ITP: Psychological Foundations (Module 1)

In Milgram's controversial study on obedience, nearly ________ of the participants were willing to administer what appeared to be lethal electrical shocks to another person because they were told to do so by an authority figure.

2/3

________ focused on the potential of humans to be creative, have a positive outlook and pursue higher values through a process of self-actualization.

Abraham Maslow

________ is most well-known for proposing his hierarchy of needs.

Abraham Maslow

Given the incredible diversity among the various areas of psychology that were described on this page and the previous pages, how do they all fit together?

Although the different perspectives all operate on different levels of analyses, have different foci of interests, and different methodological approaches, all of these areas share a focus on understanding and/or correcting patterns of thought and/or behavior.

Why is an undergraduate education in psychology so helpful in a number of different lines of work?

An undergraduate education in psychology hones critical thinking skills. These skills are useful in many different work settings.

________ presented ideas and techniques for rewarding and punishing behavior.

B.F. Skinner

The behaviorist approach to psychology emerged as a response to what practices by other psychologists of that era?

Behaviorists studied objectively observable behavior partly in reaction to the psychologists of the mind who were studying things that were not directly observable.

Psychologists have been studying retired professional football players to better understand chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), a degenerative disease that is the result of repeated head injuries. They are interested in how certain types of brain injury might lead to aggressive actions. Which field would be the most appropriate for studying this situation, Biopsychology or Evolutionary psychology?

Biopsychology

Which question(s) would a biopsychologist most likely address when studying Alzheimer's disease?

Does stress or lack of exercise affect the nervous system and hormones to activate or progress Alzheimer's disease? What medications could influence the chemicals in the brain to slow down the progressive loss of memory, mood, and bodily functions?

Psychologists have been studying how, over the course of their existence, humans forage for organisms in their ecosystem. They are interested in how humans have learned to balance finding organisms that are the most nutritious and those that are easiest to find. Which field would be the most appropriate for studying this situation, Biopsychology or Evolutionary psychology?

Evolutionary Psychology

________ psychologists might help a judge decide which parent should have custody of a child or evaluate a defendant's mental competence to stand trial.

Forensic

Which questions would a social psychologist most likely address when studying Alzheimer's disease?

How does caring for a person with Alzheimer's affect family members? How does it affect family members financially, physically, and emotionally? How do societies in other cultures provide care for persons with Alzheimer's disease?

How did the object of study in psychology change over the history of the field since the 19th century?

In its early days, psychology could be defined as the scientific study of mind or mental processes. Over time, psychology began to shift more towards the scientific study of behavior. However, as the cognitive revolution took hold, psychology once again began to focus on mental processes as necessary to the understanding of behavior.

________ psychologist may serve as a human resources specialist, helping organizations with staffing, training and employee development.

Industrial-Organizational

What are the potential ethical concerns associated with Milgram's research on obedience?

Many people have questioned how ethical this particular research was. Although no one was actually harmed in Milgram's study, many people have questioned how the knowledge that you would be willing to inflict incredible pain and/or death to another person, simply because someone in authority told you to do so, would affect someone's self-concept and psychological health. Furthermore, the degree to which deception was used in this particular study raises a few eyebrows.

Which researcher studied types of conditioned reflexes?

Pavlov

If someone wanted to become a psychology professor at a 4-year college, then they would probably need a ________ degree in psychology.

PhD

The ________ places less emphasis on research and more emphasis on application of therapeutic skills.

PsyD

Which type of psychology degree focuses more on the clinical practice and less on research?

PsyD

The operant conditioning chamber (a.k.a. ________ box) is a device used to study the principles of operant conditioning.

Skinner

Other than a potentially greater salary, what would be the reasons an individual would continue on to get a graduate degree in psychology?

The graduate degree would be a stronger guarantee of working in a psychology-related field and one would have greater control over the specialty of that work. It would allow one to practice in a clinical setting. In general, it would allow someone to work in a more independent or supervisory capacity.

Which questions would a cognitive psychologist most likely address when studying Alzheimer's disease?

To what extent does Alzheimer's disease affect one's thinking, memory, and language abilities? How does one's memory, decision-making and language usage skills change as Alzheimer's disease progresses?

Which questions would a personality psychologist most likely address when studying Alzheimer's disease?

What are the personality characteristics that are displayed by a person with Alzheimer's disease? Are these characteristics the same in all persons with Alzheimer's disease or are there differences? How do these characteristics change as the disease progresses? What conditions could help a person to maintain their personality?

Which questions would a clinical psychologist most likely address when studying Alzheimer's disease?

Who gets Alzheimer's disease? What are the chances of a person developing Alzheimer's disease based on gender, age, and ethnicity? What kind of therapeutic support is needed for family members of a person with Alzheimer's disease?

This psychologist argued that psychology is independent from philosophy. He believed that the conscious elements of the mind should be scientifically studied and classified.

Wilhelm Wundt

________ focused on examining the physiology of one's behavior and other psychological aspects of the mind.

William James

Which statement below is true about psychoanalytical psychology? a. Sigmund Freud believed that understanding a person's unconscious or early childhood memories could help a person experiencing anxiety or depression. b. Psychoanalytic psychology focuses on understanding human behavior through an examination of a person's conscious thoughts, feelings, and memories.

a. Sigmund Freud believed that understanding a person's unconscious or early childhood memories could help a person experiencing anxiety or depression.

Cognitive psychology is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT a. it emphasizes introspection b. it utilizes the scientific method c. it acknowledges internal mental states d. it includes research in perception, language, and memory

a. it emphasizes introspection

Which of the following degrees would be the minimum required to teach psychology courses in high school?

bachelor's degree

Proponents of the early school of ________ psychology argue that our thoughts, feelings, and motive are unimportant in understanding human behavior and that only observable actions should be studied.

behaviorism

Which school of thought in the early 20th century focused on observable behavior and relationships between stimuli and responses?

behaviorism

A researcher interested in how changes in the cells of the hippocampus (a structure in the brain related to learning and memory) are related to memory formation would be most likely to identify as a(n) ________ psychologist.

biological

Which psychological domain would include a study of neuroscience?

biological

According to the ________ model, health and illness are determined by psychological, biological, and social factors.

biopsychosocial

Which quote can be best attributed to Gestalt Psychology? a. "The real problem is not whether machines think, but whether men do" -Skinner b. "Dreams are the royal road to the unconscious." -Freud c. "The whole is other than the sum of its parts" -Koffka d. "Give me a child until he is 7 and I will show you the man." -Aristotle

c. "The whole is other than the sum of its parts" -Koffka

Which of the following are the best examples of skills that psychology students will develop during their course of study? a. conducting research and communicating effectively with others b. evaluating information and diagnosing disorders c. evaluating information and using the scientific method d. critical thinking and writing

c. evaluating information and using the scientific method

________ psychology focuses on the causes, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of different types of behavioral and emotional disorders.

clinical

This school of thought studies the mental processes of thinking, memory, and judgment.

cognitive

Which psychological domain would include a study of memory and intelligence?

cognitive

According to the text, psychology students are most likely to benefit from exposure to

critical thinking skills and the scientific method

A psychologist is interested in observing and recording infants' temperaments for changes and stability as the children age to young adulthood. He plans to study these children's temperaments as they evolve into personalities for 18 years. This psychologist's perspective is most likely the ________ perspective of psychology.

developmental

Which psychological domain would include a study of learning and conditioning?

developmental

In the late 1800s, this approach examined how the mind operates and how conscious thoughts in the mind have continually evolved since the beginning of time.

functionalism

In the late 19th century, the early school of psychology that was heavily influenced by biology was ________.

functionalism

Which school of psychology was more likely to focus on the operation of the entire mind instead of specific parts?

functionalism

William James's focus on how mental activities help a person adapt to his or her environment is known as ________.

functionalism

This school of thought, developed in the 1950s and 1960s, focuses on the potential of individuals and each person's unique viewpoint.

humanistsic

If Kayla is interested in personality psychology, she is most likely to study ________.

long-standing traits and patterns that propel behavior

One would need at least a(n) ________ degree to serve as a school psychologist.

master's

Typically, an adjunct psychology professor will have a

master's degree in psychology

Which psychological domain would include a study of abnormal psychology?

mental and physical health

An individual's consistent pattern of thought and behavior is known as a(n) ________.

personality

Before psychology became a recognized academic discipline, matters of the mind were undertaken by those in ________.

philosophy

Psychologist Abraham Maslow introduced the concept of a hierarchy of needs, which suggests that people are motivated to fulfill basic needs before moving on to other, more advanced needs. Consider how this may influence our development, motivation, and accomplishments. Choose which level of needs would best explain the following scenario. Mario has not been doing well in his third grade classroom. His teacher noticed that he wasn't focusing in class and mistakenly thought he was being lazy. In fact, the truth was that Mario's family couldn't afford enough food to feed their family and therefore, he regularly goes to school without any breakfast. Which level of need would best describe what is going on with Mario?

physiological

In the scientific method, a hypothesis is a(n) ________.

proposed explanation

Which school of thought examined mental processes that are in the unconscious mind to explain behavior?

psychodynamic

________ is the study of how people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others

social

Which psychological domain would include a study of motivation and gender?

social and personality

Psyche is a Greek word meaning ________.

soul

In the late 19th century, this approach to psychology measured basic elements of conscious experiences to provide scientific evidence to understand the mind.

structuralism

Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener's approach to asking patients to look inward and describe their feelings was a part of their broader strategy to understand consciousness. This was called:

structuralism

Rogers believed that providing genuineness, empathy, and ________ in the therapeutic environment for his clients was critical to their being able to deal with their problems.

unconditional positive regard