceivable ways to prove the statement untrue; for example, by sending a space probe that arrives close enough to the star to send back the information showing there is a third planet with a moon.

For each of the statements below, indicate whether it is falsifiable or NOT falsifiable. The third planet around the star Sirius has no moon. A. falsifiable B. not falsifiable

D.

For which case is there a net force acting on the object? A. A 300 pound weight being held motionless over the head of a weightlifter B. An apple that has fallen to the ground C. A hockey puck sliding across the ice at a constant speed in a straight line D. A rocket accelerating upward at a rate of 5 m/s2

C

Fossil fuels are organic materials formed over millions of years from dead plants and animals that were subjected to extreme temperatures and pressures in Earth's crust. Which of the following sciences are BEST used to explain how fossil fuels formed? A. Only chemistry and Earth science B. only biology and Earth science C. physics, chemistry and Earth science D. only physics and Earth science

A. All of the energies listed originate from the heat released in the combustion process.

Fuel combustion in a vehicle supplies all of its energy needs. As the fuel burns, thermal energy is produced that the engine uses to do work to make the vehicle move. This thermal energy is transformed into a variety of other energies in addition to the kinetic energy of the vehicle. The sum of all the energies produced in the vehicle must equal the initial thermal energy produced by the fuel combustion. Which of the following is NOT a type of energy produced in a vehicle as a result of the transformation of thermal energy? A. All of these energies are produced in a vehicle. B. chemical potential energy C. light energy D. gravitational potential energy

A. A hypothesis is a tentative statement, assumed true for the purpose of further testing.

Galileo, a 16th-17th century astronomer and mathematician, questioned Aristotle's claim that heavy objects fall faster than lighter objects. He asked what would happen if the two objects were tied together. If Aristotle was right, the combined objects should be heavier and fall even faster. But the lighter object should also slow the heavier one, so that they would fall slower. Because both cannot be true, Galileo concluded that weight could not affect speed of fall. He confirmed this thought experiment by doing real experiments on falling objects and objects rolling down inclines. This type of reasoning about what seems likely to happen, followed by experiments to check predictions is BEST described as formulating and testing a _____________. A. hypothesis B. theory C. law

A.

Identify which of the following is NOT an action-reaction force pair. A. Action - The Earth pulls a falling rock downward toward it. Reaction - The rock pulls the Earth upward toward it. B. Action - A bird flapping its wings pushes air downward. Reaction - The air pushes up on the bird's wings. C. Action - A rocket taking off blasts exhaust gases against the ground. Reaction - The ground pushes the rocket upward. D. Action - A rifle firing pushes the bullet forward. Reaction - The bullet pushes backward on the rifle.

T When evidence was found that contradicted some part of an earlier theory, the theory was revised to accommodate the new information.

Revising scientific theories to accommodate new evidence is a key part of why scientists today can explain more about the world than scientists 200 years ago could. T or F?

D. For example, Newton's law of gravitation says that gravity produces a force of attraction between between every two objects in the universe. But it is clearly impossible to actually test every pair of objects with mass in the universe to prove that to be true.

It is often said that you can never prove a scientific theory right. Why? A. Science can never prove anything either right or wrong. B. A theory becomes a law once it is tested that thoroughly. C. A theory is just a guess. D. It is impossible to directly test every single instance in which it applies.

C. F = ma is a formula and is an example of a mathematical model.

Newton's second law of motion, which explains the relationship between force, mass, and acceleration, F = ma, is an example of a ____________ model. A. physical B. conceptual C. mathematical

C - The researchers were observing a natural occurrence and did not have any control over it.

The first evidence that light has a finite speed and does not travel from place to place instantaneously came in the 17th century from observations that Jupiter's moons appear later when Jupiter is farther from Earth as compared to when Jupiter is closer to Earth. This phenomenon was used to show that the difference in the time of appearance of the moons is consistent with a measurable speed. This is an example of __________. A. A controlled experiment B. a laboratory experiment C. an observational study

B. Because the total momentum remains the same in a collision, the momentum lost by one object must be gained by the other.

The law of conservation of total linear momentum states that __________. A. The total momentum in a system is different before and after a collision. B. Any momentum lost by one object in a collision will be gained by the other. C. The momentum of any object involved in a collision does not change. D. The type of collision determines whether or not the total momentum is conserved.

C. Using evidence that supports theories, scientist often create models to explain and simplify complex concepts.

The system of Ptolemy was an ancient description of the motion of the sun and other objects across the sky in terms of Earth as the center of the universe. In the Ptolemaic system, it was assumed that each object in the sky moves on its own imaginary sphere. The system of Ptolemy fits the description of a _______________. A. Model B. Theory C. Both

A. The salinity of water is an independent variable.

The time needed for the water in each pot to boil depends on several factors, such as the amount of liquid you use, the level of heat you use, and the size and composition of the pots you use. In this experiment, these are examples of variables. In this experiment, the salinity of water is a(n) _____________ variable. A. independent B. dependent C. controlled

B. A force is always needed to cause an object to accelerate.

Which of the following force statements is FALSE? A. Acceleration is caused by a force. B. A force is not needed to cause acceleration. C. A force can cause a change in motion. D. A force is a push or a pull.

D

Which of the following is NOT an example of a field study? A. You climb on top of a mountain to study how a rock formation originated. B. You notice fewer fish in the pond behind your home. So, you measure the pH of the pond water to check for any pollutants. C. Scientists in Tokyo measure the speed of seismic waves propagating from below Arkansas through the Earth's crust. D. Scientists combine two organic substances in a test tube and measure the amount of product that forms.

C. The rams move together after the collision, so this is a completely inelastic collision.

Which of the following is a completely inelastic collision? A. A child runs into another child and the second child falls on the ground. B. A basketball hits the rim of a hoop and goes in. C. Two rams start to fight by running toward each other and colliding with their heads. As a result, their horns get locked as they continued to tussle. D. A hockey player uses his stick to strike a hockey puck and send it toward a goal.

A and B

Which of the following is a primary investigation in Earth science? (Select all that apply.) A. the information of mountain ranges, both above and under the ocean B. the composition of Earth's interior C. How magnetism can be used to image the body. D. Animal and plant life on an island in the Pacific Ocean.

B The more massive the car, the more force is needed to move the car.

Which of the following pairs of variables have a direct relationship? A. how fast water flows out of a faucet and how long it takes the water to fill a bucket B. the mass of a car and the amount of force needed to move the car C. the steepness of a ramp and the amount of time needed for a ball to roll down the ramp D. the amount of milk poured into a container and the amount of empty space left

D. The ground will push the kangaroo forward with a force equal and opposite to that of the kangaroo pushing backward on the ground.

Which of the following scenarios involves an action-reaction force pair? A. Two ice skaters (John and Elisa) push off from each other. As John pushes Elisa forward, his muscles push him backward causing him to slide across the ice. B. A ball is hit by a bat, and the force of gravity pulls the ball downward. C. A rifle pushes a bullet forward, and the bullet is slowed down by air resistance. D. A kangaroo pushes off the ground, and the ground pushes the kangaroo forward.

A. Even though kinetic energy is lost in an inelastic collision, the total energy remains the same. The kinetic energy is transformed into other types of energy such as heat and sound.

Which of the following statements involving the law of conservation of energy is FALSE? A. The total energy in an inelastic collision decreases. B. Energy can neither be created nor destroyed. C. Energy can change forms. D. The total amount of energy in any process remains the same.

D. As far as we know, gravity exists between any two objects in the universe.

Which of the following statements is inaccurate about gravity? A. Gravity is an attractive force. B. It would be impossible to walk without gravity. C. The force of gravity is what holds us to Earth's surface. D. Only very large objects exert a gravitational force.

B. The exact opposite is true. Objects with more inertia are more difficult to accelerate.

Which of the following statements regarding inertia is FALSE? A. Objects with less mass have less inertia. B. Objects with more inertia are easier to accelerate. C. Inertia is the tendency of an object to keep its same motion. D. It is more difficult to cause objects with more inertia to change velocity.

B. Even though the scientists are not on the asteroid, they are conducting data collection in the field.

Which of the following terms best describes a research project that involves sending a space probe to a distant asteroid to land on it and collect data? A. a controlled experiment B. a field study C. a laboratory experiment

C. Only the length unit is involved, which is independent of the other derived units listed.

Which of the following units is NOT a derived unit? A. m/s B. g/cm3 C. kilometer D. km/hr

B

Which of the following would NOT be a primary investigation in physics? A. What keeps a bicycle from falling over B. what reactions occur that cause wood to burn in a fire place. C. How rainbows form D. Why you can skate across ice

C. A theory is a thoroughly tested explanation of a group of phenomena.

Which of these BEST describes a scientific theory? A. a guess about why and how things happen B. a tentative assumption C. a well-tested explanation D. a law that has been tested over and over E. a sudden understanding, such as when seeing an apple fall

D. The Thomson experiment showed that cathode rays are particles that had to have come from matter, and therefore electrons are smaller than atoms.

Which of these BEST describes why the long-accepted idea that atoms were indivisible was rejected? A. Atoms being indivisible contradicted conservation of matter. B. Scholars after the ancient Greeks proposed that atoms had smaller particles. C. The idea that atoms might have smaller particles started to be widely discussed. D. New experimental evidence was found identifying a particle that was part of an atom.

A. A law is a concise statement based on many experiments or observations.

Which of these best fits the description of a scientific law? A. A statement based on many experiments that energy is never created or destroyed The statement, "Nature hates a vacuum." B. Noticing that an apple falling from a tree speeds up as it falls. C. A proposed idea to test whether cold water sinks when added to warmer water. D. An authorization by Congress to spend money on scientific research.

B According to the big bang theory, the universe began as a tiny, very high-density, high-temperature point.

Which of these best summarizes the central idea of the big bang theory? A. The universe expanded from a tiny region but is now falling together. B. The universe began as a tiny region of space and changed as it expanded. C. The universe has always existed and has remained essentially the same. D. The stars and planets were similar to those at present but were packed into a very small space.

C. While scientists today have many techniques and procedures to replicate unique experiments that answer can answer questions about the Earth, most of the data collected is still observed.

Which of these fields depends the MOST on observational studies? A. chemistry B. physics C. Earth science

C.

Which of these is NOT a base unit in the SI system? A. second B. meter C. kilometer D. kilogram

C. A statement is falsifiable if there is some conceivable test with a result to check for that would show it untrue if the result is found.

Which of these is a property that a falsifiable statement MUST have? A. all attempts to prove it false fail B. it is untrue C. it is capable of being shown untrue D. it has been proved false

C. Laws and theories are based on and supported by a wealth of evidence and facts.

Which of these is generally regarded by scientists to be the basis for deciding issues in science? A. whether the idea is the simplest one the researcher can think of B. personal faith in the particular idea proposed C. empirical evidence including experiments and observations D. the reputation of the researchers for careful work

A. Theories are built on laws, not the reverse.

Which of these is the correct analogy? A. A concrete foundation is to a house as a law is to a theory. B. A concrete foundation is to a house as a theory is to a law.

D. A hypothesis is a tentative statement based on available evidence and judgement that is intended to be tested.

Which of these is true of a hypothesis? A. No evidence can prove it untrue. B. It has been proved true. C. It seems very unlikely to be true. D. It remains to be tested.

C. Earth science is best suited to study the composition of Earth's atmosphere. Earth science concentrates on Earth and its various parts, such as its physical structure, its materials, and its processes.

Which physical science is the BEST to study the composition of Earth's atmosphere? A. physics B. chemistry C. Earth science

B. How atoms bond to each other is studied mainly by chemistry. Physics studies the forces between electrons and nuclei and the motion of electrons.

Which physics topic would be the MOST important in chemistry? A. how the flow of a liquid through a pipe depends on the pressure, pipe diameter, and other variables B. how atoms bond to each other because of electric attraction of oppositely charged electrons and nuclei C. how gravity affects the motion of spacecraft D. how the flow of air around an airplane keeps it in the air

D. The higher the temperature of the burner, the less time it will take the water to boil.

Which two quantities have an inverse relationship? the amount of water in a pot and how long it takes the A. water to come to a boil B. the amount of flour used in a bread recipe and the size of the loaf of bread it makes C. the temperature of an oven and the heat it emits. D. the temperature of a stove burner and how long it takes a pot of water on the burner to boil

A. Speed is derived from the base units of length and time.

Which unit-type pair is INCORRECT? A. speed - base unit B. length - base unit C. density - derived unit D. area - derived unit

B. "Nicest" is subjective. Consider the people who like summer versus winter, or vice versa.

Why can't astronomers carry out a scientific research study to determine which visible star, other than our sun, is the nicest? A. Existing telescopes aren't powerful enough. B. There is no way to prove any answer wrong. C. The Hubble telescope has better uses. D. A project of that sort cannot get funding.

C. The basis for deciding scientific matters is ultimately empirical evidence, and evidence was found in the form of astronomical observations that confirmed predictions of the theory.

Why did the Big Bang theory come to be accepted? A. The theory excited the imagination and became popular. B. Scientists thought the idea worth testing. C. Scientists found evidence supporting predictions of the theory. D. Hubble had an excellent reputation as an astronomer.

B. An applied force is necessary to counter any frictional forces present in order to keep an object moving by making the net force zero.

Why is an applied force necessary to keep most objects in our world moving at a constant velocity? A. Because a force is needed to accelerate an object B. Because a frictional force opposing motion acts on most objects C. Because the natural tendency of any object is to come to rest D. Because the object's weight acts to slow it down

A. This is a controlled experiment, because you change one quantity (percentage of salt in water) and observe what happens to another quantity (time to boil).

You heard somewhere that salty water boils faster than pure water. You decide to do a scientific investigation to determine whether this is true. You get three identical pots. You put 4 cups of pure water in the first pot. In the second pot, you put 4 cups of water with 2 tablespoons of salt added. In the third pot, you put 4 cups of water with 4 tablespoons of salt added. Next, you heat all three pots at the same level of heat and measure how long it takes the water in each pot to boil. This is an example of a(n) -______________ experiment. A. controlled B. observational

Cannot - No theory can be fully proved, because it is impossible to test every single occurrence of what it describes.

A theory _________ be fully proved true by testing it enough. Can Cannot

B. A law rather than a theory is about some very specific behavior in nature.

A theory and a law are also different because a __________ is about a specific behavior in nature, rather than being about many different phenomena. A. Theory B. Law

B. Laws tell us what will occur based on research with large amounts of data collected over a long period of time.

A theory and a law are different because the ____________ merely describes what happens, rather than how or why things happen. A. Theory B. Law

A. A theory is a well-tested explanation of a broad group of phenomena.

Albert Einstein developed a detailed and far-reaching explanation of gravity being caused by the bending of space and time by the presence of matter. This explanation made far-reaching predictions of phenomena that were later confirmed, such as the bending of the path of light when the path passed close by a star. It is currently the basis for many phenomena observed in astronomy. Einstein's explanation would be MOST accurately described as a ________________. A. Theory B. Law

C

All of the following are studied by physical science EXCEPT __________? A. How lightning bolts form B. the development of sugar substitutes that do not alter food taste C. the feeding patterns of whales D. an explosion of a distant star E. an earthquake happening in the Pacific Ocean

F There is no one specific procedure followed by all scientists.

All scientists follow the same specific list of steps to carry out a scientific investigation. T or F?

B. Every element of a NASCAR vehicle is optimized for performance including the tires.

Although based on popular American-made cars, NASCAR vehicles have many features that are different from ordinary cars. One example is the tires: NASCAR tires are wider and smoother with no tread. Based on your understanding from this module of the factors that affect the force of friction, which of the following is the most likely reason for the unique design of racing tires? A. The tires are smooth and wide to look cool, thus attracting more fans. B. The wider, smoother tires better dissipate the heat generated during the race, leading to longer wear time and better performance. C. Wider tires with no tread have more contact area with the track, thus generating more traction.

Decreases - Potential energy depends on an object's mass and height.

As an engine is lowered into a car, its potential energy __________________.

D. As the brakes slow the vehicle, they heat up.

At the end of the assembly process, an automobile rolls off the production line and a worker applies the brakes. Which of the following best describes what happens to the vehicle's kinetic energy? A. The kinetic energy is transformed into gravitational potential energy. B. The kinetic energy is transformed into light energy. C. The kinetic energy is transformed into chemical potential energy. D. The kinetic energy is transformed into thermal energy in the brake materials.

A and B

A scientist is studying how ice crystals form in cirrus (thin, wispy) clouds. Which field(s) of science is she studying? A. Physics B. Earth Science C. Both

Size of the race car. (Assuming its mass doesn't change, the size of the car doesn't matter.) Double (The gravitational force is directly proportional to mass.)

A NASCAR race car has weight because there is a gravitational attraction between the car and Earth. This gravitational force does NOT depend on _________________. If the mass of the race car were doubled the gravitational force would ___________________.

D. Kinetic friction acts between moving surfaces.

A brick is dragged across a concrete floor. The type of friction that acts between the brick and the floor is ________ friction. A. static B. rolling C. fluid D. kinetic

C. The net force is 200 N - 150 N. This gives a positive force, indicating the forward direction.

A car's engine provides a force of 200 N forward, while a force of 150 N from air resistance acts to oppose the car's motion. What is the net force and its direction on the car? A. 350 N, backward B. 350 N, forward C. 50 N, forward D. 50 N, backward

Energy - Energy is the ability to do work.

A conveyor belt is used to move transmission units along an assembly line. The capacity for a conveyor belt to do work in moving the units is called ______________.

A. Physical models can be tested in the lab by propagating waves through various materials.

A group of scientists studies the nature of earthquakes by passing mechanical waves through various materials in the lab. The scientists are using a ___________ model. A. physical B. conceptual C. mathematical

F A theory becomes accepted based on being thoroughly tested.

A new scientific theory will typically be accepted as correct without further testing if it is proposed by someone who has a reputation for almost always being right. T or F?

Must sum to zero Zero

A race car moving at a constant speed of 165 mph has many forces acting on it. These forces include air resistance, friction between the tires and the track, and gravity. These forces -Select-will cause a change in motion to occur _____________ because the acceleration of the race car is ____________.

A. A balance is used to measure mass.

A recipe calls for 300 g of whole-wheat flour. What tool should you use to measure the flour? A. balance B. thermometer C. meter stick D. beaker

D. The force is the same, and the acceleration is inversely proportional to the mass so the acceleration will decrease by one half.

If the acceleration of an empty truck is 1.5 m/s2, what will happen to its acceleration if it is fully loaded and its total mass doubles? A. The acceleration will double. B. The acceleration will be zero. C. The acceleration will not change. D. The acceleration will be half as much.

A. Momentum equals mass times velocity. Halving the momentum while doubling the velocity results in no momentum change.

If the mass of an object is halved and its speed doubled, its momentum will __________. A. not change B. increase by a factor of 4 C. double D. halve

B. The gravitational force is directly proportional to the mass.

If the mass of the Earth were doubled (while keeping its size the same), how much more would you weigh at the surface? A. You would weigh the same. B. You would weigh twice as much. C. You would weigh half as much. D. You would weigh four times as much.

C. With no motion to keep it in orbit, the planet would fall directly into the sun.

If we could stop a planet for just an instant and then let it go, what would happen to it? A. It would spiral away from the sun into space. B. It would continue orbiting the sun. C. It would fall into the sun. D. It would remain motionless.

C. It was merely a tentative proposal that was not yet generally regarded as consistent with all available data, and therefore a hypothesis, until the 1850's.

In 1811, physicist Amedo Avogadro proposed that the same volume of two different gases at the same temperature and pressure contain the same number of molecules. His proposal received little attention until the 1850s, when chemist Stanislao Cannizzaro, in particular, argued that Avogadro's idea agreed with all the physical and chemical laws discovered up to that time. Today, Avogadro's statement about gases is sometimes referred to as "Avogadro's hypothesis" or "Avogadro's law." Which statement describes when each of those two terms would be MOST accurately applied? A. It is most accurately described as a law throughout. B. It is most accurately described as a hypothesis throughout. C. It is most accurately described as a hypothesis starting in 1811, but a law after the 1850's. D. It is most accurately described as a law starting in 1811, but a hypothesis after the 1850's.

B

In general, metal wires expand when they are heated. To test this, you heat a piece of wire and then measure how much the wire's length changed as a result of the temperature change. In this experiment, the wire's temp is A. A dependent variable B. An independent variable

A

In the previous experiment, the wire's length is an example of A. A dependent variable B. An independent variable

A. A model accounts for the properties of a natural system for which it is developed. Rutherford's planetary model of the atom successfully accounted for the size and position of the nucleus with respect to the electrons.

In what sense was Rutherford's planetary model of the atom a model? A. It represented the atom in terms of a more familiar system to which it was analogous. B. It was constructed from wood and glue to look like an atom. c. It remained to be further tested. D. It was an ideal atom for other atoms to imitate.

B. Because the claimed space aliens have no effect, there is no way to test if they are present, so there is no way to falsify the statement.

Invisible undetectable space aliens have been visiting Earth for centuries. A. falsifiable B. not falsifiable

C. The rules, known as Kepler's laws, describe rather than explain planetary motion, and are very narrowly focused on just planetary motion, not a very wide range of phenomena—which are earmarks of a law.

Kepler, a 16th-17th century astronomer, analyzed astronomical data that his mentor, Tycho Brahe, had collected. He found three rules about how the planets orbit the sun that were always followed according to all the data he had. But he could not explain why the planets obeyed these rules. Each of the rules that Kepler discovered about the motion of the planets, without an explanation as to why the planets moved as they did, is BEST described as a ___________. A. hypothesis B. theory C. law

B. What Newton constructed explained, not merely described, a wide group of phenomena. It has strong support because plenty of data was already available. This made it a theory rather than a hypothesis or a law.

The English physicist and mathematician Isaac Newton was born within about a year of Galileo's death. Newton succeeded in explaining a great many force and motion phenomena. Combined with his law of universal gravitation, Newton's laws of motion explain why the motion of falling objects does not depend on their mass and why the planets move in the ways Kepler had observed. Which term best describes the explanation Newton constructed? A. hypothesis B. theory C. law

F While parts of theories are sometimes proved wrong by new evidence, the result is usually just to make changes in the theory that extend it to accommodate the new evidence.

The fact that scientific knowledge changes by responding to new evidence means that all currently accepted theories are wrong. T or F?

D. It is not falsifiable, cannot be tested, and is not useful as a hypothesis, or even meaningful.

The ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle proposed that a rock falls because it is seeking to return to its "natural place," namely the ground. What is the best reason why Aristotle's proposal would not be considered to be a scientific hypothesis? A. It does not describe the rock's motion. B. There is no way to prove it is true. C. The ground is not the rock's natural place. D. There is no way to prove it is untrue.

Earth Science

The study of the Earth and other planets, including their physical structure, materials and processes.

A. The moon rocks collected on the Apollo space mission to the moon already show the statement to be false. So the statement is falsifiable.

The moon is made entirely of cheese. A. falsifiable B. not falsifiable

B. Physics

The origin of water on Earth is not yet fully understood. To test one of the hypotheses, scientists launched a gigantic observational balloon to the height of almost 130,000 feet to measure the amounts of water in comets and asteroids based on the light reflected from these objects. The science BEST SUITED to calculating the forces required to launch the balloon to the required altitude is _____________. A. Earth Science B. Physics C. Chemistry

B. This conceptual model shows essential features of a solar system and presents it in a way that can be easily understood by those who use the model.

The picture of the solar system below is an example of a ___________ model. A. physical B. conceptual C. mathematical

A. The steady state model assumed the universe had always existed.

The proposed steady state and big bang models differed on the question of whether the universe ________________. A. Had a beginning B. Was expanding

Life Science - Life science focuses on environments, biological entities, and many other related fields.

The science BEST for studying photosynthetic bacteria is _____________.

Chemistry

The study of atoms and molecules, their structures and their interactions to form substances.

Physics

The study of forces and energy.

B. The frictional force increases with greater contact force.

To ensure fair competition, rules are in place that govern every aspect of a NASCAR race car, including its weight. A NASCAR race car must weigh a minimum of 3,400 pounds when all required liquids and equipment are on board. Additionally, NASCAR race cars must also weigh at least 1,625 pounds on the front-right and right-rear sides of the car. This rule prevents cars from having too much weight on the left side of the car. Because NASCAR races are around tracks with left-hand turns, drivers would want to have more weight on the left side of the car to aid in turning. The right-side rule limits this advantage. The force of gravity in this case is advantageous because it _____________ . A. increases the mass of the car, thus increasing traction B. increases the contact force with the track, thus creating more traction C. increases the speed of the race car when going downhill

C. Barge B will accelerate twice as fast because acceleration is directly proportional to the applied force.

Two tug boats attach their lines to a separate barges with the same masses in a shipping channel. If one tugboat pulls Barge A towards the west while the other tugboat pulls Barge B in the same direction applying twice as much force, which barge will accelerate more? A. Barge A B. Neither will accelerate. C. Barge B D. Neither, they will accelerate at the same rate.

Static Friction - Static friction occurs between two surfaces that are not moving with respect to each other.

Type of friction that keeps the race car from rolling while it is parked.

Kinetic Friction - Kinetic friction occurs between two surfaces that are moving with respect to each other.

Type of friction that slows the car down once the tires lock and begin to slide.

Air Resistance - Air resistance greatly affects a vehicle's motion and performance, and is affected by its shape and size.

Type of friction that tends to slow the vehicle down and is affected by its shape and size

B. New evidence that explains how the plates move was key to helping scientists accept the theory.

What caused scientists to accept the theory of plate tectonics when they didn't accept Wegener's idea of continental drift? A. Wegener was not able to experiment to test his idea, but modern scientists have done experiments on the plates. B. Plate tectonics provides a mechanism for plate motions that is supported by evidence. C. Evidence for continental drift does not support the theory of plate tectonics. D. Many scientists confirmed Wegener's observations, but only a few scientists confirmed the observations that led to the theory of plate tectonics.

D.

What device is commonly used to measure temperature? A. scale B. clock C. ruler D. thermometer

C. Kinetic energy increases when velocity increases.

What happens to kinetic energy if speed increases? A. kinetic energy decreases B. there is no change C. kinetic energy increases

A. Seconds measure time.

What is the official SI base unit for time? A. second B. hour C. meters/second D. kilograms

Remains the same - Energy cannot be created or destroyed; the total must remain constant in any process.

When energy is converted from one form to another, the total amount of energy _______________.

B. The steady state model was discarded when the competing big bang explanation alone was supported by new evidence.

When evidence for the big bang was found, the steady state model was ______________. A. Extended B. Discarded

D

Which fossil fuels burn their organic molecules interact with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water. Which of the following sciences is BEST used to explain how fossil fuels burn? A. Earth science B. Physics C. Biology D. Chemistry

C. Speed is distance traveled divided by time, so the time unit is not squared.

Which of the following derived units do NOT measure speed? A. m/s B. km/hr C. mm/min2 D. cm/day

D. Scientists follow many different procedures, but the procedures have in common being evidence-based and using experiment and observation as the underlying basis for deciding scientific issues.

Which of the following describes how scientific investigations are carried out? A. Scientists all follow the same list of four steps to make a discovery: observe something, hypothesize about it, test the hypothesis, and form a theory. B. Scientists settle scientific issues by forming a consensus in the scientific community about which explanation is the most appealing. C. Scientists settle scientific issues by staging a debate to decide which side gave the best presentation. D. Scientists use different procedures but rely on evidence and testing to confirm their ideas.

D. The force of friction between two objects will not be influenced by the speed of the objects.

Which of the following factors has no effect on the force of friction between two solid objects? A. the smoothness of the surfaces between the objects B. the contact force between the objects C. the type of materials the objects are made of D. the relative speed of the objects to each other