Invertebrates

What is Phylogeny?

The connections b/w all groups of organisms as understood by ancestor/descendant relationships. "Related"

Phylum Chordata = ...

Tunicates, Lancelets, Hagfishes, Lampreys, Cartilaginous fishes, bony fishes, amphibians, reptiles, mammals

Phylum Annelida = ...

The Segmented Worms

Phylum Porifera = ...

The Sponges

What are the 3 groups of chordates w/o bony vertebrae? Describe each, ALSO, all other chordates are...

*3 Groups: Lancelets, Tunicates, Hagfishes *Lancelets- Bladelike animals w/o a cranium *Tunicates- (sea squirts), lack a cranium *Hagfishes- eel-like forms that have a cranium *Remember: They have NO vertebrae! *All other chordates are vertebrates

Animal Phyla- Invertebrates: What percent are invertebrates? What is an invertebrate?

*95% of all animals are invertebrates *Invertebrates- lack a backbone (Ex: Jellyfish, Octopus, Dragonfly)

Porifera: Where do sponges live? Do they vary in color and shape? Do they ever regenerate? How do the sponges filter food?

*ALL sponges live in water *Variety of colors and shapes *They can regenerate-if a piece breaks off, it will regrow into a new sponge *As water passes through thousands of holes, called pores, the sponges filter food

Reptiles: What are their adaptations? Examples?

*Adaptations to living on land: amniotic eggs and scaled, waterproof skin *Ex:Snake, Lizard, Bird, Turtle, Dinosaur, Crocodile

Birds: What adaptations do they have that makes them lighter in flight? Are they endotherms or ectotherms? What does this mean?

*Adaptations: Honeycombed bones, one instead of 2 ovaries, a beak instead of teeth *Unlike other reptiles, birds are endotherms, maintaining a warmer and steady body temperature

Most Animals: Diploid or Haploid? Sexual or Asexual? Similar Development?

*Are diploid *Reproduce sexually *Proceed through a series of typically similar developmental stages

Lampreys: Vertebrate or no? Cranium or no? Jaws or no?

*Are vertebrates *Have a cranium *Lack jaws

Platyhelminthes: Symmetry? Land or aquatic or moist environments? Blood circulation? Where do the get oxygen? What are they flat

*Bilateral symmetry w/ a front (head) and back (tail) *Contains mostly small creatures, dwelling either aquatic or moist terrestrial environments *No system of blood circulation *Get oxygen for the environment *They lack a cavity, causing them to be flat. They must respire through diffusion and no cell can be too far from the outside, making a flattened shape

Phylum Echinodermata: What kind of symmetry? What kind of spine? Are all members marine or land? What do they all inhabit?

*Evolved radial symmetry from bilateral symmetry *Spine covered body, but not sea cucumbers *All members (sea stars, sea urchins , sea cucumbers) are marine *All inhabit the ocean floor

Cartilaginous Fishes: Members? Structure?

*Ex: Sharks and rays *Have flexible skeleton made of cartilage

Phylum Cnidaria: Examples? How do they prey? Are they carnivores or herbivores? There are 2 basic body plans: what are the 2 variations?

*Examples: Jellyfish, Sea Anemones, Hydras, & Reef-building coral animals *They're carnivores *They use stinging tentacles to capture prey *Basic Body Plans: Stationary Polyp. & Floating Medua

Amphibians: Aquatic or terrestrial? What do they need to reproduce? What do they typically undergo? What does Amphibian mean in geek? What environments to they live in? Examples?

*Exhibit a mixture of aquatic and terrestrial adaptations *Usually need water to reproduce-eggs lack shells so they would dry out quickly in the air *Typically undergo metamorphosis from an aquatic larva to terrestrial adult *In Greek = Living A Double Life *Inhabit moist, damp environments, as they depend upon their moist skin to supplement lung function *Ex: Toad, Frog, Salamander

Arthropoda Characteristics: What is the exoskeleton made of? What does the brain coordinate? What do the bristles sense? What does the compound eye do? What's it made of?

*Exoskeleton -External skeleton made of protein and chitin *Head & Brain -Brain coordinates info from sensory organs -Bristles sense movement, vibration,pressure, and chemicals -Compound Eye- allows them to see images Made of many identical light-sensitive cells)

Phylum Chordata: Chordates ALL share what 4 key features? When do they appear?

*Features appear in the embryo and sometimes the adult *A dorsal, hollow nerve cord *A notochord- flexible rod located b/w digestive tract and nerve cord *Pharyngeal slits- grooves in the pharynx *A post-anal tail

What is the largest and most diverse class of mollusks?

*Gastropoda- 90,000 different species *Members include the mollusks w/ one shell (Conches, Abalones, etc.) and the onesw/ no shells (Nudibranchs & slugs)

What are the 3 classes in Mollusca? Examples?

*Gastropods = Snails & Slugs & nudibranchs *Bivalves =Oysters, clams, mussels, scallops *Cephalopods = octopus, squid, nautilus

How do biologists categorize animals?

*General features of body structure *More recently, using genetic data

Arthropods: Have long have they lived on earth? An acre of land contains how many of them? What percent are arthropods?

*Have lived on earth for hundreds of millions of years *An acre of land contains millions of them *75% of ALL animal species are arthropods (There are 6 billion humans and a billion billion arthropods)

Phylum Arthropoda: Big or Small group? What are the 4 subphyla? What 3 characteristics do all arthropods have?

*Humongous group- 75% of all animals are arthropods *4 Subphyla: Millipedes, centipedes -Insects -Arachnids- spiders, ticks, mites -Crustaceans- shrimp, lobsters, crabs *Characteristics: An exoskeleton, paired jointed appendages, all molt

Flatworms: Simple or complex? What kind of symmetry? What does their head & eyespots do? What do the bumps on the side of the head do?

*Includes the simplest group of worms *Bilateral symmetry *Have a head and two large, unblinking eyespots --Use their eyespots to detect light *Have 2 bumps on each side of its head, called sensory lobes ---Used to detect food

Insects: Are they the largest or smallest group of arthropods? Interesting fact? Where do they live? What are the 3 main body parts? What do they go through?

*Largest group of arthropods *If you put all the insects in the world together, they would weigh more than all other animals combined *Live all OVER the place *3 main body parts: head, thorax, abdomen *Go through metamorphosis

Cnidarians: Do they all look the same? Examples? Do they sting? How complex are they?

*Many look DIFFERENT -Ex: Jellyfish, Hydra, Sea Anemone *All have stinging cells *More complex than sponges- they have complex tissues, a nervous system, and a gut

2 Forms of Cnidarians: Medusa & Polyp.-- Describe what they look like. Also, do some cnidarians live as both forms?

*Medusa: Look like mushroom w/ tentacles -Ex: Jellyfish *Polyp: Shaped like vases; live attached to a surface *Some cnidarians are polyps and Medusa at different times in their life

Bivalvia: Describe the members, external shell, head, radula, and locomotion

*Members: Clams, Oysters, Mussels *Shell: Two *Head: No *Radula: No *Locomotion: Sessile (fixed in one place; immobile)

Cephalopoda: Describe the members, external shell, head, radula, and locomotion

*Members: Octopus, squid, cuttlefish, chambered nautilus *Shell: No shells (Except nautilus) *Head: Yes *Radula: Yes *Locomotion: Rapid Swimmers

Gastropoda: Describe the members, external shell, head, radula, and locomotion

*Members: Slugs, Snails, and Nudibranchs *External Shell: Most species have one shell; some species have none *Head: Yes *Radula: Yes *Locomotion: Crawling

What are the 3 major groups of mammals?

*Monotremes- egg-layering mammals (Hatched from eggs; Echidna) *Marsupials- embryonic at birth (Kanagroo) *Eutherians- fully developed at birth, placental mammals (Wildebeest)

What are ectotherms? What does it mean if you're cold-blodded? How can nonbird reptiles survive?

*Nonbird reptiles are ectotherms and are sometimes referred to as "cold-blooded"--- means that they obtain their body heat from the environment *A nonbird reptile can survive on less than 10% of the calories required by a bird or mammal of equivalent size

Radial v. Bilateral Symmetry: Describe the differences. Example?

*Radial: Parts radiate from the center, so any slice through the central axis divides into mirror images *Ex: Umbrella, Plant Pot, Ball, Jellyfish, Starfish *Bilateral: Only one slice can divide left and right sides into mirror-image halves *Ex: Dog, Wolf, Shovel, Insect

Amniotic Egg: Please describe what this is and who uses this? What are amniotes?

*Reptiles (including birds) and mammals are amniotes, which produce amniotic eggs that consist of fluid-filled shell of which the embryo develops

Phylum Nematoda: Describe their structure & symmetry. Small or big numbers? Are they diverse? Are they pests or parasites? Are they small or large?

*Round, long, and slender w/ bilateral symmetry *Enormous numbers *Ecological diverse *Some are crop pests and some are human parasites *Most are very small, microscopic

Crustaceans: What members do they include? Are they land or aquatic? How do they breath? Do they have mandibles or antennae? What about their eyes? How mant legs?

*Shrimp, barnacles, crabs, and lobsters *Nearly all are aquatic and have gills for breathing *All have mandibles (part of mouth that looks like a jaw & used for biting things) AND 2 pairs of antennae *2 compound eyes on the end of stalks *Most have 3 or more pairs of legs

Porifera: Simple or Complex? Symmetrical or Non? Have OR no tissues? Marine or land? Are they primitive? What is their sole purpose? Where does food and oxygen come from?

*Simplest animal *Non-symmetrical *Lack tissues *Almost all are marine *The most primitive members of the animal kingdom. Simple body plan for a simple lifestyle *Sole Purpose: Moving water into, through,and out of themselves *Food & oxygen come to them from the water

Centipedes & Millipedes: Describe the antennae, head, and jaw. Difference b/w centipede and millipede

*Single pairs of antennae, hard head capsule and jaws *Centipedes- one pair of legs per segment *Millipedes- 2 pairs of legs per segment

What are the 2 major groups of living fishes?

Cartilaginous Fishes and bony fishes

Arachnids: What members do they include? What are the 2 main body parts? What DON'T they have? How are their eyes arranged?

*Spiders, scorpions, mites, ticks, daddy long-legs *Main Parts: Cephalothorax (Includes head and thorax w/4 pairs of walking legs) & Abdomen *No antennae or mandibles *No compound eyes --Instead they have 8 simple eyes arranged in 2 rows

Terrestrial vertebrates are collectively called... 1. Who does this include?

*Tetrapods- which means "four feet" *Includes: Amphibians, Reptiles, Mammals

Radula: What is it in many mollusks? How is it used to get food? Describe its structure.

*The radula is the main feeding adaptation in many mollusks *It is used to cut food or to scrape food from a surface *It is a flexible, tongue-like structure with abrasive teeth

Mammals: When did the first true mammals rise? Are they terrestrial or aquatic more often? What are the mammalian hallmarks?

*True Mammals: Arose about 200 million years ago.Were probably small, nocturnal insect-eaters *Most mammals are are terrestrial although dolphins,porpoises,and whales are totally aquatic *Hallmarks: Hair AND mammary glands that produce milk, which nourishes the young

Phylum Mollusca: Are they diverse or similar? How so? (Think about brains, environments, obtaining nutrients, etc.). What is the universal feature?

*Very diverse phylum --Some are slugs and other wormlike --Some highly developed brains, others none at all ---Some filter feed, others are fierce predators --Live in freshwater, land and saltwater *Universal Geature: Mantle secretes a material that forms a shell

Phylum Annelida: What do they provide a clear example of? Are they marine or land or freshwater? Are the complex or simple tissues? Common earthworms are...

*Worms of this phylum are a clear example of body segmentation *Most annelids are marine, and some are freshwater *Complex tissues- have a brain & circulatory system *Common earthworms are terrestrial

Once more, what are the 9 animal characteristics?

1. Eukaryotic 2. Multicellular 3. Ingest Nutrients 4. Lack Cell Walls 5. Mobile 6. Muscle & Nerve Cells 7. Diploid 8. Reproduce Sexually 9. Similar Developmental Features

3 Examples of Roundworms? Describe each, if applicable

1. Free-living roundworm 2.Parasitic roundworms in pork 3. Canine heart infected w/ parasitic roundworms

1. Bivalves have what kind of shell? 2. Cephalopods have large what?

1. Hinged shells (2 shells, think of clams) 2. They have large brains & tentacles (Squid, octopus)

Starfish: Describe the meiosis, fertilization, mitosis, and metamorphosis of it

1. Meiosis- Egg & Sperm unite 2. Fertilization- Zygote forms (fertilized egg) 3. Mitosis: *Eight-cell stage *Brastula (cross section) *Early grastrula (cross section) Later grastrula (cross section) *Larva 8. Metamorphosis (A major change in the form or structure of animals or insects that happens as the animal or insect becomes an adult)

What are the 9 major phyla of the animalia kingdom?

1. Porifera = The Sponges 2. Cnidaria = The Jellies 3. Platyhelminthes =Flatworms 4. Annelida = Segmented Worms 5. Mollusca = Snails, Slugs, Squids 6. Nematoda = Roundworms 7. Arthropoda = Insects, Lobsters, Spiders 8. Echinodermata = Sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers 9. Chordata

What are the 3 classes of Annelid worms? Describe each

3 Classes: Earthworm, Bristle Worms, and Leeches *Earthworm: 100-175 segments, eat soil *Bristle: Most "beautiful" & live in water *Leeches: Parasites & predators; used in medicine

Birds: Recent genetic evidence shows that bird evolved from....

A lineage of small, two-legged dinosaurs

Animal Cells: What do they lack? What would "what they lack" provide, like it does in plants & fungi?

Animal cells lack the cell walls that provide strong support in the bodies of plants & fungi

All the phylas discussed so far are a part of which kingdom?

Animalia

What is an animal? (Name qualities of an animal)

Animals Are: *Eukaryotic *Multicellular *Heterotrophic organisms that obtain nutrients by ingestion *Able to digest their food within their bodies

Again, what are the 4 major groups of arthropods?

Arachnids (AKA chelicerata) Crustaceans Millipedes and centipedes Insects

How are invertebrates classified?

By many different ways: *Types of body plan *The presence or absence of a head *The way food is digested *Etc.

Phylum Nematoda = ...

The Roundworms

Bony Fishes: Structure? Examples? Describe each example (3)

Have a skeleton reinforced by hard calcium salts *Ray-finned fishes- fins are supported by thin, flexible skeletal rays *Lobe-Finned Fishes- muscular fins supported by stout bones *Lungfishes- live in stagnant pool and must gulp air into lungs

Metamorphosis- Define

Insects development from an egg to an adult

Phylum Arthropoda = ...

Insects, Lobsters, Spiders

What does segmentation provide?

It provides a combination of strength and flexibility

What is the Linnaean Classification?

Life--Domain--Kingdom--Phylum--Class--Order--Family--Genus-Species

What cells do most animals have?

Muscle cells & nerve cells that control the muscles

Phylum Echinodermata = ...

Sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, sand dollars

Phylum Mollusca = ...

Snails, Clams, Squid

Stationary Polyp. v. Floating Medusa: Describe each. Examples? Do ALL cnidaria have one or the other body plan?

Stationary: Adhere to larger objects & extend tentacles waiting for prey --Ex:Hydras, Sea Anemones, Corals *Medusa: Flattened mouth down version of polyp. Moves freely by combining passive drifting w/ contractions of bell shaped body --Ex: Jellyfish *Some live as only polyps, some only as Medusa, and some go through both stages in their life cycle

Another classification is based on body (blank). Name & Define 3 types of that blank.

Symmetry 1. Radial Symmetry- refers to animals that are identical all around a central axis 2. Bilateral Symmetry- exists where there is only one way to split the animal into equal halves 3.Asymmetry- no planes of symmetry (Ex: Coral)

Phylum Platyhelminthes = ...

The Flatworms

Phylum Cnidaria = ...

The Jellies