Ivy Tech PSYC 101: Chapter 8/9 Reading

At around what age is the human body at its physical peak?

20

Which of the following are examples of schemas? (Select all that apply.)

A concept that exists at a given moment in a person's mind A framework used for organizing information

What do psychologists mean when they talk about "resilience"?

A person's ability to adapt to challenges or recover from difficulty

Which of the following statements are true regarding Piaget's theory of schemas? (Select all that apply.)

A schema assists us in making sense of experience. A schema organizes information. Schemas are expressed as various behaviors and skills.

Which of the following is an example of cross-sectional research?

A study that involves simultaneously collecting data from a group of 5 year olds, 15 year olds, and 25 year olds

Bonanno's theory of grieving identifies four different patterns. Which of the following is NOT one of those patterns?

Acceptance

Kübler-Ross focused on terminally ill individuals and identified five progressive stages of coping with death. Select all five stages.

Anger Depression Denial Bargaining Acceptance

Which of the following is the best example of "nature" in the context of the nature-nurture influence?

Biological inheritance

What type of development is characterized by improved capacity to process information and understand the world due to advancing age and experience?

Cognitive development

The three basic needs of self-determination theory are which of the following?

Competence, autonomy, and relatedness

_____ occurs when a single sperm cell from the male penetrates the female's ovum.

Conception

In a research study, Dr. Lopez asked people ages 20, 40, and 60 about their levels of happiness. This research is best described as which of the following?

Cross-sectional

Bonanno's theory of grieving identifies four different patterns. Select all four.

Delayed grief or trauma Chronic dysfunction Recovery Resilience

_____ refers to the pattern of continuity and change in human capabilities that occurs throughout the course of life.

Development

_____ rules are sociocultural standards that determine when, where, and how emotions should be expressed.

Display

The Schachter-Singer theory suggests that emotion is the result of the interpretation of nonspecific arousal based on which of the following?

External cues

Which of the following examples represent "nature" influences? (Select all that apply.)

Eye color Family history of hair loss

The facial feedback hypothesis says which of the following?

Facial expressions can affect emotions.

True or false: Developmental psychologists view development as occurring mainly during infancy and childhood.

False

True or false: Kohlberg's theory of moral development has been criticized on the grounds that his research involved women.

False

True or false: People are at their peak of physical development in their teens.

False

What will be the sex of a child who inherits an X chromosome from the mother and an X chromosome from the father?

Female

Which of the following statements describes conception?

Fertilization occurs and a zygote is formed.

Which of the following are examples of a need, according to drive reduction theory? (Select all that apply.)

Food Oxygen

Which of these are major criticisms of Kohlberg's theory? (Select all that apply.)

He doesn't adequately acknowledge how some people's moral views are shaped by concern for others, not for individual rights. Moral reasoning does not necessarily mean moral behavior. He did not adequately account for the role of culture in shaping morality.

Which of the following best represent the influence of gender roles? (Select all that apply.)

In a particular culture, women are expected to take care of the house and children. Prior to World War II, men in the United States were considered the breadwinners. A young boy goes to school wearing a pink shirt, and his classmates ask him why.

Which of the following statements apply to a person's role in his or her own development? (Select all that apply.)

It is an interactive role. It is an active role.

Which of the following statements are correct regarding Erikson's trust versus mistrust stage? (Select all that apply.)

It occurs during the first year and a half of life. The outcome depends on whether the infant's caretakers meet its needs.

Which of the following apply to the concept of gender? (Select all that apply.)

It refers to psychological aspects of being male or female. It refers to social aspects of being male or female. It is complex.

What will be the sex of a child who inherits an X chromosome from the mother and a Y chromosome from the father?

Male

_____ development consists of changes with age in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding the principles and values that guide what people should do or what is ethically right.

Moral

_____ is the term psychologists use to describe the force that moves people to behave in particular ways.

Motivation

Which of the following has been supported by recent research on cognition in early adulthood? (Select all that apply.)

One major task is to develop a worldview and to recognize that it is subjective. Thinking becomes more pragmatic and realistic.

Select the three domains of development.

Physical Cognitive Socioemotional

What are the three domains of development?

Physical, cognitive, and socioemotional

_____ is the period of physical development during which sexual organs mature.

Puberty

Which of the following changes are typical of puberty? (Select all that apply.)

Rapid skeletal growth Hormonal changes Changes in the brain

Which of the following are examples of cognition? (Select all that apply.)

Solving problems Being able to speak and understand words Imagining a future occupation

_____ is a basic, innate emotional disposition that emerges very early in life and affects behavior throughout childhood.

Temperament

A person is born with some serious physical problems but perseveres throughout development and chooses environmental reinforcers that allow them to construct a unique developmental path. Which of the following best describes this process?

This person demonstrates the active and interactive role of genetic inheritance and the environment.

Which statements about development in adulthood are true? (Select all that apply.)

Throughout life, it is ideal if people are open to change. Piaget's concept of accommodation can help us understand how people make sense of changes in their lives.

True or false: Gender includes not only biological sex but also one's understanding of the meaning of gender in one's life.

True

True or false: Resilient individuals tend to use positive emotions to reverse the stress of negative feelings.

True

Which of Erikson's stages occurs in infancy and involves feeling a sense of assurance toward one's caregiver?

Trust versus mistrust

What is the pleasantness or unpleasantness of an emotion called?

Valence

Which of the following provides evidence in favor of terror management theory? (Select all that apply.)

When reminded of their own death, people endorse cultural beliefs more strongly. When reminded of their own death, people reject individuals who violate their cultural beliefs.

With respect to research on gender differences in emotional expressions, which of the following is true?

Women and men are often more alike in the way they experience emotions than stereotypes suggest.

The _____ states that performance is best under moderate levels of arousal.

Yerkes-Dodson law

The three basic needs in self-determination theory are _____ , _____ , and _____.

competence relatedness autonomy

The _____ approach to motivation emphasizes the role of species-specific instincts in directing behavior.

evolutionary

The _____ approach to motivation emphasizes ways in which our behavior is shaped by our species' shared history.

evolutionary

The idea that facial expressions can influence emotions, as well as reflect them, is considered the _____ hypothesis.

facial-feedback

Kübler-Ross believed that in the process of dying, we go through _____ progressive stages of death and dying.

five

An expectation of how a male or female should think, act, and feel is referred to as a

gender role

The term _____ _____ is used to describe a mental framework that organizes and guides an individual's thoughts in terms of what it means to be male or female.

gender schema

When one twin boy's penis was irreversibly damaged in a medical procedure, a sex researcher persuaded the boy's parents to raise the boy as a _____.

girl, trusting socialization to establish a female identity for the infant

In early adulthood, capacities for reasoning and verbal memory _____.

increase

The type of motivation that is based on internal factors is _____ motivation, and the type of motivation that is based on external factors is _____ motivation.

intrinsic; extrinsic

The Yerkes-Dodson law maintains that humans perform best when they are _____.

moderately aroused

The force that moves people to behave, think, and feel the way they do is known to psychologists as _____.

motivation

In drive reduction theory, a _____ is a deprivation that energizes the drive to eliminate or reduce that deprivation.

need

Tommy, aged 9, and Max, aged 8, are playing with trucks. Sally, aged 8, wants to play. "Trucks are for boys!" Max shouts. This illustrates that _____. (Select all that apply.)

peers of this age are quite strict in terms of what is gender appropriate peers are involved in gender development

According to Maslow, the most basic need is _____.

physiological

The valence of an emotion refers to its _____.

pleasantness or unpleasantness

Erica is asked if it's ever appropriate for people to protest violently against the government. She replies, "Yes, there are cases where it might be ethical, such as if the government is acting abusively toward its citizens." By focusing on the larger ethical principle, Erica shows that she is in Kohlberg's _____ stage of moral development.

postconventional

Four-year-old Sam is asked if it's acceptable to take another child's toy. Sam replies, "No, because Mom will get mad." By focusing only on the threat of punishment and not on the other child's rights or general rules about playing with others, Sam shows that he is in Kohlberg's _____ stage of moral development.

preconventional

Dr. Salzano is showing infants pictures of their parents and of strangers. He wants to know if the babies will consistently look at their parents rather than look at the two pictures equally. Dr. Salzano is using the _____ technique.

preferential looking

The technical term for behaving in a way that is intended to benefit others is _____ behavior.

prosocial

When behavior is intended to benefit others, psychologists refer to this as _____ behavior.

prosocial

The process by which an individual pursues important objectives by setting goals and monitoring progress is called self-_____.

regulation

A person's ability to adapt to or recover from difficult circumstances is known as _____.

resilience

The capacity to thrive during difficult times and cope successfully with adversity is known as _____.

resilience

According to Piaget, a _____ is a concept or framework that exists in a person's mind and that organizes information and provides a framework for interpreting the information.

schema

Michael wants to go to medical school because he sincerely wants to help others. To achieve his goal, he studies hard to keep up his grades, stays active in his community, and asks his school adviser for feedback about his academic progress. Michael's behavior is consistent with the process of _____.

self-regulation

John Money, a well-known sex researcher, believed that ______ was the main determinant of gender.

socialization

In Maslow's hierarchy, physiological and safety needs are the _____ needs.

strongest

In the autonomic nervous system, the _____ nervous system prepares the body for action.

sympathetic

The _____ nervous system prepares the body for action, whereas the _____ nervous system calms the body.

sympathetic, parasympathetic

Which of the following refers to an individual's behavioral style and characteristic ways of responding?

temperament

_____ _____ theory indicates that by investing in our cultural worldview, we are shielded from the fear of personal death.

terror management

Development refers to the pattern of continuity and change in human capabilities that occurs

throughout life

Development refers to the pattern of continuity and change in human capabilities that occurs _____.

throughout life

The _____ theory of emotion says that emotion is affected by both physiological arousal and our interpretation of the situation.

two-factor

Dr. Abramowitz is a psychological researcher studying infants. He shows infants cards with shapes of different colors, records the amount of time they spend looking at each card, and uses the information to determine whether infants can distinguish among objects. Dr. Abramowitz's research can best be described as _____.

using the preferential looking technique