Envi Sci test 2
continental shelf
(see your picture shan) near light zone, drops off into it... ocean goes light zone for 600 feet, then twilight, dark, abyss. at bottom of sea floor, biolumineeres (aninmals make their own light, can be dangerous though for them)
treeless biomes
(too cold/too dry for forest): Grasslands, Deserts, Tundra
chemical formula for calcium carbonate
(tums!!!!) CaCO3 (used for shell building)
nitrite
2 oxygen, not reusable, needs to be nitrate to be reusable
how much more acidic is ocean today than 1870?
30% increase in hydrogen protons- protons throw off chemistry. PH change was 8.2, only dropped 10 now= 8.1
cows stomach
4 compartments: the rumen contains the most archaea & bacteria. these species help the cow digest grass. this environment is ANAEROBIC. Methane produced in anaerobic environment. Digestion within cows (cows burping) is an example of anaerobic respiration that produces methane
dinosaurs extinction
5th mass extinction (though it doesn't get all of them; birds are left)
how deep is light zone in ocean?
600 feet
humans first appear in what biome?
African rainforest; the congo
chemical formula for carbonate
CO3 (-2)
Biome
Forests- tropical rain forest (abudant rain fall, warm temp), temperate forests (plenty of rain, moderate temps) boreal forests (Talga). Grasslands - prairie, savannah, steppe (you'll find prairie dogs, giraffes, elephants, antelopes). Deserts (all have sand in common, dry)
chemical formula for bicarbonate
HCO3 (-1)
nitrate
NO3
which of the 4 major organic molecules always contain nitrogen?
Proteins and nucleic acids
reproductive strategy
R selection: short lived, low paternal instinct- have many babies, hope some survive K selection: species lot investment into young, have babies and keeping them, keep population growing. low reproductive rate, long lived/taken care of, high paternal involvement
anaerobic cellular resp does not require oxygen (true or false)
TRUE. Aerobic has to have oxygen. An example of anaerobic respiration that produces methane: cows burping - digestion within cows... archae (methanagen produces methane)
paris agreement
US backed out- reduce carbon dioxide emissions of greenhouse gases. aim was to reduce earth's temperature. -> implemented in 2020. we got into it in 2015, pulled out in 2017
Coral Bleaching
White. All that's left is a shell. Thing that made the shell is dead
water vapor
a greenhouse gas
how does PH in Oceans influence shell making?
acid causes cabonate to break apart/causes shells to dissolve. More Acidic, less material to make shells. Too acidic, they dissolve completely
cellular respiration
aerobic (with oxygen) anaerobic (without oxygen) Obtaining energy from food
invasive species
an introduced species that becomes a pest to native species and humans (i.e. stink bug)
jungle fowl
ancesters to modern chickens
boreal forest
another name for Taiga
aquatic system
aquatic systems depend on plankton as a food source. top: carnivores (sharks), carnivorous consumers (squid), consumers (larger fish), 1st level (jelly fish), herbivorous consumers (zooplankton), primary producers (seaweed, phytoplankton)
muskox
arctic species
nitrogen fixing
atmospheric nitrogen. transforms it from unusable form to a usable form example of usable forms: ammonia, ammonium or nitrate
if you wanted to convert nitrate into atmospheric nitrogen what species would you use?
bacteria
decomposers
bacteria, fungus, animal (insects, worms)
blue wing tegal
bird that goes to South American, FIRST TO MIGRATE TO SOUTH AMERICA
3 biomes that are forested
boreal, temperate, tropical (rainforest), chaparell is a shrub land sometimes included here
invasive stink bug
brown marmorated stink bug- first found showed up in Allentown, Pennsylvania in US in 2011 native range of China, Japan, Korea & Taiwan stink bugs eat apples, nuissance to agriculture
how does CO2 enter the atmosphere?
burning fossil fuels
coal fired plants
carbon
when you start a car, what gas is produced?
carbon
chemical formula for carbonic acid
carbon dioxide & water (CO2 + H20 arrows both ways -><- H2CO3) H2CO3=carbonic acid
CO2 is a result of
carbon lit on fire
6th mass instinction
caused by human activity. we change their environment, species can't adapt that fast then they'll go extinct.... WHEN MULTI SPECIES DIE AT ONE TIME, OUR FAULT BECAUSE OF OUR IMPACT ON EARTH (global warming)
marine life requires oxygen for
cellular respiration
which series of chemical reactions produces carbon dioxide?
cellular respiration- produces carbon dioxide
heterotrophs
consumers (humans)
carbon underground
convert carbon to CO2
hypoxia
dead zone, low oxygen
what causes the dead zone in the gulf? what is the dead zone?
dead zone= hypoxic zone. Run off from farms in Midwest, fertilizers poison water, they fertilize the algae, algae grows. they'll die, then the bodies will sink/settle to the bottom. bacteria decomposes and uses oxygen in water. no more oxygen is left. respiration depletes what's left. Low oxygen in a body of water = hypoxia. (another explanation: bacteria eats algae, gets energy absorbs nutrients. all respiration in the bacteria down, oxygen gone, no oxygen left for things to live off of)
least rainfall biome?
desert
2 major types of microscopic photosynthetic algae in the Gulf of Mex
diatoms & dinoflaggelate
anaerobic cell resp
does not require oxygen (mainly used by bacteria & archaea in oxygen derived environments such as mud, marine sediments).... produces methane
water shed
drainage for a river: funnels water to a location. drainage area for a stream/creek
temperate biomes
eastern portion of the US & western europe
photosynthesisnpb
energy captured during photosynthesis moves through different species providing them the energy they need to survive... @ each level, heat is produced during the energy transfer, reducing the AMT available to recharge ATP
trophic levels
energy transfer from bottom to top: (highest energy is at the bottom, lowest energy at the top) Bottom to top: Producers (plants, trees) (in aquatic it would be zooplankton), Primary consumers (herbivores that eat plants i.e. raccoons, birds, rabbits, squireel), Secondary Consumers (eat primary consumers i.e. these are snakes, foxes), Tertiary Consumers (eat second consumers i.e. bears, lions, wolves)
rain washing field
erosion carries soil and fertilizes to streams. this is called run off.
transpiration
evaporation of water from plants
where are decomposers most common in forest biomes?
forest floor, soil... in oceans it would be sea floor- where stuff settles
why is there more CO2 in the air today?
fossil fuels (coal, oil, gas)
antelope
found in grasslands
gorillas
found in rainforest/tropical
scarlet tanagers
found in temperate
scarlet tanager
found in temperate forests
sloths
found in tropical biome
polar bears
found in tundra
tundra swans
found in tundra
aquatic biomes
freshwater, marine
species (2 types)
generalist- live anywhere, not picky. specialist- limit location, specific foods (more likely to go extinct is specialist)
Fritz Haber
german chemist, developed process to covert nitrogen gas into ammonia
omnivores
get energy from animals and some parts of the plant like fruit and veggies. humans are omnivores because they get energy from meat, veggies and fruit
carnivores
get energy from meat. get meat from other animals. These eat herbivore animals. i.e. jaguar, lion etc.
herbivores
get energy from plants and grass. i.e. lamb, cow
wildebeests and zebras?
grasslands
global warming
green house gasses collect in the atmosphere. DUE TO MOVEMENT OF CARBON
4 major locations of carbon on earth
ground (trees), air (methane carbon dioxide), oceans (carbon dioxide carbonic acid), organisms
Red tide in the Gulf of Mexico
harmful algae pollutant. red tide= toxic, harmful this is caused by dinoflaggelate-> photosynthetic they are green. Concentration of the dinoflaggelates cause red hue.
10,000 plants feed 100 wildbeasts feed 1 lion
hi
aesteroid
hit earth about 65 mill years ago
carbon sequestration
how carbon is stored- how to get carbon out of air-> plants have sequestered it
trophic levels
how energy flows to ecosystem- autotrophs catch sunlight -> sugars. Producers up herbivore- second level, Consumers- energy level feeds off one under it. highest energy @ bottom with producers. as you climb, there's less and less energy available as you go up. Producers, Energy Flows, Food Chain autotrophs on bottom, then herbivores, primary carnivores, secondary carnivores
death rate
how many indviduals die in a period of time
birth rate
how many young are produced born in a period of time
3 types of organisms that rely on aerobic cellular resp
humans, animals, plants
there are anaerobic species inside of us, where?
inside our intestines... it's bacteria (archaea) doing this
vegetation
is based on temperature & rainfall
how does acidic water destroy shells
it dissolves the calcium carbonate in shells
3 freshwater biomes
lake, stream, river
deep sea
largest environment. the death of a single whale brings a bonanza of nutrients to the sea.
permafrost
layer of dirt on top of ice
plant eaters (specialists)
leaf eaters, seed eaters, sap eaters
biodiversity
life on earth: where species live, how they interact
zooplankton
little shrimp, animal crustaceans (bottom on trophic levels). These do not photosynthesize
predation
lives by killing other things
brackish water
mix of salt and fresh water
spruce grouse
northern grouse- found in boreal forest
desert in chile
one good rain every 4-5 years, the seeds wait and then bloom beautifully after one rain fall
keystone species
otter
filter feeding fish (mehadden)
oyster for example, plankton filter- in whales mouth with krill. Blue whale feeding on shrimp (i.e. krill) mouth full of krill and water -> filters out water, swallow the krill
which organisms release oxygen?
plants, trees
producers
plants. most living energy on earth is found in producers at each level above, less and less energy... autotroph
3 types of grassland
prairie, savannah, steep
meat eaters
predators (scavengers: eagles)
autotrophs
producers (grass, seeds)
producers, consumers, decomposers, nutrient recycling
producers: produce own food. they use light from sun, carbon dioxide from air and water from soil in form of glucose and sugar. photosynthesize! consumers: animals. they cannot make their own food, they eat plants or animals. 3 groups: herbivores (plants) carnivores (only animals), omnivores (both animals and plants). Decomposers: bacteria and fungi. they eat decaying matter; dead plants and animals and break them down and decompose them. they release nutrients and mineral back into the soil and then they're used by plants
abiotic difference between desert & rainforest
rain
which biome recieves most rain?
rain forest
aerobic cell resp
requires oxygen -> through cells
niche
role species has (i.e. hawk it's role is as a predator)
ruffed grouse
ruffled feathers around neck
coral reefs:
shell makers. incredible marine ecosystems. in trouble due to changes in water. temp & PH. coral contain photosynthetis algae (dinoflaggelates). only in shallow water in order to catch the sunlight. feeds the coral.
chaparral
shrub land
succession
species came back from a disaster, bounce back...i.e. how plants return after a fire, may take few years but it works
native species
species in its natural habitat
3 forms of water
steam from geyser, liquid water, and frozen water
population ecology
study of populations
describe the symbionic relationship between coral and dinoflaggelates
symbionic= things that live together... Dinois photosynthesize. Dinos live inside the coral, little animal lives inside the shell. Dinos die from hot water, when these go, coral goes. all you're left with is the shell just pure white
mutualism
symbiotic relationship (things that go together) lichens -> fungus and algae (BOTH BENEFIT) coral and lichens share!!! algae living with coral animal... produces food other species needs
best fall colors biome?
temperate (northern biome)
which level is the oceans contains photosynthetic species?
the top! where sunlight reaches... 600 feet
how do plants absorb nitrogen
through the roots
Habitat quality
top to bottom: Superior (always occupied) Ok (average) Melugikl (only when population fills)
coldest biome?
tundra
dinoflaggelates
type of phytoplankton - most are photosynthetic (in coral)
denitrification
unfixing it- usuable form back into nitrogen... unusable-> usable -> unusable
nitrate and ammonia
used by plants
bands
used to mark animals, record & keep track of their movements
ground water
water that's underground (i.e. aquaphor)
how do heterotrophs aborb usable nitrogen
we eat it- CONSUME
habitat
where something lives (Bear-> cave, whales -> ocean)
estary
where the river meets ocean; mix of salt and fresh water makes it a mix of waters KNOWN AS BRACKISH WATER (many young seafood creatures survive in the estary because it holds them their then when they are old enough they go into ocean)
habitat use
where they are, what they are using
can plants control transpiration
yes, it can open and close it's pores (stomata)