Intro to cult

Mosayara

Definition:A Muslim and/or Arab term which involves hiding your real feelings and instead reacting in socially acceptable ways.

Epistemology

Definition:A dimension of culture that describes a cultural group's preferred way of gaining knowledge and learning about the world.

Ontology

Definition:A dimension of culture that describes how a cultural group views the nature of reality.

Axiology

Definition:A dimension of culture that describes the interpersonal values that a cultural group teaches.

Locus of responsibility

Definition:A dimension of worldview that reflects whether individuals believe they are responsible for their fate (internal responsibility) or cannot be held responsible because there are more powerful forces at work in their lives (external responsibility).

Locus of control

Definition:A dimension of worldview that reflects whether individuals feel in control of their own fate (internal control) or feel controlled externally by environmental forces (external control).

empowerment

Definition:A helping strategy that involves supporting, encouraging, and giving clients skills to become their own advocates.

anti-racist

Definition:A member of the dominant culture who works to reduce his or her own internalized racism and becomes a cultural ally.

Authoritarian personality

Definition:A psychological theory of prejudice derived from the work of Adorno et al. (1950) that views prejudice and racism as one of various characteristics of a global bigoted personality type.

worldview

Definition:A term referring to the meta-dimensions along which all cultures can differ. They include Psychobehavioral Modality, Axiology, Ethos, Epistemology, Logic, Ontology, Concept of Time, and Concept of Self.

cultural ally

Definition:A white person who actively works to eliminate racism.

prejudice

Definition:An antipathy or negative feeling, either expressed or not expressed, based on a faulty and inflexible generalization that places a group of people at some disadvantage that is not merited by their actions.

autoplastic

Definition:An approach to personal change that involves adapting the self to the external environment.

alloplastic

Definition:An approach to personal change that involves altering the external environment to fit the needs of the individual.

complex trauma

Definition:An emotional state experienced by people who are exposed to repeated and prolonged trauma. A DSM category of anxiety disorders.

stereotype

Definition:An undifferentiated, simplistic attribution that involves a judgment of habits, traits, abilities, or expectations assigned as a characteristic of all members of a group.

Collective treatment models

Definition:As opposed to one-to-one or individualistic treatment models, collective treatment models actively depend on interactions with other group members for therapeutic outcomes.

ethnocentrism

Definition:Assessing, interpreting, and judging culturally diverse behavior in relation to one's own cultural standards. Such behaviors are acceptable to the extent that they are similar to one's own cultural ways.

ethnorelativism

Definition:Assessing, interpreting, and judging culturally diverse behavior within its own cultural context. Such behaviors are neither good nor bad—only different.

Integrative attitudes

Definition:Characteristically pragmatic in the approach to race relations. Individuals tend to have a sense of their own identity as whites and at the same time favor interracial contact and harmony, believing racism can be eradicated through goodwill and rationality.

Communities of color

Definition:Collectives of non-whites who share certain physical (racial), cultural, language, or geographic origins and/or features.

Culture

Definition:Differences in language, values, personality and family patterns, worldviews, sense of time and space, and rules of interaction between individual groups. Comprises traditional ideas and related values, is learned, shared, and transmitted from one generation to the next, and organizes life and helps individuals interpret their existence.

extended self

Definition:Ego development typical of ethnic group members who conceive of themselves not as individuals, but as part of a broader collective.

felt experience of living

Definition:Growing up, developing, and maturing in each culture yields a phenomenologically different experience; that is, the quality of life differs in tone, mood, and intensity

cultural pre-competence

Definition:Having failed at attempts toward greater cultural competence due to limited vision of what is necessary by holding a false sense of accomplishment or overwhelmed by failure; showing a tendency to depend on tokenism and overestimate the impact of isolation of people of color.

Conflictive attitude

Definition:Held by individuals who, although they would not support outright racism or discrimination, oppose efforts to ameliorate the effects of discrimination, such as affirmative action.

Logic

Definition:In reference to culture, a dimension that describes the kind of reasoning and intellectual processes that a cultural group adopts.

Reactive attitudes

Definition:Involves a rather militant stand against racism. Categorically, these individuals tend to identify with people of color, may feel guilty about being white, and may romanticize the racial drama in addition to being very sensitive to situations involving discrimination and reacting strongly to the inequities that exist in society.

Istighaba

Definition:Involves expressing authentic feelings away from the family and social observation.

implicit bias

Definition:Negative cognitive racial attitudes and attributions that are held unconsciously that can serve as powerful detectors of racial biases.

institution

Definition:Refers to societal networks that covertly or overtly control the allocation of resources to individuals and social groups.

Multicultural ethical commitment

Definition:Requiring a strong desire to understand how culture is relevant to the identification and resolution of ethical problems. It demands a moral disposition and emotional responsiveness that moves psychologists to explore cultural differences and creatively apply the APA Ethics Code to each cultural context.

cultural competence

Definition:The ability to provide services cross-culturally in an effective manner.

colonization

Definition:The act of a more powerful nation or people taking control of the land and resources of a less powerful and often indigenous people and using them for its own benefit.

Cultural diversity

Definition:The array of differences that exist among groups of peoples with definable and unique cultural backgrounds.

Dominative attitudes

Definition:The belief that majority group members should be allowed to dominate those who are culturally diverse.

Cultural racism

Definition:The belief that the cultural ways of one group are superior to those of another.

white privilege

Definition:The benefits that are given to white Americans of European descent automatically on the basis of their skin color.

power

Definition:The capacity to produce desired effects on others.

Multicultural ethical awareness

Definition:The implication that commitment itself is not enough but must be accompanied by the requisite knowledge about cultural differences and how they may affect the expression of and solution of ethical problems.

powerlessness

Definition:The inability to influence others.

Institutional racism

Definition:The manipulation of social institutions to give preferences and advantages to whites, and at the same time restrict the choices, rights, mobility, and access of people of color.

Rankism

Definition:The persistent abuse and discrimination based on a power differential in rank or hierarchy.

cross-cultural service delivery

Definition:The provision of human services in a situation where provider and client come from diverse cultural backgrounds.

racial identification

Definition:The second step in the process of developing racial identity; involves learning to apply the newly gained concept of race to oneself.

racism

Definition:The systematic subordination of members of targeted racial groups who have relatively little social power by members of the agent racial group who have relatively more social power.

Emic

Definition:Viewing a culture through a perspective that is indigenous to it.

Self-regulation of prejudice

Definition:When a low-prejudiced person has a negatively implicit evaluation of an outgroup member.

Which of the following does NOT represent one of Falicov's patterns of cultural tension in bicultural relationships?

Impending stress brings couples closer together than more normative experience

cultural myopia

Viewing the world exclusively from the perspective of one's cultural paradigm.

Bicultural children, on average, develop awareness of race and racial differences usually by age ________ years.

a. 4

Hauser and Kasendorf compared working-class urban African American and white adolescent boys in relation to the development of self-image. What did they find?

c. African American adolescents showed a striking sameness in how they saw themselves.

When researching academic performance and learning styles, which of the following ethnic minorities would Obgu classify as an "autonomous" group?

c. Amish

To prepare a child cognitively for racism, Lewin suggests that parents________.

c. present racism as a social problem, not an individual or personal one

Promoting ________, an increasingly important meta-goal in clinical work with children and families of color, involves strengthening personal characteristics in the child that will permit better coping in stressful situations.

c. resiliency

Which of the following statements accurately describes a buffer zone?

d. A buffer zone substitutes the reflection of loving parents for that of a hostile environment.

By age ________, most ethnic children are aware of the negative evaluation that society places on members of their group.

b. 7

In the study conducted by Williams and Morland, racial acceptance was measured by showing African American children and white children photos of dark- and light-skinned individuals and asked if they would like to play with this person. Which of the following statements accurately describes the results?

b. African American preschoolers accepted white photos more frequently than they did African American photos.

People of color

:A collective reference to groups of color in the United States, including African Americans, Asian Americans, Latinos/as, and Native Americans. Used synonymously with the term non-white.

Culturally diverse

:Individuals (e.g., providers or clients) who come from culturally different, diverse, or distinct backgrounds. Used synonymously with the term cross-cultural.

Ethnic group

Any distinguishable group of people whose members share a common culture and see themselves as separate and different from the majority culture.

race

Biological group differences that derive from an isolated inbreeding population with a distinctive genetic heritage.

human service providers

Professional helpers (e.g., counselors, therapists, psychologists, and social workers) who provide social and emotional advice, resources, and education to those in need, most often on a one-to-one basis.

ethnic psychology

Psychological dynamics that are peculiar to the experiences of people of color and other oppressed ethnic groups. See also the discussion of ethnic-specific "psychologies"

Research by Freedman asserts that ________ babies are the most calm and adaptable, even when being placed on a cradleboard.

a. Navajo

Community psychology is normative in which of the following countries?

a. South Africa

Which of the following ethnic groups would most likely excel in a learning environment that stresses individualism and competition?

a. White/Northern European

Check My Work Bicultural couples face not only personality differences and conflicts, but also the complex and difficult terrain of ________ differences.

a. cultural

Wright believes that parents, especially African American parents, can support their child's developing sense of self-worth by ________. a. using corporal punishment methods

b. being present and available as much as possible

When bicultural families face external racism, Laszloffy suggests that therapists ________.

b. educate parents to their potentially devaluing or mixed racial messages

The "Just Therapy" approach used in New Zealand has three underlying assumptions. Which is NOT one of them?

b. neutrality

Bicultural children are most successful moving through the identity formation process when the topic of race is ________ and parents are available to help sort out various issues of self-definition.

b. openly discussed at home

Which of the following statements about cultural competence in clinical interventions with children of color is FALSE?

c. Children must be encouraged to accept their negative environmental circumstances and adapt to them.

Which of the following statements about the studies of racial awareness is FALSE?

c. In racially homogeneous settings, African American students scored lower in self-esteem measures than their white counterparts.

There are three things parents of color can do to protect their children from the harmful effects of racism. Which is NOT one of them?

c. Instruct them that racism is individualized hatred and fear.

During which stage of The Tree of Life exercise might the facilitator ask, "In looking back over your lives, are things bad all the time or just sometimes?" a. The Tree of Life

c. The Storms of Life

Which part of The Tree of Life represents the child's hopes, dreams, and wishes?

c. branches

Extreme stress that involves intense fear, feelings of helplessness, and a sense of being overpowered and out of control, which occurs over a long period of time, is referred to as ________ trauma.

c. complex

In the study conducted by Williams and Morland, racial identification was measured by asking African American and white children to choose the doll that looked most like them. Which of the following statements accurately describes the research findings?

d. By junior high school, both groups were almost 100% accurate in their respective doll choices.

Which of the following statements accurately describes community psychology

d. It acknowledges and addresses power differentials in society.

Which statement about The Tree of Life exercise is FALSE?

d. It aims to individualize stressing experiences.

A particularly problematic time for bicultural children is ________ because of the marked intolerance of differences for both these children and their peers.

d. adolescence

Parents must realize that a child's feelings about ethnicity and group belonging are most likely to model the ________.

d. parents' own attitudes

which of the racial identity processes involves the child's learning to apply labels accurately to members of diverse groups? a. racial trauma narrative

d. racial classification ability