Intro to Drugs and Behavior Chpater 11

Coffeehouses

a location to listen and learn from literary and political figures

Theobromine

a mild stimulant similar to caffeine and found in chocolate Similar to caffeine, but much less potent CNS effects

Theophylline

a mild stimulant similar to caffeine and found in tea

Chocolatl

a thick, bitter, liquid flavored with vanilla

Adenosine

an inhibitory neurotransmitter through which caffeine acts inhibitory neurotransmitter that modulates the release of other neurotransmitters

sobering up?

caffeine does not lower blood alcohol concentration and will not help a person sober up

Three Main Sources

coffee,tea,chocolate

Caffeinism

excessive use of caffiene

Black Tea

fully oxidized tea

Oolong Tea

greenish-brown and consists of partially oxidized leaves

Tea Production

grown in china, India, and sri lanka Tea leaves are then Dried Rolled to crush the cells in the leaves Placed in a cool, damp place for fermentation (oxidation)

hyperactivity treatment

high doses may decreases hyperactivity

Coffee Consumption

increased following taxation of tea. also increased during and after prohibiton

Coffee Processing

individuals chewed on coffee beans or put raw beans in hot water. later discovered that roasting improved flavor

Caffea Arabica

milder flavor, takes longer to develop after planting and requires a near tropical climate to grow

Caffeine

most widely used psychoactive drug

Green Tea

nonoxidized leaves

Decaffeinated Coffee

processes to remove caffeine from the coffee bean

other sources of caffeine

soft drinks energy drinks over-the-counter medicine

Caffea Robusta

stronger and more bitter flavor and higher caffeine content used in less expensive blends

Xanthines

the chemical class that includes caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline

Tea and the American Revolution

-Before the revolution, american colonists were committed tea drinkers -Anger over tea tax -revolution helped tea sales in england

Dependence

-Caffeine can function as a reinforcer -Withdrawal symptoms include headache and fatigue -DSM-5 does not list caffeine under substance use disorders

16th century: Cortez introduced chocolate into Europe

-Chocolate drinking spread slowly -17th century: Chocolate sold alongside coffee and tea in established coffeehouses

Chocolate Processing

-Prior to 1828, the traditional Aztec process was used -Cacao pods were dried in the sun, then roasted to remove the husk -Kernels were ground to obtain a thick liquid (baking chocolate) -1828:Dutch patent issued for a process that removes about two-thirds of the fat (cocoa butter) and produces a powder -A mixture of cocoa butter, sugar, and chocolate powder can be formed into slabs or bars -1876:Milk chocolate introduced by the Swiss

Process of decaffeinated coffee

-Soaking unroasted beans in an organic solvent removes the caffeine -This is the most common method in the U.S. -Alternative Swiss water process not widely used -It removes more of the coffee's flavor

Tea in Medicine

AD 350:evidence for medical use AD 780: evidence for nonmedical use

What are the differences among black,green tea, and oolong?

Black tea contains higher concentration of caffeine than coffee beans, and oxidized green leaves. Green tea is nonoxidized leaves. Oolong is partially oxidized.

Chocolate Legend

Cacao tree was a gift to humans from paradise from the Aztec god Quetzalcoatl

Three key xanthines

Caffeine Theophylline Theobromine

How does caffeine interact with adenosine receptors?

Caffeine blocks the brain's receptors for adenosine blocking its inhibitory effect

cancer

Caffeine is not a risk factor in human cancer

What role did the American Revolution and alcohol prohibition play in influencing American coffee consumption?

Coffee consumption increased because it was cheaper as well as legal

Behavioral effects-sTimulation

Cognitive/psychomotor performance: Caffeine partially offsets the effects of fatigue But it may not improve performance in well-rested individuals

Tea Legend

Daruma, the founder of Zen Buddhism, cut off his eyelids to remain awake while meditating

Tea 1610

Dutch delivered tea to Europe

Coffee History

Ethopia

Typical symptoms associated with caffeine-withdrawal?

Headache, irritability, difficulty focusing, sleepy, etc.

Headache treatment

Helps relieve both migraine and nonmigraine headaches

Reproductive effects

High consumption of caffeine reduces a woman's chances of becoming pregnant and slows the growth of the fetus Research is mixed on whether caffeine increases the risk of miscarriage

heart diease

High intake of caffeine may increase the risk of heart attack, particularly in people with other risk factors Moderate use may lower risk

Coffee Legend

Kaldi, a goat, herd, and his goats ate coffee berries and danced

What are some of the behavioral and physiological effects of excessive caffeine consumption?

Nervousness, jittery, insomnia, flushed appearance, elevated temperature, etc

Tea History

Origin of China Camellia sinensis: An evergreen

Chocolate HIsotry

Origin of chocolate i s Mesoamerica Theobroma means "food of the gods"

causes for concern

Overall, there is no clear evidence that moderate caffeine consumption is dangerous

Time course

Rapid absorption if taken orally Peak levels reached in 30 minutes Half-life is about three hours

What are the two xanthines contained in tea and chocolate, besides caffeine?

Theophylline and Theobromine

Coca-cola

Today, the coca leaves are decocainized before being shipped to the Coca-Cola plant

Mechanism of action

Xanthines block adenosine receptors