Envi Sci test 2

continental shelf

(see your picture shan) near light zone, drops off into it... ocean goes light zone for 600 feet, then twilight, dark, abyss. at bottom of sea floor, biolumineeres (aninmals make their own light, can be dangerous though for them)

treeless biomes

(too cold/too dry for forest): Grasslands, Deserts, Tundra

chemical formula for calcium carbonate

(tums!!!!) CaCO3 (used for shell building)

nitrite

2 oxygen, not reusable, needs to be nitrate to be reusable

how much more acidic is ocean today than 1870?

30% increase in hydrogen protons- protons throw off chemistry. PH change was 8.2, only dropped 10 now= 8.1

cows stomach

4 compartments: the rumen contains the most archaea & bacteria. these species help the cow digest grass. this environment is ANAEROBIC. Methane produced in anaerobic environment. Digestion within cows (cows burping) is an example of anaerobic respiration that produces methane

dinosaurs extinction

5th mass extinction (though it doesn't get all of them; birds are left)

how deep is light zone in ocean?

600 feet

humans first appear in what biome?

African rainforest; the congo

chemical formula for carbonate

CO3 (-2)

Biome

Forests- tropical rain forest (abudant rain fall, warm temp), temperate forests (plenty of rain, moderate temps) boreal forests (Talga). Grasslands - prairie, savannah, steppe (you'll find prairie dogs, giraffes, elephants, antelopes). Deserts (all have sand in common, dry)

chemical formula for bicarbonate

HCO3 (-1)

nitrate

NO3

which of the 4 major organic molecules always contain nitrogen?

Proteins and nucleic acids

reproductive strategy

R selection: short lived, low paternal instinct- have many babies, hope some survive K selection: species lot investment into young, have babies and keeping them, keep population growing. low reproductive rate, long lived/taken care of, high paternal involvement

anaerobic cellular resp does not require oxygen (true or false)

TRUE. Aerobic has to have oxygen. An example of anaerobic respiration that produces methane: cows burping - digestion within cows... archae (methanagen produces methane)

paris agreement

US backed out- reduce carbon dioxide emissions of greenhouse gases. aim was to reduce earth's temperature. -> implemented in 2020. we got into it in 2015, pulled out in 2017

Coral Bleaching

White. All that's left is a shell. Thing that made the shell is dead

water vapor

a greenhouse gas

how does PH in Oceans influence shell making?

acid causes cabonate to break apart/causes shells to dissolve. More Acidic, less material to make shells. Too acidic, they dissolve completely

cellular respiration

aerobic (with oxygen) anaerobic (without oxygen) Obtaining energy from food

invasive species

an introduced species that becomes a pest to native species and humans (i.e. stink bug)

jungle fowl

ancesters to modern chickens

boreal forest

another name for Taiga

aquatic system

aquatic systems depend on plankton as a food source. top: carnivores (sharks), carnivorous consumers (squid), consumers (larger fish), 1st level (jelly fish), herbivorous consumers (zooplankton), primary producers (seaweed, phytoplankton)

muskox

arctic species

nitrogen fixing

atmospheric nitrogen. transforms it from unusable form to a usable form example of usable forms: ammonia, ammonium or nitrate

if you wanted to convert nitrate into atmospheric nitrogen what species would you use?

bacteria

decomposers

bacteria, fungus, animal (insects, worms)

blue wing tegal

bird that goes to South American, FIRST TO MIGRATE TO SOUTH AMERICA

3 biomes that are forested

boreal, temperate, tropical (rainforest), chaparell is a shrub land sometimes included here

invasive stink bug

brown marmorated stink bug- first found showed up in Allentown, Pennsylvania in US in 2011 native range of China, Japan, Korea & Taiwan stink bugs eat apples, nuissance to agriculture

how does CO2 enter the atmosphere?

burning fossil fuels

coal fired plants

carbon

when you start a car, what gas is produced?

carbon

chemical formula for carbonic acid

carbon dioxide & water (CO2 + H20 arrows both ways -><- H2CO3) H2CO3=carbonic acid

CO2 is a result of

carbon lit on fire

6th mass instinction

caused by human activity. we change their environment, species can't adapt that fast then they'll go extinct.... WHEN MULTI SPECIES DIE AT ONE TIME, OUR FAULT BECAUSE OF OUR IMPACT ON EARTH (global warming)

marine life requires oxygen for

cellular respiration

which series of chemical reactions produces carbon dioxide?

cellular respiration- produces carbon dioxide

heterotrophs

consumers (humans)

carbon underground

convert carbon to CO2

hypoxia

dead zone, low oxygen

what causes the dead zone in the gulf? what is the dead zone?

dead zone= hypoxic zone. Run off from farms in Midwest, fertilizers poison water, they fertilize the algae, algae grows. they'll die, then the bodies will sink/settle to the bottom. bacteria decomposes and uses oxygen in water. no more oxygen is left. respiration depletes what's left. Low oxygen in a body of water = hypoxia. (another explanation: bacteria eats algae, gets energy absorbs nutrients. all respiration in the bacteria down, oxygen gone, no oxygen left for things to live off of)

least rainfall biome?

desert

2 major types of microscopic photosynthetic algae in the Gulf of Mex

diatoms & dinoflaggelate

anaerobic cell resp

does not require oxygen (mainly used by bacteria & archaea in oxygen derived environments such as mud, marine sediments).... produces methane

water shed

drainage for a river: funnels water to a location. drainage area for a stream/creek

temperate biomes

eastern portion of the US & western europe

photosynthesisnpb

energy captured during photosynthesis moves through different species providing them the energy they need to survive... @ each level, heat is produced during the energy transfer, reducing the AMT available to recharge ATP

trophic levels

energy transfer from bottom to top: (highest energy is at the bottom, lowest energy at the top) Bottom to top: Producers (plants, trees) (in aquatic it would be zooplankton), Primary consumers (herbivores that eat plants i.e. raccoons, birds, rabbits, squireel), Secondary Consumers (eat primary consumers i.e. these are snakes, foxes), Tertiary Consumers (eat second consumers i.e. bears, lions, wolves)

rain washing field

erosion carries soil and fertilizes to streams. this is called run off.

transpiration

evaporation of water from plants

where are decomposers most common in forest biomes?

forest floor, soil... in oceans it would be sea floor- where stuff settles

why is there more CO2 in the air today?

fossil fuels (coal, oil, gas)

antelope

found in grasslands

gorillas

found in rainforest/tropical

scarlet tanagers

found in temperate

scarlet tanager

found in temperate forests

sloths

found in tropical biome

polar bears

found in tundra

tundra swans

found in tundra

aquatic biomes

freshwater, marine

species (2 types)

generalist- live anywhere, not picky. specialist- limit location, specific foods (more likely to go extinct is specialist)

Fritz Haber

german chemist, developed process to covert nitrogen gas into ammonia

omnivores

get energy from animals and some parts of the plant like fruit and veggies. humans are omnivores because they get energy from meat, veggies and fruit

carnivores

get energy from meat. get meat from other animals. These eat herbivore animals. i.e. jaguar, lion etc.

herbivores

get energy from plants and grass. i.e. lamb, cow

wildebeests and zebras?

grasslands

global warming

green house gasses collect in the atmosphere. DUE TO MOVEMENT OF CARBON

4 major locations of carbon on earth

ground (trees), air (methane carbon dioxide), oceans (carbon dioxide carbonic acid), organisms

Red tide in the Gulf of Mexico

harmful algae pollutant. red tide= toxic, harmful this is caused by dinoflaggelate-> photosynthetic they are green. Concentration of the dinoflaggelates cause red hue.

10,000 plants feed 100 wildbeasts feed 1 lion

hi

aesteroid

hit earth about 65 mill years ago

carbon sequestration

how carbon is stored- how to get carbon out of air-> plants have sequestered it

trophic levels

how energy flows to ecosystem- autotrophs catch sunlight -> sugars. Producers up herbivore- second level, Consumers- energy level feeds off one under it. highest energy @ bottom with producers. as you climb, there's less and less energy available as you go up. Producers, Energy Flows, Food Chain autotrophs on bottom, then herbivores, primary carnivores, secondary carnivores

death rate

how many indviduals die in a period of time

birth rate

how many young are produced born in a period of time

3 types of organisms that rely on aerobic cellular resp

humans, animals, plants

there are anaerobic species inside of us, where?

inside our intestines... it's bacteria (archaea) doing this

vegetation

is based on temperature & rainfall

how does acidic water destroy shells

it dissolves the calcium carbonate in shells

3 freshwater biomes

lake, stream, river

deep sea

largest environment. the death of a single whale brings a bonanza of nutrients to the sea.

permafrost

layer of dirt on top of ice

plant eaters (specialists)

leaf eaters, seed eaters, sap eaters

biodiversity

life on earth: where species live, how they interact

zooplankton

little shrimp, animal crustaceans (bottom on trophic levels). These do not photosynthesize

predation

lives by killing other things

brackish water

mix of salt and fresh water

spruce grouse

northern grouse- found in boreal forest

desert in chile

one good rain every 4-5 years, the seeds wait and then bloom beautifully after one rain fall

keystone species

otter

filter feeding fish (mehadden)

oyster for example, plankton filter- in whales mouth with krill. Blue whale feeding on shrimp (i.e. krill) mouth full of krill and water -> filters out water, swallow the krill

which organisms release oxygen?

plants, trees

producers

plants. most living energy on earth is found in producers at each level above, less and less energy... autotroph

3 types of grassland

prairie, savannah, steep

meat eaters

predators (scavengers: eagles)

autotrophs

producers (grass, seeds)

producers, consumers, decomposers, nutrient recycling

producers: produce own food. they use light from sun, carbon dioxide from air and water from soil in form of glucose and sugar. photosynthesize! consumers: animals. they cannot make their own food, they eat plants or animals. 3 groups: herbivores (plants) carnivores (only animals), omnivores (both animals and plants). Decomposers: bacteria and fungi. they eat decaying matter; dead plants and animals and break them down and decompose them. they release nutrients and mineral back into the soil and then they're used by plants

abiotic difference between desert & rainforest

rain

which biome recieves most rain?

rain forest

aerobic cell resp

requires oxygen -> through cells

niche

role species has (i.e. hawk it's role is as a predator)

ruffed grouse

ruffled feathers around neck

coral reefs:

shell makers. incredible marine ecosystems. in trouble due to changes in water. temp & PH. coral contain photosynthetis algae (dinoflaggelates). only in shallow water in order to catch the sunlight. feeds the coral.

chaparral

shrub land

succession

species came back from a disaster, bounce back...i.e. how plants return after a fire, may take few years but it works

native species

species in its natural habitat

3 forms of water

steam from geyser, liquid water, and frozen water

population ecology

study of populations

describe the symbionic relationship between coral and dinoflaggelates

symbionic= things that live together... Dinois photosynthesize. Dinos live inside the coral, little animal lives inside the shell. Dinos die from hot water, when these go, coral goes. all you're left with is the shell just pure white

mutualism

symbiotic relationship (things that go together) lichens -> fungus and algae (BOTH BENEFIT) coral and lichens share!!! algae living with coral animal... produces food other species needs

best fall colors biome?

temperate (northern biome)

which level is the oceans contains photosynthetic species?

the top! where sunlight reaches... 600 feet

how do plants absorb nitrogen

through the roots

Habitat quality

top to bottom: Superior (always occupied) Ok (average) Melugikl (only when population fills)

coldest biome?

tundra

dinoflaggelates

type of phytoplankton - most are photosynthetic (in coral)

denitrification

unfixing it- usuable form back into nitrogen... unusable-> usable -> unusable

nitrate and ammonia

used by plants

bands

used to mark animals, record & keep track of their movements

ground water

water that's underground (i.e. aquaphor)

how do heterotrophs aborb usable nitrogen

we eat it- CONSUME

habitat

where something lives (Bear-> cave, whales -> ocean)

estary

where the river meets ocean; mix of salt and fresh water makes it a mix of waters KNOWN AS BRACKISH WATER (many young seafood creatures survive in the estary because it holds them their then when they are old enough they go into ocean)

habitat use

where they are, what they are using

can plants control transpiration

yes, it can open and close it's pores (stomata)