Introductory Biology II Exam 2 - CH 25 Fungi

What fungal structures germinate to produce new mycelia? Spores Coenocytes Hyphae Septa

Spores

Which of the following best characterizes the hyphae of ascomycetes? The hyphae are divided by non-perforated septa. The hyphae are divided by septa with pores. The hyphae lack septa.

The hyphae are divided by septa with pores.

What are fungal septa? Structures that compartmentalize fungal cytoplasm into organelles. Structures that separate mated from unmated hyphae. Thick walls separating spores from the rest of a fungal fruiting body (the mushroom). Walls that form between the cells of fungal hyphae.

Walls that form between the cells of fungal hyphae.

Carcinogenic compounds produced by some Aspergillus flavus strains are called _____.

aflatoxins

The Glomeromycota fungi are important in the evolution of plants because they ____. aided in the transition to land prevented the spread of pathogenic fungi provided a new means of pollen dispersal

aided in the transition to land

There are two types of mycorrhizae: _____ mycorrhizae and _____.

arbuscular ectomycorrhizae

The main decomposers in the biosphere are ____. fungi and archaea bacteria and archaea fungi and protozoa bacteria and protozoa bacteria and fungi

bacteria and fungi

In the basidiomycetes, karyogamy occurs within the club-shaped _____. This is immediately followed by meiosis. The four haploid products are incorporated into basidiospores, which are typically borne on slender projections called _____.

basidium sterigmata

It is often more difficult to treat human diseases caused by fungi than those by bacteria because ____. both humans and fungi are eukaryotes humans and fungi are multicellular humans and animals have similar cell wall structure

both humans and fungi are eukaryotes

Fungal spores ____. can be produced through sexual or asexual reproduction can be produced only through asexual reproduction can be produced only through sexual reproduction

can be produced through sexual or asexual reproduction

By breaking down cellulose and lignin, fungi release _____, _____, and _____ from the bodies of living or dead organisms and make them available to other organisms.

carbon nitrogen phosphorus

Fungi can break down _____ and _____, an insoluble organic compound that is a major constituent of wood.

cellulose lignin

Fungal cell walls are made of ____. peptidoglycan chitin glycogen cellulose nitrogen

chitin

Unlike the cell walls of plants and many protists, fungi have cell walls composed primarily of _____.

chitin

Zygomycetes have cell walls that contain a modified form of chitin called _____.

chitosan

In some species, fungal hyphae do not have septa and contain multiple nuclei. Such hyphae are called _____ hyphae.

coenocytic

A fungal mycelium containing two separate nuclei that divide at each cell division is said to be _____.

dikaryotic

Basidiomycetes are typically the fungal species in ectomycorrhizae arbuscular mycorrhizae

ectomycorrhizae

Compared to the arbuscular mycorrhizae, the _____ involve far fewer species of plants.

ectomycorrhizae

The majority of fungal species in _____ are basidiomycetes, the fruiting bodies, or mushrooms, of which can sometimes appear close to host trees.

ectomycorrhizae

Fungi that live within the leaf and stem tissues of plants without causing disease, are known as fungal _____.

endophytes

A fungus typically obtains food by secreting extracellular digestive _____, which break down organic molecules.

enzymes

If a symbiotic fungus can survive without its host, this relationship is described as a(n) _____ symbiosis.

facultative

Yeasts are important commercially because of their ability to ____. enhance crop production ferment carbohydrates decompose cellulose produce colorful dyes

ferment carbohydrates

Ectomycorrhizae:

have hyphae that grow around and surround, but do not penetrate, the cell walls of the root cells.

Arbuscular mycorrhizae:

have hyphae that penetrate the outer cells of the plant root. They grow through the plant cell walls and make contact with the root cell's plasma membrane via highly branched structures called arbuscules.

The secondary mycelium of basidiomycetes is monokaryotic. homokaryotic. heterokaryotic. autokaryotic.

heterokaryotic

Fungi are ____. autotrophs heterotrophs mixotrophs

heterotrophs

Fungal filaments are called sterigma gametangia hyphae septa

hyphae

With the exception of their gametangia, the hyphae of zygomycetes have septa with large pores in them lack septa have complete septa

lack septa

Mycorrhizal relationships provide plants with antibiotics minerals protection from pathogens organic nutrients

minerals

A _____ is the main body of multicellular fungi that grows into, on, or through soil, wood, or tissues of host organisms.

mycelium

A mass of connected hyphae is called a _____.

mycelium

Mutualistic associations between the hyphae of certain fungi and the roots of most seed plants are known as _____.

mycorrhizae

The fungal partner of arbuscular _____ belongs to the phylum Glomeromycota.

mycorrhizae

If a symbiosis is essential for survival, it is described as a(n) _____ symbiosis.

obligate

In a mycorrhizal relationship, the host _____ produces organic nutrients for use by the _____.

plant fungus

The basidiomycete mycelium composed of monokaryotic hyphae is called the _____ mycelium, while that containing dikaryotic hyphae is called the _____ mycelium.

primary secondary

The glomeromycetes are significant to plants because they ____. provide nutrients to them. are parasites of plants. are plant pathogens.

provide nutrients to them.

In ascomycetes, hyphae are ______. separated by non-perforated septa and the cytoplasm cannot flow along the length of each hypha not separated by septa and cytoplasm easily flows along the length of each hypha separated by perforated septa and cytoplasm flows along the length of each hypha

separated by perforated septa and cytoplasm flows along the length of each hypha

Small cross walls between individual fungal cells in hyphae are known as _____.

septa

The secondary mycelium of basidiomycetes is made of cells separated by _____. Each cell contains two _____, each representing the two different mating types that fused to produce the mycelium.

septa nuclei

Many fungi can reproduce by making both sexual and asexual _____.

spores

A dikaryotic cell contains ____. two separate nuclei an extra copy of one chromosome only one set of chromosomes one nucleus with four sets of chromosomes

two separate nuclei

Fungi grow in two basic ways: as _____ forms called yeasts and as _____, threadlike forms called mycelia.

unicellular multicellular

Ascomycete fungi that occur as single cells and reproduce by budding are called _____.

yeasts

Chytridiomycota are distinguished from other fungi because they possess flagellated _____, released from a specialized structure called a chytridion.

zoospores

Which of the following is a feature of Blastocladiomycota? Gametophyte produces haploid gametes by meiosis Alternation of multicellular haploid and diploid life cycles Sporophyte produces diploid spores by mitosis

Alternation of multicellular haploid and diploid life cycles

Microsporidia have been tentatively moved from the protists to the fungi based on which of the following? Presence of chitin in cell walls Absence of chloroplasts Analysis of DNA sequence data Absence of centrioles

Analysis of DNA sequence data

Which of the following has hyphae that grow in the space between the cell wall and the plasma membrane of a plant cell? Endophytes Ectomycorrhizae Lichens Arbuscular mycorrhizae

Arbuscular mycorrhizae

This fungal phylum undergoes meiosis followed by mitosis to produce eight haploid spores in a sac. Chytridiomycetes Basidiomycetes Glomeromycetes Ascomycetes

Ascomycetes

Which of the following contain truffles and morels? Glomeromycetes Basidiomycetes Chytrids Ascomycetes

Ascomycetes

Select the four traditional fungal phyla. Ascomycota Zygomycota Chytridiomycota Basidiomycota Glomeromycota

Ascomycota Zygomycota Chytridiomycota Basidiomycota

Aflatoxin is one of the most carcinogenic compounds known. It is produced by which fungus? Armillaria Aspergillus Candida Amanita Coccidioides

Aspergillus

What are mycorrhizae? Decomposer fungi that live in the forest soil Associations between the fruiting bodies of certain fungi and the stems and leaves of plants Associations between the hyphae of certain fungi and the leaves and stems of plants Associations between the hyphae of certain fungi and the roots of plants

Associations between the hyphae of certain fungi and the roots of plants

The fungal components of ectomycorrhizae are usually members of what phylum? Zygomycota Blastocladiomycota Glomeromycota Basidiomycota Chytridiomycota

Basidiomycota

Why do scientists think that the presence of chitin in the cell walls of fungi indicates that they are more closely related to animals and not plants? Because chitin contains nitrogen, while cellulose does not Because chitin is found in the exoskeleton of certain animals Because many animals can eat fungi and decompose their chitinous cell walls Because chitin-like polymers are used as storage polymers by many animals

Because chitin is found in the exoskeleton of certain animals

Fungal hyphae are very long but only grow at their tips. How can they achieve such rapid growth? Because of cytoplasm streaming, proteins synthesized throughout the hyphae can be quickly transported to the growing tips. Because of cytoplasmic streaming, the growing tips can never dry out and therefore can grow very rapidly. The flow of the cytoplasm throughout the hyphae results in higher pressure at the tips, which leads to very fast growth.

Because of cytoplasm streaming, proteins synthesized throughout the hyphae can be quickly transported to the growing tips.

Yeasts are important in the commercial production of which of the following? Yogurt Beer Bread Wine

Beer Bread Wine

Select all effects of aflatoxins. Respiratory distress Cancer Nerve damage Kidney damage

Cancer Nerve damage Kidney damage

Which type of mycorrhizae grows on the surfaces of tree roots, but not beyond the of walls of the root cells? Ectomycorrhizae Endophytes Lichens Arbuscular mycorrhizae

Ectomycorrhizae

What are truffles and morels? Edible fruiting bodies of ascomycetes Edible fruiting bodies of zygomycetes Edible fruiting bodies of basidiomycetes

Edible fruiting bodies of ascomycetes

What structure is composed of the same material as fungal cell walls? Cell walls of plants Mollusk shells Cell walls of bacteria Exoskeleton of arthropods

Exoskeleton of arthropods

True or false: Because they grow in soil and produce mushrooms above ground, fungi are more similar to plants than they are to animals.

False

True or false: The unicellular ascomycetes, yeast, cannot form ascospores.

False; Two yeas cells can fuse, becoming a diploid cell that functions as an ascus and produces ascospores.

Select the feature that distinguishes the chytridiomycota and relatives from the other groups of fungi. Dikaryotic stage Karyogamy Flagellated spores Ingestive nutrition Parasitic lifestyle

Flagellated spores

What is one unique evolutionary advantage of the unique multicellularity of fungi? The free flow of cytoplasm throughout the hyphae is similar to a primitive nervous system. Free cytoplasmic flow due to pores in septa allows them to very rapidly make use of nutrients encountered in the environment. Because their cells are connected through pores in their septa, they do not have to undergo sexual reproduction.

Free cytoplasmic flow due to pores in septa allows them to very rapidly make use of nutrients encountered in the environment.

Why is treating fungal diseases in animals particularly difficult? Fungi are phylogenetically related to animals Fungi are too small for antibiotics to work Fungi have a very high rate of mutation Fungi grown inside animal cells and so cannot be easily destroyed

Fungi are phylogenetically related to animals

What are fungal endophytes? Fungi that lack a sexual cycle Fungi that live in the soil Fungi that live in association with algae Fungi that live within tissues of other organisms

Fungi that live within tissues of other organisms

How are the spores of ascomycetes and basidiomycetes different? In ascomycetes, spores are flagellated, while in basidiomycetes they are not In ascomycetes, spores are formed only through meiosis, while in basidiomycetes, meiosis and mitosis both occur In ascomycete spore formation, meiosis does not occur, while in basidiomycetes, meiosis is a necessary step In ascomycetes, the spores are borne internally, instead of externally, as in basidiomycetes

In ascomycetes, the spores are borne internally, instead of externally, as in basidiomycetes

Describe the fungi in lichens. It can not grow normally without their photosynthetic partners. They are able to grow normally without their photosynthetic partners.

It can not grow normally without their photosynthetic partners.

Which of the following statements about the dikaryon stage is true? It is represented as 1n + 1n It is found in all fungi It is represented as 2n It is formed by the division of a diploid cell It is formed by the fusion of two haploid nuclei

It is represented as 1n + 1n

What happens to a fungal spore when it settles in a proper environment? It produces a new mycelium. It produces a fruiting body. It undergoes meiosis. It mates with a spore of a compatible mating type.

It produces a new mycelium.

Select all examples of mutual symbioses between fungi and animals. Corals that associate with saltwater fungi Leaf cutters ants that cultivate fungi Fungi in the guts of ruminant animals Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in association with aphids

Leaf cutters ants that cultivate fungi Fungi in the guts of ruminant animals

Haplodiplontic:

Life cycle with multicellular stages that are both haploid and diploid.

Which of the following best describes hyphae? Short chains of cells that form interlocking circles Long chains of cells joined end-to-end and divided by cross-walls with pores. Long chains of cells joined end-to-end and divided by solid cross-walls

Long chains of cells joined end-to-end and divided by cross-walls with pores.

Traditionally, fungi were divided into four phyla based primarily on which characteristic? Size Mitosis Nutrition Meiosis Shape

Meiosis

When compared with other multicellular eukaryotic organisms, fungi are described as which of the following? More similar to plants than they are to animals More similar to animals than they are to plants Not similar at all to either animals or plants

More similar to animals than they are to plants

Select all characteristics of ectomycorrhizae. Most plant hosts are forest trees such as pines, oaks, and birches The fungal component is usually a basidiomycete. They involve many more kinds of plants than do arbuscular mycorrhizae. They show very strong host specificity.

Most plant hosts are forest trees such as pines, oaks, and birches The fungal component is usually a basidiomycete.

_____ are aggregations of slender, filamentous structures called hyphae.

Mycelia

Which of the following are glomeromycetes? Epiphytes Mycorrhizae Animal parasites Pathogens

Mycorrhizae

These fungi lack true mitochondria and instead use hydrogenosomes, which are thought to be derived from mitochondria, to produce ATP.

Neocallimastigomycota

Which phylum contains fungi that are anaerobic and use hydrogenosomes instead of mitochondria. Neocallimastigomycota Ascomycota Zygomycota Basidiomycota

Neocallimastigomycota

A feature of the life cycle of many fungi is the presence of a (1n + 1n) stage, called the _____ stage.

Dikaryon

What benefit do mycorrhizal fungi receive from their plant partners? Organic nutrients Chlorophyll Copper, phosphate, and zinc Water Carbon dioxide

Organic nutrients

Which of the following is the most important yeast in baking, brewing, and wine making? Candida albicans Saccharomyces cerevisiae Streptococcus lactis Histoplasma capsulatum Coccidiodes immitis

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Which of the following describes asexual reproduction in yeast? New cells are produced when certain yeast cells specialize into conidiophores. A yeast cell divides multiple times to produce a short lived multicellular hypha. Soon after formation the hypha breaks into individual cells. Small cells can bud from larger cells.

Small cells can bud from larger cells.

Fungi have formed mutualistic symbioses with which of the following? Vertebrate animals only Invertebrate animals only Some animal species, such as ants and ruminants Almost all known animal species

Some animal species, such as ants and ruminants

The aboveground portion of a fungus, such as a mushroom, is which of the following? Mycelium Reproductive structure Stem structure Substrate Hyphae

Reproductive structure

How do fungi reproduce? Sexually but not asexually Both sexually and asexually Asexually but not sexually

Both sexually and asexually

Put the steps of basidiomycete sexual reproduction in order. Start with the mating of compatible hyphae at the top.

Compatible hyphae mate and a dikaryotic mycelium is formed. Basidia form in the basidiocarp. Nuclei in basidia fuse by karyogamy. Meiosis occurs. Basidiospores are formed and released.

In a lichen, the fungal partner does which of the following? Penetrates the cell wall and plasma membrane of the photosynthetic partner Penetrates the cell wall, but not plasma membrane, of the photosynthetic partner Does not penetrate the cell wall or plasma membrane of the photosynthetic partner

Penetrates the cell wall, but not plasma membrane, of the photosynthetic partner

Which member of a mycorrhizal relationship benefits through improved uptake of nutrients? Alga Plant Fungus Bacterium

Plant

Based on DNA evidence showing the presence of mitochondrial genes, microsporidia have been moved to the fungal kingdom from which of the following? Plant kingdom Animal kingdom Protist kingdom

Protist kingdom

How does the primary mycelium in Basidiomycota differ from that of the secondary mycelium? The primary mycelium is produced by meiosis, while the secondary mycelium is produced by mitosis. The primary mycelium is made up of dikaryotic hyphae, while the secondary mycelium is composed of monokaryotic hyphae. The primary mycelium is produced by mitosis, while the secondary mycelium is produced by meiosis. The primary mycelium is made up of monokaryotic hyphae, while the secondary mycelium is composed of dikaryotic hyphae.

The primary mycelium is made up of monokaryotic hyphae, while the secondary mycelium is composed of dikaryotic hyphae.

Which of the following is a characteristic of the cytoplasm in fungal cells? Their cytoplasm streams freely throughout the hyphae, because it can pass through larger pores in the septa. Their cytoplasm is very thick because of the presence of many digestive enzymes and it cannot flow throughout cells. Their cytoplasm streams freely but remains within individual cells, because pores in the septa are too small.

Their cytoplasm streams freely throughout the hyphae, because it can pass through larger pores in the septa.

Select all true statements about blastoclads. They produce large fruiting bodies similar to mushrooms. They are parasitic. They are typically polyploid. They have a haplodiplontic life cycle. They produce zoospores.

They are parasitic. They have a haplodiplontic life cycle. They produce zoospores.

Which of the following is true regarding decomposer fungi? They break down organic material into carbon dioxide, which is used by plants and algae. They provide oxygen to the roots of plants and to soil algae. They provide plants and algae with sugars in exchange for minerals and other nutrients.

They break down organic material into carbon dioxide, which is used by plants and algae.

Select all true statements about the Glomeromycota. They form arbuscular mycorrhizae. They lack nuclei. They do not undergo sexual reproduction. They are plant pathogens and parasites.

They form arbuscular mycorrhizae. They do not undergo sexual reproduction.

Which statement about fungal cells is true? They may have one, two, or more nuclei They always have two nuclei, unlike other eukaryotic cells They can have only one nucleus, just like other eukaryotic cells They may have one or two nuclei, but not more

They may have one, two, or more nuclei

Select all true statements about neocallimastigomycetes. They have large mitochondria. They produce zoospores with multiple flagella They produce non-flagellated zoospores. They are anaerobic.

They produce zoospores with multiple flagella They are anaerobic.

Select all ecological benefits of decomposer fungi. They release minerals into the soil. They provide a substrate for photosynthetic algae. They remove organic debris. They convert sugars into alcohol. They release carbon dioxide for plants and algae.

They release minerals into the soil. They remove organic debris. They release carbon dioxide for plants and algae.

The cytoplasm of fungal cells can exhibit a characteristic flow. Where is this flow observed? Only in reproductive cells that are cut off from the rest of the fungal body by solid septa Throughout the hyphae but confined to individual cells Only in certain very active cells Throughout the hyphae, as cytoplasm passes through pores in the septa

Throughout the hyphae, as cytoplasm passes through pores in the septa