khan academy mcat psych/soc
amygdala
"aggression center" produces anger/fear/anxiety
insight learning
"aha" moment in learning
18-20 months
"explosion of language" and combining words
signal detection theory pt 2
"noise" distribution and signal distribution the difference between the 2 is d' if signal shifted to the R, d' would be big and easy to detect strategy C expressed via choice threshold Beta= set value of threshold, ratio of height of signal distribution to height of noise distribution
exogenous/external cues
"pop" in the corner dont have to tell ourselves to look for them in order to capture our attention bottom-up or external events
inclusive fitness
# offspring the animal has, how they can support them and how the offspring support eachopther
total pop decrease rate
#death+#emigration/1000 x population
d'
*dick is strong= strength hit>miss when there is a strong signal miss > hit when there is a weak signal
cerebral cortex and emotions
+ emotions on L side (R handed people are more positive)--- more social kids have more activity in L hemisphere and more joyful/happy people - emotions on R side (L handed people)
Meltzoff
- babies are born with an innate capacity to immitate others - mirror neurons that fire when we observe the same action being performed (parietal lobe, premotor, somatosensory)
mechanoreceptor
- skin, blood vessels, ear mechanical stress, pressure change, sound waves, gravity
gate control theory
- theory of olfaction and nociceptino non-painful inputs close the "gates" to painful input to prevent sensation of pain from traveling to the CNS fast blocks slow
chemoreceptor
- tongue, blood(chemicals), nose (vaporized chemicals), tissue chemicals, solute concentrations, blood pH, prostaglandins
stage 4
12+ years old formal operational stage abstract consequences, moral reasoning
genital stage
12+ years, back on libido strong sexual interest development/maturity now focus on needs of others ase well as self
Cattell
16 essential personality traits 16 personality factor questionarie
GI (greatest) generation
1901-1924 oldest people
silent generation
1925-1945 great depression
baby boomers
1946-1964 large population in US
generation X
1965-1980 loved Xstacy
millenials
1980-2000s
generation Z
1995-2003
continuous reinforcement
1:1 ratio of reinforcement
stage 2
2-6/7 years old preoperational stage pretend play, ecogentric
genes
20,000-25,000 genes in our genome segments of DNA that make proteins eyecolor= simple trait happiness= complex trait
always-on generation
2004+
mental health
25% will have 1 mental disorder 6% serious mental health illness causing diability
trichromatic theory of color
3 cones in eye, red, green, blue we combine them to make all the colors problem: we can't mix red and green together so we have another theory
Robert Sternberg
3 independent intelligences: analytical, creative, practical evidence: reliable and easy to study problem: they all vary together, 3 sides of the same coin?
phallic stage
3-6 years, discover dif bw males and females oedipus complex and electra complex if fixation here: homosexuality and exhibitionism
neurotic defense mechanism (3RID)
3RID intellectualization rationalization regression repression displacement reaction formation
sleep stages
4 main stages
parathyroid
4 spots on back of thyroid regulate Ca2+ level
Gordon Allport
4500 dif descriptive words for traits cardinal central secondary
Weber
5 main characteristics of ideal bureaucracy 1- division of labor= train people for a task 2- hierarchy of org= each positino under supervision 3- written rules and regulations 4- iimpersonality= unbiased 5- employment based on technical qualitfication= not favoritism
motivation
5 schools of thought
demographic transition model
5 stages
central sleep apnea
5+ hours sleep per night problem with brain controls for ventillation
latent period
6-12 years, no focus of libido, eploration, intellectual pursuits and social interactions socialization skills
Thurnstone
7 factors of intelligence word fluency, verbal comprehension, spatial reasoning, perceptual speed, numerical ability, inductive reasoning, memory 7 stones, relative similar evidence: breakdown seem sintuitive (ex. can have good inductive skills without verbal comprehension) problems: why do scores vary together statisticaly, limited in what it considers intelligence
stage 3
7-11 years old concrete operational conservation, 2 glasses of water wtih same amount, one in short fat glass and other in tall skinny empathy and math skills
how much sleep is needed
7-8 hours adults 12 hours infant 10 hours preschooler 9 hours school aged
Howard Gardner
7-9 independent intelligences, don't depend on each other logical-math, verbal-linguistic, spatial-visual, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, musical (later: naturalist, existential) evidence: not just book smart problems: intelligence vs. talents/abilities, no way to test it
rural
<1000 people/sq mile less than 25,000 residents
LMN signs
atrophy, fasciculations (involuntary twitches of skeletal muscles) hypotonia (dec muscle tone) hyporeflexia (dec muscle stretch reflex
impression management
attempt to control how others see us on the front stage
vygotsky 4 elementary mental functions
attention sensation perception memory (AMPS)
direct attention
attn focused on single sustainable task Necker cube
stereotype
attribute a certain thought to a group of individuals, overgeneralizing
anthropomorphism
attributing human characteristics to non-human animals
stage 2
autonomy vs. shame 1-3 years independence by walking 2 is shoe will -= shame
selective exposure
avoidance to reduce dissonance
consciousness
awareness of self and environment, states range from alertness to sleep
9-12 months
babbling
babinski reflex
baby fans toes outward when foot is touched disappears before 12 months
galant reflex
baby moves head to side it was stroked
drug classification
baed on legal status and how likely to be abused alcohol= most common depressant, disrupts REM cycle, removes inhibitions, absorbed through cell membrane barbituate= tranquilizer, depressant, induce sleep and reduce anxiety, reduced memory/judgment, when combined with alcohol can lead to death benzo= commonly prescribed, short acting for insomnia, long acting for anxiety opiates= for pain/anxiety, morphine/codeine, not a depressant, euphoria to treat pain hallucinogens= used to treat PTSD sometimes
vestibular system
balance and orientation inner ear= semicircular canals (posterior, lateral, anterior) filled with endolymph to detect motion of the fluid with rotation otolithic organs= utricle and saccule, detect linear acceleration and head positioning, calcium carbonate crystals attached to hair cells in viscous gel, when we move they pull on hair cells and trigger AP, depend on gravity! dizziness and vertigo
drive-reduction motivation
based on need to fulfill a certain drive, hunger, thirst
prestige
based on occupation minority groups have lower pay jobs
intensions
based on: 1) attitude 2) subjective norm 3) perceived bx control
categorical self
become aware that even though we are distinct beings, that we exist in the world with others age and gender, skills and size then we compare ourselves to others- traits, careers
endoderm
becomes GI tract, lungs, liver, pancreas (GLLP) (GULP)
preterm
before 37 weeks
bottom-up processing
begin with stimulus, data driven, always correct, inductive reasoning no preconceived cognition constructs of the stimulus (never seen it before)
discrimination
behavior taken to avoid that group
illness experience
being ill can change person's identity stigma associated with disease
self-efficacy
belief in one's abilities to succeed in a situation people with strong self-efficacy recover quickly from setbacks and have strong interest/commitment RISE (recover, interest, sense of commitment, enjoy challenges) FALL (failure, avoiding challenges, lose confidence, lack ability to handle)
internalization
belief that has been integrated into our own views
physical attractiveness stereotype
believe more attractive people have more positive personality traits
optimism bias
believe that bad things happen to others but not us "ill never get cancer"
Yerkes-Dodson law
bell curve people perform best when they are moderately aroused relationship b/w LTM and fear
hypothalamus
below thalamus regulates autonomic nervous system responsible for hunger, sleep, thirst, sex hypo- the- llamas spray with water to quench thirst and cool them down
positives of incentive
better allocation of resources, more employment diffusion of ideas and practices
exurbs
beyond suburbs prosperous area outside city
circadian rhythm
biological clock complex innate bx
trans-gender
biological sex and gender identity dont match
sex
biological traits that society associates wtih being male or female
Jeffrey Alan Gray
biopsychiological theory of personality personality governed by behavioral inhibition
migration
birds fly s in winter
stage 3
birth rate falls b/c birth control death rate drops b/c better health care late expanding pop pyramid model
Herbert Blumer
continued mead's work proposed 3 tenants to explain interactionism: 1) we act based on meaning we've given to something 2) dif people assign dif meaning to sthings 3) the meaning we give something isnt permanent
upper motor neurons
control LMN LMN control limbs and tunk and those that pass through cranial nerves control head and neck corticospinal tract if it goes to brainstem called corticoculbar tract
central executive
controls phonologic loop tells the visuo-spatial sketchpad and phonologic loop to coordinate
hypothalamus
controls pituitary gland
low-effort syndrome/coping
coping response of minority groups in attempt to fit into the dominant culture
neurulation
core in mesoderm differentiates into notochord neural plate celsl divide into mesoderm called neural tube
genetic transfer
cortical granules are released adn plasma membranes fuse and nuclear DNA comes in and mitochondrial DNA
anti-malthusian theorem
couples want to have one child or chidlren later in life now lower birth rate
7-12 months
crawling
Cheyne-Stokes breathing
crescendo then decrescendo breathing followed by stop in breathing believe heart failure/stroke is the cause
skeptical perspective
critical of globalization, regionalized instead of globalized
cultural lag
culture takes time to catch up with technological innovations results in social problems
sleep
cycle through the stages 4-5 times per night, each one 90 minutes N1, N2, N3, N2, REM, N1 how long you spend in each one depends on how long you've been asleep and your age, babies get more REM
neglect syndrome
damage to brain causes loss in capacity of spatial dimension or divided attention
longitudinal study
data of same subjects over long period of time
Thantos
death drive self-destructive, harmful to others
phobias
debilitating or can have normal life tend to form a pattern specific subtypes
exchange theory
decision making via cost-benefit analysis applies rational choice theory outside of social interactions society as interaction b/w individ sexual selection social slection (alternative idea)
dementia
decline in memory from damage to brain tissue, stroke
schizo brain
decreased cerebral cortex size in frontal and temporal lobes disorganized inc in dopamine mesocorticolimbic pathway is affected
N2
deeper stage of sleep, harder to awaken theta waves and sleep spindles and K-complexes sleep spindles= burst of rapid brain activity, help inhibit certain perceptions to remain tranquil K-complex= suppress cortical arousal and keep you asleep, sleep-based memory consolidation (turn things into long term memory)
sublimation
def. mech where unwanted impulses are transformed into something less harmful
regression
def. mech where you regress to position of child in problematic situation
reaction formation
defense mecahnism where you do the exact oppostie of what you actually want
ethnicity
defined socially not physically share language, religion, nationaity
central route of persuasion
degree of attitude change depends on quality of argument by persuader argument
regression
degree of dependence of one variable on another
social potency
degree to which a person assumes leadership roles
cultural imperialism
deliberate imposition of ones own culture onto a nother culture in group vs out group
pathological defense mech
denial
irrational techniques when just world hypoth is threatened
denial of situation reinterpreting the events
pragmatics
dependences of language on context and pre-existing knowledge
binocular cues
depth
convergence
depth based on how much eyes are turned, far away eyes are relaxed, close up eyes contract
perceptual organization
depth, form, motion, constantly
antithesis
desire of working class was to change the thesis
Kluver-Bucy syndrom
destroyed amygdala mellowing effect hyperorality (put things in mouth), hypersexuality, disinhibited bx drunken behavior like giving Benzos
intellectualization
detatch the emotional aspects
vigilance attention
detect signal of interest, allows for priming
theory of differential association
deviance is learned bx that results from continuous exposure to others who violate norms monkey see monkey do
DSM-5
diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders
food: sociocultural
dif occassions, desire, time, appeal
absolute threshold of sensation
differences based on the individual minimum intensity of stimulus needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time influenced by expectations, experience, motivation, alertness
sensory homunculus
different areas of body have signals that go to different parts of the strip in the sensory cortex in Parietal lobe lots for fingers and lips
role-playing
different roles (mom, wife, worker, boss) what feels like acting starts to feel like you ex. stanford prison experiment
cardinal traits
direct most of person's activities dominant trait that influences all behaviors
gender schema theory
explains how individuals should be gendered in society sex-linked characteristics are maintained and transmitted to other members of a culture
long-term memory
explicit= declarative implicit= non-declarative it is limited
esteem support
expressions of confidence/encouragement
predictive validity
extent to which an assessment is able to predict something it shoudl be able to predict
construct validity
extent to which theory is supported by data or results
internal validity
extent to which you can make a causal conclusion avoid confounding variables was the research done right?
dissociation theory of hypnosis
extreme form of divided consciousness
Eysenck
extroversion level based on differences in reticular formation (arousal) introverts are more aroused than extroverts so seek lower levels of stimulation
GAD
eyelids twitching 2/3 are women anxiety source is unclear high bp usually also depression continuous anxiety
photoreceptor
eyes (rods/cones) light
retinal disparity
eyes are 2.5 inches apart
microsociology
face to face interactions (families/schools), look at how sample of society and individual interactions would afect larger groups
Spearman theory of intelligence
factor analysis and general intelligence g factor can predict intelligence "1 tip in a spear" highly supported, people who score high in one area score high in others problems: controversial, can one score explain all abilities
explicit
facts/events recalling previous experience/info semantic memory= words/facts episodic memory= event related, last bday party
3 types of collective bx
fad mass hysteria riots
change blindness
fail to notice changes from previous to current state in environment
type II error
false negative
type I error
false positive
agents of social facilitation
family school peers mass media
institutions
family, education, politics
McDonaldization
fast food dominating other orgs in society principles of efficiency, calculability, predictability, uniformity, control
daydreaming
feel more relaxed adn less focused, light-meditation
culture shock
feeling of disorientation when encountering an unfamiliar culture
week 10
fetal development
sympathetic nervous system
fight or flight dilate pupils, dec salivation, inc hr, inc resp, inc glucose
tangible/instrumental support
financial assistance
motivational interviewing
find intrinsic motivation to change, goal oriented therapy, few sessions can be doorway to another treatment
alfred-binet
first developed an intelligence test on accident to measure child's intellectual development and predict how well they'd do in school, French kids
primacy bias
first impressions are: long strong easily built upon
N1
first non-rapid eye movement sleep stage theta waves hypnagonic hallucinations, hearing things that arent there tetris effect= if you play tetris right before bed you might see images of blocks during sleep, or on boat all day and feel like you're on water even though you aren't hypnic jerks
fad
fleeting becomes popular and loses popularity very quickly
overconfidence
fluency (ease of processing) during studying dont know enough overestimate
wernicke's aphasia
fluent aphasia/receptive aphasia can't understand what others say can produce many words and often speak normally, but what they say doesnt often make a lot of sense "word salad"
fluid vs. crystallized intelligence
fluid= reason quickly and abstractly, ex. new problem solving, "thinking on your feat" cattell: fluid intelligence is ability to recognize and reason relationships between object or ideas independent of previous experience in a new situation crystallized intelligence= accumulated knowledge and verbal skills cattell: crystallized is ability to retrieve knowledge based on fact, experience, prior learning
cons of functionalism
focus entirely on institutions without regard for individual unable to explain social change and conflict
resource mobilization theory
focus on factors that hinder a social movement like access to resources
Karl Marx- Conflict theroy
focus on inequalities of groups in soceity feudalism --> capitalism --> socialism believed collapse of capitalism was inevitable
Kohlberg- Moral development theory
focus on moral reasoning and dif bw right and wrong 3 stages- 6 levels total
joint attention
focus on object by 2 separate individuals
cohort study
follow a subset of population over a lifetime
feeding/eating disorder
food anorexia bulemia
DA in substantia nigra
for motor planning striatum pathway into caudate nucleus and putamen of neostriatum via nigrostriatal pathway
source monitoring
forget where they got the info from
monocular cues
form of object, relative size, interpositoin (overlap), relative height, shading and contour
cognitive
form thoughts/beliefs ex. i believe spiders are dangerous
dissociate identity disorder
formerly called multiple personality disorder 2 or more distinct personalitiesin 1 body typically have a hx of child abuse or extreme life stressor rare
hippocampus
forming new memories STM-> LTM if destroyed you have anterograde amnesia
mesoderm
forms inner layers of skin, muscles, bones, cardiac muscles, kidneys, bladder, ovaries and testes
camouflage
frogs to hide in trees
histamine
from hypothalamus sends to cerebral cortex
dramaturgical approach
front stage, back stage self
broca's area
frontal lobe speak, language expression
social stigma
fueled by stereotypes/prejudice/discrimination
40 weeks
full term
fMRI
functional MRI same image but look at which structures are active measure relative amounts of oxygenated vs. deoxygenated blood in the brain its a composite of several MRI images registering the changes in activity
amino acid nt
gaba and glycine
gene-environment interaction
gene and environments effect bx dependent relationship b/w the 2 ex. pretty vs ugly baby and attention and depression
external validity
generalizability
stage 7
generativity vs. stagnation 40-65 care -= unproductive
aggression
genes amygdala and frontal lobe (dec frontal lobe activity in criminals) testosterone psych frustration-aggression reinforcement-modeling sociocultural deindividuation social scripts
sleep walking/talking
genetic occurs during N3 harmless
drugs: biologicaly
genetic influence abnormal release of dopamine which overexcites limbic system reinforcing effect
gentrification
get redone and target a wealthier community
tolerance
get used to drug so need more to achieve same effect shift in dose-response curve that dec sensitivity to drug after exposure
fixation
gettign stuck on wrong approach
shaping
give rewards on the way to the goal and finally only give a reward when they reach the goal ex. teaching dog to do handshake
companionship support
give someone sense of social belonging
randomized controlled trial
given random treatment and other is control standard clinical trial
ambient stressors
global stressors integrated into the environment ex. pollution, noise, crowding
hyperglobalist perspective
globaliztaion as new age in human history
hormones general
go everywhere but only picked up by cells with receptors
executive attention
goal-directed behavior conflicts between internal processes and anticipating results dopamine from VTA
DA in VTA
goes to prefrontal cortex via mesocortical pathway cognition, affect, negative symptoms of schizophrenia
Just world hypothesis
good actions are rewarded bad actions are punished
Just war phenomenon
good things happen to good people and bad things happen to bad people
ways to help social inequality
governmetn schemes access to education/healthcare integration to society
population pyramid
graphs age and sex of pop distribution
group polarization
group decision amplifies original position of group members
chunking
group info into meaningful categories
population transfer
group is forcefully moved from territory
groupd polarization
group makes decisions that are more extreme than any individual member in the group would want
scapegoats
group of people towards whom aggression is directed ex jews
counterculture
group with expectation sthat strongly disagree wtih main values ex. polygamous people
cognitive dissonance- guards
guards knowing bx was wrong tried to reduce mental distress by overly justifying their bx
trial and error
guess til something works not efficient
hearing mechanism
hair bundle in upper membrane of organ of corti, has kinocilium (stereocilia) connected by tip links which have K+ channels when tip link gets pushed back and forth they stretch and allow K+ from endolymph to flow inside this activates Ca2+ channels and it flows inside too, causes AP and activates ganglion cell then auditory nerve hear 20-20,000 Hz freq
hair follicle receptor
hairy skin constantly changing hair movement/light touch
positive symptoms: schizo
halluclinations delusions of: persecution reference grandeur control
Paul Ekman: 6 universal emotions
happines sdness suprise fear disgust anger
task difficulty
harder tasks require more focsu
tast similarity
harder to multitask with similar tasks so better to listen to classical music while wrting a paper rather than listening to music with lyrics
learned helplessness
have control ripped out of your hands so learn that you don't have control so lose ability to identify with coping mechanisms b/c less control of outcome of your life
sever corpus callosum
have trouble naming objects even if both hemispheres are perfectly functioning
2-4 months
head/chest up
social epidemiology
health disparities through social indicators like race, gender
Roger's humanistic theory
healthy personality development humans are seen as inherently good self-actualization= enhance ones full potential free will self-motivated to improve Maslow was the first of the humanistic theoyr
slum
heavily populated urban informal settlement substandard housing
Durkheim- small societies
held together by similarities evolve into larger society
early development trajectory
helping bx begins early around age 2
nature vs. nurture
heritability studies in twins raised separate vs. together and fraternal twins raised together strongest IQ correlation for MZ twins raised together suggests genetic component
means-end analysis
heuristic where we analyze main problem and break it down into smaller problems then attack problem that has the most difference between current state and goal state ex. planning trip to country, book plane ticket first
stage 1
high birth rate due to limited birth control, high death rate due to disease stable population size stationary pyramid
schizophrenia
high levels of dopamine
all 3 lead to
higher independent thinking
behavior and stress
hippocampus= learning/memory frontal cortex= impulse control, reasoning, judgment, planning causes depression and anhedonia (can't experience pleasure) anterior cingulate stops responding to serotonin
endocrine s
hormone causes a response that is far away
autocrine
hormone effects the cell that makes it
paracrine
hormone has a regional effect
Binet's idea of mental age
how children at a specific age performs intellectually compared to average performance for that age
test validity
how much meaning can be placed upon a set of results
demand characteristics
how much of bx was influenced by how they thought experimenter wanted them to behave consciously or unconsciously
side-effect discrimination
how one institution can influence another
intensity
how quickly the neurons fire
functionalism
how the institutions that make up society adapt to keep society stable and functioning macro
correlation
how they vary together
past-in-present discrimination
how things done in past, even if no longer allowed, can have consequences for people in present
behavioral
how we act towards a subject ex. i avoid spiders bc scared
assimilation
how we describe new info in terms of our current understanding
attribution theory
how we explain bx of others around us
obedience
how we follow orders
accomodation
how we later adjust schemas to incorporate new experiences, to remember
Signal Detection Theory
how we make decision under conditions of uncertainty, discern between importnat stimuli and unimportant "noise" ex. if given 2 lists in psych experiment and then person asks which words came from first list, they would be uncertain or traffic light in the fog and can't tell
concurrent validity
how well a test matches up with a benchmark test
message characteristics
how well thought the message is
syntax
how words are put together in a sentence
homeostasis
how you maintain temp, hr, metabolism if you take amphetamines your body tried to lower hr but brain is smarter, your brain recognizes external cues like room/needles so you need a higher dose over time: habutation if you get those cues but dont get the drug you get a crash if in new location and take same amount of drug you might get an overdose because new body location has not prepared by reducing hr/metabolism
Galton's idea of hereditary genius
human ability is hereditary
Carl Rogers
humanistic theory growth-promoting climate genuine/acceptance accepts
Maslow
humanistic theory he actualizes
mature defense mech
humor sublimation suppression altruism
damaging effects of stress on heart
hypertension vascular disease coronary atery disease
induced states of consciousness
hypnosis and medications
pacinian corpuscle
hypodermis way deep constantly chagning stimuli, fast vibraion: push/poke onion
cyclothymic disorder
hypomania and dysthmia
bipolar I
hypomania becomes manic w or w/o depressive
negative feedback thyroid
hypothalamus releases TRH anterior pituitary releases TSH thyroid gland releases T3(thyroxine) which then feedbacks and limits TRH and TSH
sensory memory
iconic= memory for what you see, lasts .5 seconds echoic= what you hear, lasts 3-4 seconds
gender dysphoria
id as a different gender than societiy represents them as
drive reduction theory
id wants to get rid of uncomfy feelings
ego depletion
idea that self-control is a limited resource those who resisted eating cookies gave up sooner on another unrelated task that also required self control
"just world phenomenon"
idea that the universe is fair and so people must get what they deserve
subculture
ideas of a medium small community that distinguished itself from the larger dominant culture of the society
monozygotic twin studies
identical twins
lexical access
identifying a word and connecting it to its meaning which has been stored in LTM
stage 5
identity vs. role confusion 12-20 fidelity -= rebellion
law of common fate
if half dots move up and half dots move down we perceive the dots as 2 distinct units
peripheral processing
if interest/motivation are low, don't care about topic shallow processing temporarily changes attitude
central processing
if interested motivate is higher deep processing of info lasting attitude change
size constancy
if object is closer we dont perceive it as bigger just because its close, we know its the same size
strain theory
if person blocked from attaining culturally accepted goal, may become frustrated and turn to deviance
group cohesion
if we feel no connection with group we feel less of a need to go along with that group
prior commitments
if we say something earlier that goes against group we will decrease conformity b/c we are likely to say something different later
self-serving bias
if we succeed its due to our internal qualities bu tif we fail its because of things outside of our control
minimum justification principle
if you do something and there is minimal justification for them to do it this creates more dissonance than if they can explain it through a significant rationale
animal model of reward pathway
if you give non-addicted rat regular food it likes w/ substance that makes it sick, the rat learns to avoid the food if you give addicted rat its fave drug with a substance that makes it sick it still wants the drug, i don't care if it makes me sick!
absolute poverty
if you go below this survival is threatened
extensor plantar response
if you take hard object and scrape along bottom of foot, normal response is flexor, toes come down on the objectbut with extensor toes extend up
belief perseverance
ignore disconfirming facts
mnemonic devices
imagery pegword system= 2 is shoe, 3 is tree method of loci= walk through house and id objects acronym= HOMES, huron, ontario, michigan, erie, superior
method of loci
imagine moving through familiar space while memorizing things
cognitition that's stable as you age
implicit memory (riding bike) recognition memroy
aging
implicit memory and recognition memory are stable semantic memories improve, older adults have better verbal skills, crystalized IQ, emotional reasoning recall declines, prospective memory (remembering to do things in the future) dec
priming
implicit memory, exposure to stimulus affects response to another stimulus
similarity bias
implies we will not befriend people different from us
world-systems theory
importance of world as a unit rather than countries
relative poverty
in developed countries <60% median income when income is so low they are excluded from society
norepinephrine
in pons called locus coerculus that releases it to cerebral cortex
primary auditory cortex
in the Temporal lobe receives all info from cochlea tonotopic mapping from basilar tuning
anomia
inability to name things can't name objects or retrieve words
anosmia
inability to perceive odor
agraphia
inability to write
false info
inaccurate recollection
MAOI
inc amount of monoamines in synapse ex. epi, norepi, dopamine, serotonin, melatonin
cerebral cortex bumps
inc cellular mass/surface area
altruism animals
inc fitness of group
addiction
inc genetic risk environment makes a difference
hyperreflexia
inc the muscle stretch reflexes cause is unclear they are hypersensitive and you get a bigger reflex
hypertonia
inc tone of skel muscle, red muscle stretch
social identity
includes groups you belong to in community through categorization and comparison
semi-pheriphery
india and brazil somewhere in between not dominant but diversified
latent functions
indirect effects of institutions ex. schools expose students to social connections
random matin
individ equally likely to mate with each other
disassortative mating
individ mate w other individ w diverse traits
symbiotic interactionism
individual and the significance they give to objects, events, symbols micro
Durkheim- large society
individuals become interdependent on each other as everyone is sepcialized in dif roles forced mutual independence
stage 4
industry vs. inferiority age 6-12 competence -= inferiority
attribution
inferring causes of events/behaviors
situational attribution
influence of the situation on our behavior
broadbent's early selection theory
info goes into sensory register which stores everything then info goes to selective filter which identifies what you are supposed to be attenting to then moves to perceptual processes to identify friend's voice and assign meaning then goes to conscious cognitive processing broadbent filter's out everything except what he wants to hear
innate bx
inherited, intrinsic, stereotypic, inflexible, consummate (not influenced by experience but subject to change through mutation)
GABA
inhibitory in brain
glycine
inhibitory in spinal cord
stage 3
initiative vs. guilt 3 is tree ages 3-6 reach a sense of purpose purpose -= inadequacy
Id
innate/unconscious demands immediate gratification devil seeks to discharge tension arising from internal needs or external stimulation instincts, wants to get rid of all uncomfortable feelings
blastocyst
inner cell mass zona pellucida disintegrates
sensory adaptation
inner ear muscle (higher noise contract, to dampen vibration in inner ear, protect ear drum) sight: down regulation of light adaptation, when bright constrict pupils and desensitize rods and cones, or up regulatoin, when dark dilate pupils and rods and cones synthesize light sensitive molecules
incubate
insight comes after time
sleep-wake disorders
insomnia, breathing-related sleep disorders
evolutionary
instinct role in motivation
stage 8
integrity vs. despair 65+ slowing in productivity wisdom -= dissatisfaction
fixed mindset
intelligence is biologically set and unchanging
growth mindset
intelligence is changeable if you learn more these people accomplish more in careers
manifest functions
intended consequences of institutions
somatosensation
intensity, timing, location temp, pressure, pain, position
social cognitive theory
interactions with people and environment influence behavior
OCD
interfere with everyday life ex. continuously washing hands
dispositional attribution
internal characteristics/personalities ofpeople
intrinsic motivation
internal motivation
self-stigma
internalization of negative stereotypes and may begin to feel rejected by society ex. someone with HIV/AIDS
ICD-10
international classification of disease WHO= world health organization
stage 6
intimacy vs. isolation 20-40 love -= iisolation/unhappy
drug processes
intoxication and withdrawl
sour/salty
ion channels SOdium, SOur and salty so they bind to the receptor directly the cell depolarizes and fires an action potential
sleep deprivation
irritable and worse memory more accidents susceptible to obesity body makes more cortisol and gherlin which inc hunger inc risk of depression because less REM "sleep debt"= paying back sleep to get back on track
criterion validity
is the test valid
gestalt principle
items similar to one another are grouped together things are reduced to their simplest form possible ex. brain organizes them into columns of circles and squares objects close physically together are grouped together continuity, smooth lines closure, objects grouped together are seen as a whole perceive symmetry around a center point
cost signaling
iving signals to others that peron who's giving has resoruces
reciprocal determinism
ix b/w personal bx and environment
xenocentricism
judging another culture as supriro ro ones own
ethnocentric
judging someone elses culture from the position of your own culture
drowsiness
just before falling asleep, self-induced deep meditation
neurochemical lesions
kainic acid= destroy cell bodies but doesnt influence axons passing by oxidopamine= destroys dopamine and NE, models parkinson's disease presynaptic neuron takes up oxidopamine during reuptake but then it destroys the neuron
Korsakoff's syndrome
lack of B1 or thiamine malnutrition, caused by alcoholism poor balance and abnormal eye movement not progressive tx is thiamine injection
amotivation
lack of motivation
quasi-experimental design
lacks random assignment ex. pregnant vs. nonpregnant women cant assign someone to be pregnant
5 years
langauge rules largely mastered
Vygotsky
language and thought are independent, but converge through development learn them at the same time via socialization
strong linguistic determinism (sapir-whorfian hypothesis)
language determines thought completely understand world through language hopi tribe without grammatical tense so they couldnt think about time the same way cognition and perception are determiend by the language you speak
linguistic determinism
language has an influence on thought Weak and Strong hypothesis
Weak linguistic determinism (relativism)
language influences thought, makes it easier for us to think in certain ways based on how language is structured differences in language between cultures right to left or left to right depending on language, influences how you imagein the girl pushing the boy from which side
domain hemisphere
language, math
mass hysteria
large # people experience delusions and anxiety at the same time emotional reactions of groups
positoin/vibration/touch
large diameter axons that are myelinated
riots
large group of people who do dangerous bx chaotic and damaging results from feeling of injustice or that their needs have been ignored result in property damage
catastrophic event
large scale event that everyone considers threatening ex. war, natural disaster
macrosociology
large scale perspective look at big phenomena that affect big portion of population
mood
lasts longer than emotions, global not specific related to world view about everything or about world in general
food: biological
lateral hypothalamus (Lacks Hunger without it)= sends positive signal to start eating ventromedial hypothalamus (Very Much Hungry)= signals us to stop eating insulin metabolism rate
periphery
latin america and africa focused on narrow econ activity like extracting raw material
democracy
law making choosing officials
language
leads to thought
hidden curriculum
learn importance of authority, learn to be quiet, learn to socialized in school aside from just education
attitude
learned tendency to evaluate things in a certain way
Bandura
learning through observation of others and their bx
language
left hemisphere of brain
contralateral brain organization
left visual field processed by right brain
central trait
less dominant than cardinal honestly, sociability, shyness
lewy body disease
less motor abnormality and more cognitive dysfunction from loss of cerebral cortex fx separate from parkinsons
2 instinctual drives to motivate human bx
libido death instinct
Eros drives
life drive health, safety, sex
socialization
life-long process of learning from others
phototransduction cascade
light hits rod (cell turns off)--> sign inverting synapse --> bipolar cell turns on --> ganglion cell turns on --> optic nerve --> brain
anova
like t test, compare distributions
resource model of attention
limited resources ni attention, inability to multitask
Clonginger
link personality to brain systems of reward ex. low dopamine has higher impulsivity
caste system
little social mobility role determined by what you were born into
Johnson and Heinz propositin
location of info attenuator was able to be varied by listener depending on demand needed for a particular task johnson and heinz catch-up can be anywhere
left brain
logical sequential rational analytical objective look at parts think dad
algorithm
logical step by step procedule til you hit the right one
personality disorder
long term mental and bx featurs huge spectrum cluster A= odd/eccentric cluster B= intense emotional/relationship problems cluster C= anxious avoidant/obsessive
2-3 years
longer sentences (3 words or more)
racial formation theory
look at economic, social, political factors that result in socially constructed races in south america: latin america broken down into more groups
cross-sectional study
look at group of dif people at one moment in time
molecular genetics
look at molecular structure and fx of genes gene mapping central dogma
materialist
look at what happens in brain when people think/speak/write
informational influence
look to group for guidance when you dont know what to do and assume group is correct
singles
looking for partners
Cooley
looking glass self everyone a person interacts wtih in a lifetime influences their identity 1) how do i appear to others 2) what must they think of me? 3) revise how we think about ourselves * not influenced by opinions of others but what we imagine their opinions to be
alzheimers
lose basic activity of daily living atrophy (brain size shrinkage) loss of neurons, plaques (amyloid beta plaques) and tangles of tau protein loss of nucleus basalis which release ACh genetic mutation ApoE4 involved in metabolism of fats and processing of amyloid protein high bp
neurocognitive disorders
loss of cog fx of brain after the ns has developed delerium, dementia
emotional support
love affection trust listening and emphasizing
parkinson's
low levels of dopamine
depressants
lower body fx and neural activity, dec hr, dec bp alcohol= dec inhibitions, lack of coord, disrupt REM barbiturates= induce sleep or reduce anxiety, anesthesia, reduced memory/judgement benzodiazepines= commonly prescribed, sleep aids or anxiety treatment, enhance brain's response to GABA - short, intermetiate, or long acting long acting for anxiety -zelam, -zolam benzos and alcohol bind to the site on the GABA receptor complex open up Cl channels on neuron to inhibit excitation
feminist theory
macro women face discrimination, objectification, oppression, stereotyping
MRI
magnetic resonance imaging radiowaves exposed to magnetic field disrupts orientation of atoms and then they move back to their mag field alignment and release signals which create the image says nothing about function
other dream theories
maintain brain flexibility consolidate thoughts to long-term memory and "cleaning up" thoughts preserve adn develop neural pathways
basal ganglia
major role in motor fx help motor areas to perform proper movements cognition and emotion
proletariat
majority
rationalizaiotn
making you believe it wasnt your fault
sperm
male genetic material head and tail (glagellum) and middle section with lots of mitochondria because needs to be able to propell head contains DNA
MCM RP
man crush monday corpuscle touch/pressure/ stretch then a vibratoin
experimental study
manipulate variables
family
many forms of kinship, marriage/blood/adoption
cannabis
marijuana, hallucinogen and depressant or stimulant
4 ways to determien if someone has strong/weak self-efficacy
mastery of experience social modeling social persuasion psychological responses
representativeness heuristic
match a prototype ex. read description and see if its a lawyer or carpenter
nature
maturation genetic factors
semantics
meaning of word
feminist theory- medicine
med is still male-dominant
stigma by concentric circles
media= outer society= next family= next self= core
MEG
megnetoencephalogram ex. SQUIDS (superconducting quantum interference device) better resolution than EEG, requires large machine and special room records mag fields produced by electrical currents in brain measured by "squids" MEGa SQUIDS are invasive
utilitarian organization
members are paid for efforts
normative org
members come together through shared goals ex. religion
coercive org
members dont have a choice about membership ex. military/prison
schema
mental blueprint containing common aspects of world
freudian slip
mental conflict ex. financially stressed pt might say dont give me any bills (menat ot say pills)
somatic symptom disorder
mental disorder manifesting in physical symptoms fx impairments may or may not be able to explain it
heuristics
mental shortcut, dont guaruntee correct solution but simplify complex problems
MKO (more knowledgeable other)
mentor/tutor to help with dialogue and learning
persuasion
method for atitude change
folkways
mildest type of norm common rules/manners ex. opening door to help someone
assimilation
minority group is absorbed into the majority
intercolonialism
minority group is segregated and exploited
lewis Terman
modified Binet's test and added teenagers and adults used as a measure for immigrants b/c not predictive for US children b/c French-based
mimicry
monarchs poisonous bu tother butterflies use same pattern
communism
moneyless community all property owned by community
marriage
monogamy
substance-induced disorders
mood/sleep disorders
Superego
moral conscience develops at age 4 internalization of cultural ideas and parental sanctions morals inhibits sexual and aggressive impulses
Kohlberg- Heinz Dilemma
moral theory of development based on cognitive development the way moral reasoning changes as people grow broke into chemists office to get the cancer drug for his wife 3 levels each 2 subtypes 1) pre-conventional= obedience vs. punishment (i would cheat if i knew i wouldnt get caught) and individualism/exchange and self-interest (ill let you copy mine if you do my homework), preschool 2) conventional= societal norms/acceptance (im not going tell because i want her to like me) and law/order (you cant do that ibecause the teacher said so ), old elementary school 3) post-conventional= social contract (in this case the rule might be wrong) and universal ethical principle (you shouldnt lie because it violates the golden rule), college, stage 6 is rare
environmental injustice
more burden compared to wealthier parts
facial attraction
more important than body attraction also averageness is attractive
modernization
more info available to public, less emphasis on religion
kin selection
more likely to act altruistically to close kin
group size
more likely to conform in groups of 3-5
public declaration
more likely to follow through if you already told everyone
secondary deviance
more serious severe negative reaction
polyandry
more than 1 husband
polygyny
more than 1 wife
existential self
most basic sense of being separate and distinct from others
iron rule of oligarchy
most demogratic orgs become more bureaucratic over timed until governed by select few
gray matter
most of the neuron somas
recency bias
most recent actions ar eimportant and emphasize performance
zone of proximal development
most sensitive instruction given here link b/w can't do and can do
socialism
motivated by what benefits society as a whole common ownership of production focusing on human needs and basic economic demands
parkinson's disease
motor abnormalities slow movement and trouble initiating movement tremor substantia nigra is less dark suggesting only one type of neuron involved--- loss of dopamine neurons basalganglia is where substantia nigra is striatum gets info from basal ganglia lewy bodies alpha synuclin= normal protein in brain but also in lewy bodies and clumped together in parkinson's disease
frontal lobe
motor cortex= body movements prefrontal cortex= executive fx, surprise/direct other areas of brain
cerebellum
motor plan coordinates movement position sense info maintain balance
basic brain fx
motor, sensory, automatic (reflexes)
swimming reflex
move arms/legs in water in swimming motion involuntarily hold breath
urbanization
movement of people from rural to urban areas
emigration
movement of people out of a country
suburbanization
movemetn away from city to get a larger home can result in city fall
devindividuation
much easier to behave badly toward individuals who suffer from deindividuation (loss of self)
prototypical emotional episode
multiple co-occuring components
white matter
myelinated axons
ethnic village
native culture brought here when people were immigrants ex. chinatown, little italy
depressive disorders
negative modd mood disorders becomes affect
ectoderm
nervous system, sweat glands, hair, skin, outer layer of skin (Nerv and outer)
modified semantic network
network develops based on experience and knowledge spreading activation= all brain areas are connected
social capital
networks of relationships among people who live and work in a particular society
neustress
neutral type of stress exposed to something stressful but doesnt actively affect you
retroactive interference
new learning impairs old info "that's so retro, im so old i forget old things"
universally recognizable emotions
newborns have the same emotions as grown ups
primary deviance
no big consequences
selection bias
no deception in the study, so may have been a reflection of the type of person who would want to sign up for this study was the sampling really random?
timing
non-adapting= constant firing rate, temp slow-adapting= neuron fires in beginning and calms down after a while, pressure/pain fast-adapting= fires as soon as stimulus starts then stops firing then starts again when the simulus stops, proprioception, and some pain
permisive/indulgent parenting
non-directive and lenient
cultural capital
non-financial social assets that promote social mobility beyond economic means
broca's aphasia
non-fluent aphasia broken speech apraxia (disorder of motor planning) problem producing speech
learned bx
non-inherited, extrinsic, permutable, adaptable, progressive
assortative mating
nonrandom mate with certain pheno/geno
animal lang
nonverbal cues visual cues
locus coerculus
norepinephrine
mores
norms based on moral belief/value ex. truthfulness
laws
norms that have formal consequences
hypoventillation disorder
not able to ventilate lungs fully and remove all co2 high co2 can cause r sided heart failure
sleep
not aware of self of world around you EEG measure brainwaves a, b, d, t BAT-D beta= 12-30 Hz, awake/concentration (if awake for too long beta levels get high and inc stress anxiety alpha waves= 8-13 Hz, daydreaming state, disappear in drowsiness but reappear in deep sleep theta waves= 4-7 Hz, right after you fall asleep, light sleep delta wave= .5-3 Hz, deep sleep or coma
sexual orientation
not dependent on sex or gender of a person
newborn relflexes
not much control over body some motor skills like breathing, eyeblink, pupillary, swallowing
alzheimer's disease
nrusons die off so cerebral cortex shrinks progressive disorder
acetylcholine
nuclei in frontal lobe release to cerebral cortex
chi-square
null vs alternative hypothesis
migration
number of people moving permanently
dictatorship
obedience to authority
ethology
observation of animal bx called overt bx
hawthorne effect
observer effect reactivity in which individuals modify or improve aspects of their bx in response to being observed
OCD and related
obsessions= involuntary thoughts compulsions= activities one must do related to an obsession
steric theory/shape theory of olfaction
odors fit into receptors similar to lock-and-key
formal sanction
officially recognized and enforced
disengagement theory
older adults and society separate more self-absorbed wtih age
mechanism of olfaction
olfactory molecule binds to GPCR receptor on olfactory receptor cell then G protein dissociates causeing binding to ion channel which allows outside ions to come in triggering AP which goes to cribiform plate to glomerulus to mitral cell which then synapses on the brain 1000 dif olfactory receptors which all send projections to a glomerulus specialized for their scent ** skips the thalamus!! (only scent)
adrenal gland
on top of kidney ACTH acts on adrenal cortex (steroids, glucocorticoids) and medulla (catecholamines)
12-18 months
one word per month
5 factor model
openness conscientiousness extroversion agreeableness neuroticism OCEAN
Skinner
operant conditioning reward/punishment to inc/dec bx
opiates
opiate= natural opioid= synthetic dec CNS fx work on dif neural mechanism from depressants ex. heroine, codine, morphine, vicodin treat pain because they mimic body's receptor sites for endorphins overlapping for anxiety to act on endorphin receptors euphoria pupils constrict
peptide neurotrans
opiods
spatial mismatch
opportunities for low-income people in segregated communities may be present but farther away and harder to access
routes of drug entry
oral= slow, GI tract, 30 mins inhalation= faster, 10 seconds, straight to brain injection= most direct, fastest, dangerous transdermal= into skin, ex. nicotine patch, drug must be potent, slow intramuscular= slow or fast, epipen, vaccines
nonassociative learning
organism is repeatedly exposed to one type of stimulus ex. habituation and sensitization
bureaucratization
orgs become governed by law/policy
public conformity
outwardly conform but you retain your own beliefs
gonads
ovareis and testes FSH/LH stimulation releases sex hormones progesterone/estrogen adn testosterone
cities
over 50,000 people
metropolic
over 500,000 people
fundamental attribution error
over attribution of others bx to internal causes under-recognize the situation/social problems and blame the person for their own problems
operant extinction
over time your dog may not sit every time you give the command
posterior pituitary
oxytocin and ADH (antidiuretic/vasopressin)
pain/temp
pain= nociception temp= thermoception SLOW adapting temp= TRPV1 recpetor, causes conformational change in protein, release caspacian to bind to receptor nerve fibers: A-beta= fast and thick, myelinated A-delta= small, myelinated, medium C fibers= small and unmyelinated, slow
meissner corpuscle skin
papillary dermis no hair constantly firing light touch, flutter, light
merkel disk
papillary dermis sustained stimulus light touch/pressure/fine details/small receptive field
secondary group
parents work rienfds, distant family
internalization of roles
participants incorporated their roles into beliefs
heredity
passing on traits
relapse
patient slips and goes back to dependence
proximal stimuli
patterns of stimuli from objects and events that actually reach your senses
classical conditioning
pavlov learning where innate response to potent stimulus becomes elicited by a previously neutral stimulus
gate-keeping
pcoress by which a small number of people arne corporations control what info is presented int eh media
oxytocin
peer bonding and moderates stress response stronly linked to estrogen so response is stronger in women
conformity
peer pressure tendency to bring bx in line w group norms
social constructionism- Berger
people actively shape their reality through social interactions/agreement ex. nations/books dont exist in absence of human society self is a social construct
empathy-altruism hypoth
people are altruistic due to empathy
reciprocal altruism
people are more cooperative if they interact with that person again in the future, expecation of future reward
rational choice theory
people are not only motivated by money but also what's best to get better people are acting as if weighing the costs and benefits 3 assumptions: 1- completeness (every action can be ranked) 2- transitivity (A>B, B>C, therefore A>C) 3- independence of irrelevant lternatives (if you have a 4th option, wont change the order of how the first 3 were ranked)
rational choice theroy
people compare pros and cons of dif courses of action and pick the one that is best fo rthemselves
social influence theory of hypnosis
people do and report what's expected of them, like actors caught in their roles
bystander effect
people feel less inclined to take action in the presence of a group large group more bystander effect
rural rebound
people get sick of cities and move back to rural areas
rational choice theory- medicine
people run the med system and will make decisions that benefit themselves more than the random sick stranger affects why people go to the doc or not
4 main points of culture
people share culture in society culture is adaptive= evolves over tiime culture builds on itself it is stransmitted= from gen to gen
continuity theory
people try to maintain same basic sructure through lifetime as you age make decisions that preseve that structure
optimum arousal theory
people want to reach full arousal/alertness
social reproduction
people with rich parents end up wealthy themselves they have financial capital and can invest to obtain social capital
external locus of control
perceive outside forces that help to control your face that test was unfair
emotional intelligence
perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions in interactions
stress management
perceived control optimism social support exercise meditation religion cognitive flexibility coping
heritability
percentage of variation of traits due to genes
constancy
perception of object doesnt change despite image on retina changing, we are smarter, size/shape/color constancy
place theory
perception of sound depends on where each freq produces vibrations along the basilar membrane pitch determined by the place it bivrates tonotopic organisation
operational span testing
perform math then read a word and recall test max number of words they can recall is the operational span
insomnia
persistent trouble falling or staying asleep taking meds leads to dependence and tolerance
displacement
person gets mad at husband when in reality she's mad at the child
overt orienting
person turns body to maximize sensory impact
social identity theory
personal identity and social identity
behaviorist theory
personality as result of olearned bx patterns based on environmnet deterministic observable and measure
Erikson- Psychosocial development theroy
personality development throughout entire lifespan each stage must overcome conflict 8 stages
Psychoanalytic theory: Freud
personality shped by childhood experiences of unconscious thoughts/desires childhood and unconscious deterministic
PKU
phenylketonuria mutation in liver enzyme PAH phenylalanine doesnt get converted to tyrosine so buildup of phenylalanine causing brain problems no diet coke
phonology
phonetic component, "sound system" 40 phenomes
material culture
physical aspects of daily life food and houses
spouse abuse
physical or psychological
darwin and evolution
physical traits can be selected for behaviors can be selected for
child abuse
physically abused
Schachter-Singer two factor theory of emotion
physiological and cognitive responses simultaneously form experience of emotion
3 components of emotion
physiological= hr inc, muscle tense when surprised cognitive= mental assessments that include appraisal of what is happening behavioral= emotions produce dif bx responses like body language or facial expression
core affect
pleasure, tension, energy exists in isolation or as a component of moods and emotions
institution
police, hospital, business create rules conservative= institutions as a natural byproduct of human nature progressive= artificial creations that need to be redesigned if they are not helpful
glass ceiling effect
poorly represented in higher position in comapies females
meso-level
pop is between macro and micro
stage 2
pop rises as death rate decreases (inc food and health care) early expanding pyramid model
stage 4
pop stabilizes birth and death rates are low low stationary pyramid
demographic transition
pop will eventually stop growing when country transitions from high birth to low birth rate to stabilize population occurs in industrialized countries
positive reinforcement
positive reward for doing a bx incentive theory
eustress
positive stress that happens when you perceive a situation as challenging but motivating usually enjoyable
PET
positron emission tomogrpahy can't give structural detail but combine with CAT and MRI inject glucose into cells and see which ones are more active when given it requires swallowing a radioactive tracer low resolution
fecundity
potential reproductive capability of a female
prejudice
preconceived opinion or emotions towards a group
wernicke's encephalopathy
precursor to korsakoff's syndrome
secondary trait
preference or attitude
brain changes in adolescence
prefrontal cortex develops amygdala, hypothalamus grow to develop limbic system corpus callosum changes in association with language/learning
audition (sound)
pressure wave stimuli and hair cell pinna= outer ear auditory canal tympanic membrane= eardrum malleus/incus/stapes (ossicles) hits the oval window and vibrates back and forth and moves fluid in the cochlea cochlea filled with hair cells round window is at other end of cochlea and it pushes out organ of corti= basilar and tectorial membrane, push up and down hair cells= move back and forth and generate electrical impulse outer ear= pinna and ear drum middle ear= ossicles inner ear= cochlea and semicircular canals
implicit
previosu experiences help you perform the task without conscious awareness of these previous experiences priming procedural memory= ex. riding a bike conditioning, unconsciou, motor skills, habits
puberty
primary sex characteristics grow (genitalia) males have voice change, females have breasts/hips, underarm pubic hair in both
primary vs in group
primary= social group in group=- group you are affiliated with
back stage
private area of our lives
capitalism
private ownership of production w/ market economy based on supply and demand
adaptive coping/positive coping
proactive coping anticipation= reduce stress by anticipating what it will be like social support meaning-focused coping= derive meaning from stressful experience relaxation, nutrition, sleep, humor
conversion disorder
prob with speech/swallowing/seizures/paralysis can't explain these symptoms incompatible w/ known neuro or mental conditions
stress
process by which we appraise and cope with environmental threads and challenges
immature defence mech
projection passive aggression
hormones: sex
prolactin related to sex gratification and relieving arousal after orgasm endorphins post-orgasm oxytocin after orgasm to facilitate bonds
schizophrenia and psychotic disorders
psychosis delusions hallucinations disorganized thinking
Broca's area
pt had a loss of speech but no other disorder
factitiuos disorder
pt wants to be sick falsify or disease their signs to get tx aka Munchausen's syndrome
adolescence
puberty (2 year long process of sexual maturation) 11 females 13 males
6-11 months
pull up to standing
negative sanction
punishment for violating normas
repression
push thoughts to unconscious
Maslow's hierarchy of needs
pyramid bottom is physiological= food, water, sleep safety= employment, health love self-esteem self-actualization= reach max potential
racialization
racial identity ascribed to a minority group
cults
radical, reject values of outside society
right brain
random intuitive holistic synthesizing subjective looks at whole think mom
REM
rapid eye movement stage eyes move but other muscles are paralyzed dreaming most important for memory consolidation formation of episodic memories combo of alpha, beta, and desynchronous waves BATS- drink blood (beta alpha theta sleep-spingle/k-comples delta beta) paradoxical sleep because brain is active but body is paralyzed if you wake up during REM you remember your dream
nativist
rationalist, language must be innate
kinesis
rats scurry in dif directions w/ no purpose of movement
dependency theory
reaction to modernization theory peripheries export resources to core
fundamentalism
reaction to secularization strict religious beliefs
egg cell
really big, not mobile 10,000X bigger than sperm outer coating= zona pellucida that layer made of glycoproteins (prot w branching sugar chains)
cognitive declines as you age
recall episodic memory processing speed divided attention
whole report technique
recall elements from original display in proper spatial location 35% correct whole report is limited by memory system with capacity of 4-5 items
cross tolerance
reducion in efficacy or responsiveness to novel drug due to common CNS target tolerance to drug with similar effect
pons
reglates walking and relaxing PONds picture a relaxing cons
circadian rhythm
regular body rhythms acorss 24 hour period controlled by melatonin from pineal gland control body temp/sleep daylight is a big que it changes as you age
medulla
regulate autonomic activity of heart and lungs
pancreas
regulates blood sugar
thyroid
regulates body metabolism growth and development
variable-interval
reinforced after a variable number of time has passed
fixed-ratio
reinforcement occurs after a fixed # of responses ex. gets bonus after selling 5 cars
variable ratio
reinforcemetn delivered after avg number of right responses has occured can't predict when he will get a bonus ** most effective (ex. slot machine)
motion parallax
relative motion, things farther move slower, things closer move faster
hypnotism
relax and focus on breathing, more susceptible to suggestion in this state more alpha waves, awake but relaxed state
adrenal medulla
release catecholamines (epi, norepi) tyrosine derivatives develop from ectoderm
adrenal cortex
release cortisol CORTex CORTisol steroid hormone, redistribute glucose energy in teh body and suppresses immune system developed by endoderm
serotonin
released by lots of nuclei from all over brainstem called raphe nuclei
minnesota study of heritability
religiosity in MZ= .49 correlation personality in MZ= .5 correlation info processing speed in MZ= .5 correlation intelligence in MZ= .69 correlation
bipolar II
remains hypomania and one major depressive episode
negative reinforcement
removal of negative stimulus to encourage a response drive-reduction theory
mere exposure effects
repeated exposure to novel people or obj increases our liking for them
partial report technique
report one part of the whole field in cued recall, 75% of visual display accessible to memory
stress and reproduction
reproduction gets shut down during stress response FSH/LH and estrogen/progesterone levels are inhibited
complex emotions
require person expressing that emotion to understand and be aware of him/herself
endogenous/internal cues
requires internal knowledge top-down or internal events ex. cocktail party effect
self-esteem
respect and regard one has for one self self worth is greater than self-esteem
fixed-interval
response rate is slower get pay check every 2 weeks
prefrontal cortex
responsible for higher order functions executive control Phineas Gage= iron rod through prefrontal cortex, after he was rude, rough, behaved inappropriately
parasympathetic ns
rest and digest pupils constrict inc salivation, dec resps
cochlear implants
restores hearing from "nerve deafness"= sensorineural hearing loss problem with conduction of sound waves receiver goes to stimulator which reaches cochlea, transmitter gets electrical info from speech processor through the microphone, then sent to stimulator into cochlea and convert the signal
ruffinis ending
reticular dermis sustained stimulus deep stretch displacement
urban renewal
revammpin old parts of town
positive sanctions
reward for conforming to norms
incentive theory
reward presented after the occurentce of an actin w/ intention of causing the bx to occur again ex. doing well at work and getting propmoted positive reinforcement
mechanism of vision
rhodopsin in the rods, has a cis-retinal molecule when light hits it the light hits rhodopsin and causes retinal to change to trans-retinal then transducin (a, b, g) breaks off from rhodopsin and a subunit binds to phosphodiesterase PDE converts cGMP to GMP, * when light hits, lower cont of cGMP and inc conc of GMP Na+ ions open and cmoe in when low cGMP conc it closes Na+ channels and turns cell OFF, hyperpolarizes the cell then OFF center or ON center bipolar cells when rods are turned off due to light, ON center bipolar cells are activated photopic= high levels of light mesoptic= dawn/dusk, rods and cones scotopic= very low light ** way more rods than cones rods= slow-adapting cones= fast-adapting
clonus
rhythmic contractions of antagonist muscle foot goes involuntarily up and odwn
bourgeoisie
rich upper class
reticular formation
role in autonomic fx (resp, digestion) "tickle" alertness and motivation neuron somas scattered throughout the brainstem
2-5 months
roll over
malthusian theorem
run out of resources, global food shortage wont be able to maintain natural resources for everyone on planet negative growth rate eventually
muscle stretch reflex
same side afferent and efferent knee jerk response hammer hits tendon right below knee cap and hooks onto lower leg bone on one end muscle spindles
rote rehearsal
say same thing over and over again least effective
framing effects
saying 2/3 change no one would be saved or 1/3 no one dies
foragin
search for food solitary or group
stress and metabolism
secretes cortisold and glucagon which converts glycogen to glucose glucose inc in body so can cause heart disease
Erikson stages
see all 8
misleading info
see car crash video and asked how fast they were going when asked when "hit" or "smashed"
personality disorders
see next cards
hallucinogen/psychedelics
seeing/hearing things heighted sensations feeling of connectedness/mood swings ex. mescaline, peyote, PCP, LSD, psilocybin modifies serotonin neurotransmission especially serotonin receptor pupil dilation
confirmation bias
seekin out info that supports your view
daily hassles
seemingly minor events of daily life ex. forgetting car keys, aggravating roommates
selective attention
selecting one thing at a time (studying vs. TV)
Deutch and Deutch's late selection theory
selective filter after perceptual processes do register and assign meaning to everything but then the selective filter determines what eventually reaches conscious awareness
both Rogers and Maslow
self-concept congruency
stereotype threat
self-fulfilling fear that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype
self-concept
self-identity how someone thinks/perceives/evaluates themselves
Carl Rogers- Humanistic theory
self-image= what we believe we are self-esteem= how much value we place on others ideal-self= what we wish to be
cognitive improvement
semantic crystallized intelligence emotional reasoning
olfaction
sends info to olfactory bulb veromonasal system basal cells and apical celsl and have receptors at the tips basal hair cell receptors send axons to glomerulus then to mitral celsl then to brain involves amygdala= emotion, in temporal lobe signal binds to receptor which binds to GPCR and causes depolarization humans dont have accessory olfactory bulb like some animals have cribiform place= bone with holes that allow olfactory sensory to send projections to brain right above it is the olfactory bulb
critical period- Chomsky
sensitive period from birth to age 8/9 most able to learn language LAD only operates in this period transformationalist grammar: dif ways that words can be arranged to convey the same info
thalamus
sensory fx higher brain fx
thalamus
sensory relay station then sends it to the right area of the cortex smell bypasses the thalamus
institutional discrimination
separating black and white schools
raphe nuclei
serotonin
Max Weber
several factors moderate people's reactions to inequality class, status, power
split-brain patient
severing of corpus callosum used for seizure treatment
paraphillic disorder
sexual arousal to unusual stimuli
informational support
share info or give advice
Kitty Genovese
she was stabbed and raped and robbed while there were 38 witnesses no one took action
panic disorder
sheet panic and intense fear heart palpatations
working memory
short term memory 7 +/- 2 pieces of info at a time stored while it is held in attention serial position effects (primacy and recency)
rat taste aversion
sick= stop eating sugar sick= dont pair it with beep/light shock= no aversion to sweet shock= aversion to environment of beep/light sick- eat injured/shock- environbment
significant life change
sig change to personal life ex. death of loved one, marriage, loss of job
somatic symptom
similar to illness unrelated to mental disorder but of psycological origin ex. abdominal pain w/o medical condition
monarchy
single person in charge
5-8 months
sit up
themoreceptor
skin, hypothalamus heat, cold, certain food chemicals
N3
slow wave sleep, very difficult to awaken delta waves where sleep walking happens declarative memory consolidation
oligarchy
small group having control of a country/org/institution
sects
smaller and established in protest of established church break away from church
mead
social behaviorism mind and self emerge through process of communicating with others 1) preparatory sage= interaction through imitation 2) play stage= pretend play and role-taking 3) game stage= multiple roles, generalized order of society, leads to "i" and "me" I= response of individual to the "me" me= what we learn through ix with others, social self actual self= balance b/w I and me
gender
social construct not fixed or innate based on identity and expression (gender they express)
race
social construct that puts people into groups based on observed or perceived differences in physical traits
weak social constructionism
social constructs are dependent on brute facts and institutional facts
interactionist approach- Vygotsky
social interaction approach bio and social factors have to interact for children to learn langauge
mass society theory
social movements would only form for people seeking refuge from main society people who joined social movements were dysfunctional, irrational people only join to satisfy a need for involvement ex. nazis theory did not persist
avoidance
social withdrawl compulsive stimulation-seeking addictive self-soothing psychological withdrawal
gender differences
socially construct created via socialization society passes down norms
Emile Durkheim- functionalism
society is heading towards equilibrium macro focus on social structure and society shape as a whole balance between institutions and social facts
conflict theory
society is made of institutions that benefit power and create inequalities, large groups are at odds til conflict is resolved macro
symbolic interactionism
society is product of everyday interaction
parietal lobe
somatosensory cortex touch/pain/pressure broca's area
frustration aggression hypothesis
someone getting frustrated can lead to prejudice based on emotions towards minorities
proactive interference
something you learned in the past impairs future learning
animal communication
sound chemical signals touch/movement visual
temporal lobe
sound wernicke's area
stage 5
speculation world pop will be forced to stabilize
fertilization
sperm and egg meet sperm binding --> acrosome reaction --> cortical reaction --> genetic transfer (SAC, G)
sperm binding
sperm comes in contact with zona pellucida
proprioception
spindle receptor/sensor located in muscles cognitive awareness of body in space is subconscious kinaesthesia= movement of body, behavioral
spacing
spread out study sessions
reflex
squinting/blinking
10-14 months
stand on own
5-10 months
stand with support
norms
standards for what bx are acceptable and which arent depend on context
working backward
start at goal state and figure out how to get to current state
stepping reflex
start stepping as if trying to walk when feet touch the ground
monro reflex
startle reflex disappear 4-6 months
factor analysis
stat method that categorizes and determines the major categories of traits allport's theory does not use thsi but the others do
ascribed status
status you can't change, given from birth ex. son of royal family
achieved status
status you earn ex. olympic athlete
self-fulfilling prophecy
stereotypes can lead to bx that affirm the original stereotypes city dwellers are rude= cognition, stereotyping i dont like them= affective, prejudice i will avoid them= behavioral, discrimination
social constructionism- medicine
stereotypes on both sides pt feel that symptoms arent important enough to mention, doctor makes false assumptions
what if we put salty receptor inside a sweet cell?
still interprets it as a sweet signal because the cell will be depolarized by the salty ion channel opening but then it fires to the sweet glomerulus
MDMA
stimulant or hallucinogen
subliminal stimuli
stimuli below the absolute threshold of sensation
counterconditioning
stimulus substitution conditioning an unwanted bx into a wanted bx used to treat aggression/fears/ phobias
hierarchical semantic network
store info at highest category possible
richard lazarus- appraisal theory of stress
stress arises less from physical events but more from assessment/interpretation of those events
basal forebrain
striatum, nucleus accumbens, nucleus basalis, septal nuclei produce acetylcholine cholinergic output of CNS
authoritarian parenting
strict, break will of child, punishment
authoratative
strict, consistent, loving, issue-oriented
morphology
structure of words composed of morphemes (smallest significant meaning of a word)
society
structure that provides organization for people
ways of studying brain
structure vs. function
Ebbinghaus
studied decay, forgetting rate is very fast but if you remember it after initial stages it levels out relearning happens savings= foundation of memory exists even though he cound't produce it
ethnography
study of people and places
Zimbardo Prison Study- Stanford
study on conformity/obedience how socio norms/conventions can influence bx of participants playing the roles of prisoners/guards had to stop experiment early b/c people got so caught up in roles 18 students randomly assigned to be prison guards or prisoners guards were told they couldnt physically harm prisoners but could create fear/loss of privacy prisoners cursed at guards guards used fire extinguishers and forced them to strip down and sprayed them situation escalated half of the prisoners left from mental breakdowns prisoners were volunteers and could have left at any time but they didnt
stress reaction
subsequent physical and emotional response
collectivist cultures
success attributed to external factors failure to internal factors ex. africa/asia
sucking relfex
suckks on any object in its mouth
one general intelligence
suggested by research just like general athleticism
conceptual act model of emotion
suggests that emotions are not biologically hardwired but instead emerge in consciousness in the moment
master status
supercedes other id traits ex. woman feels her role as om is more important than role as woman she will likely id as a mom
peripheral route of persuasion
superficial/non-verbal persuasion cues such as attractiveness of persuader
divided attention
switching attn between 2 tasks rather than doing them simultaneously, when performing 2 tasks which require attn simultaneously
token economy
system of bx modification based on prizes and token reinforcements
negative punishment
take away something to decrease the chance itll happen again ex. take away license so they can't drive
negative reinforcement
take away something to inc tendency of bx
spotlight model of attention
take info from 5 senses but dont pay attention to everything aware of things unconsciously, like priming
elaboration likelihood model
target characteristics are important
systematic desensitization
teaching client to replace anxiety with relaxation good for phobias
wernicke's area
temporal sound processing, understanding
effort justification
tend to give greater value to outcome if they put in a lot of effort to acquire it ex. go to med school b/c they worked so hard
generaliztion
tendency of stimulus similar to CS to elicit a conditioned response adaptive value
halo effect
tendency that people have inherently good/bad natures rather than looking at individual characteristics
foot in the door phenomenon
tendency to agree to small actions first how we are brainwashed
fudnamental attribution error
tendency to believe that others in out-groups behave a certain way based on inherent personalities/flaws attributing character too strongly to explain another group's actions
traditionism
tendency to follow authority common in twins
social loafing
tendency to put in less effort in a group task when individual contributions aren't evaluated
serial position effects
tendency to remember first few items and last few items and those in the middle are worse
role conflict
tension b/w more 2 or more dif statuses ex. husband or dad
Friedman and Rosenman anger
testing that stress is associated wtih inc vulnerability to heart disease type A= easily angered, aggressive, competetive type B= easy going most with heart attacks later were type A
convergent validity
tests that constructs that are expected to be related are in fact related
discriminant validity
tests that constructs that should have no relationship do in fact not have a relationship
self-serving bias
that we could never commit acts like this
reference groups
the groupto which people refer in evaluating themselves we are always looking for an external group that aligns with our beliefs group an individual compares himself to for self-evaluation
social facilitation
the most likely outcome will occur in a social situation ex. if bad at piano and play infront of group, you will plya worse opposite if you are really good
emotions as discrete systems
theories regarding universal emotions
shadowing task
theory of selective attention wear headphones and have different sounds in each ear told to repeat everything said in one ear and ignore the other
maladaptive coping/negative coping
they reduce symptoms while maintaining and strengthening the disorder dissociation, sensitization, safety bx, anxious avoidance, escape PTSD
self-referencing
think about how it relates to you personally preparing to teach
evolutionary game theory
those with best fitness to environment will survive and pass on to offspring
universalism
thought determines langauge completely
cognitive
thought process drives bx
evolutionary biology theory of dreams
threat simulation to prepare for real world, problem solving, no purpose
stressor
threatening/challenging event
implosive theory
throw Anna in a room with 1000 spiders, so if they survive they realize the fear is irrational often produces a lot of anxiety
lesion studies
tissue removal radiofreq lesions neurochemical lesions= most precise way cortical cooling= cryogenic blockage, cool neurons til they stop firing
memory consolidation dream theory
to conolidate memories in deep sleep
pleasure principle
to gain pleasure or avoid pain
DA in VTA to
to nucleus acumbens, amygdala, hippocampus reward, motivation, positive symptoms of schizophrenia
Ainsworth strange situation exp
to understand stranger anxiety secure attachment= child would explore the room w/ mom, then when mom left the child because really distressed insecure attachment= child would cling to mom and did not explore, when mother left became distressed, distress did not go away when she came back
microculture
too small to support peopel throughout their lifespan
meditation
training to regulate attention and awareness mind wanders or guided more alpha waves than normsl inc activity in prefrontal cortex, right anterior insula, and increased attention control
visual sensory info
transduction= light energy transformed to electrical energy by rods and cones violet (400 nm)- red (700 nm) 120 million rods 6 million cones - cones are red, green, blue
encoding
transfer info from temporary storage to long-term memory
T&Cs
transnational corporations cross borders to take opportunities they can find in dif countries to manufacture/distribute/market ex. mcdonalds
gastrulation
trilaminar disk germ layers form ecto, meso, endoderm
stage 1
trust vs mistrust 1 is bun 0-1 years hope -= fear/suspicion
retreival
try to remember memory of something you learned before
disruptive, impulsive-control, conduct disorders
unacceptably disruptive no impulse control
reaction formation
uncon feelings that make them do the complete opposite
freud theory of dreams
unconscious thoughts and desires that need to be interpreted, little scientific support manifest content= what actually happens in the dream latent content= hidden meaning of the dream, interpretation
learned helplessness
uncontrolled bad events can lead to perceived lack of control which leads to helpless bx
source traits
underlying personality
social dysfunction
undesirable consequences and reduces stability of soceity
conflict ehroyr- medicine
unequal access to medical care poorer get sicker
discrimination
unjust treatment of group of people
informal sanction
unofficially recognized and does not result in specific punishment
hypothesis of relative deprivation
upsurge in prejudice when people are deprived of something they feel entitled to
top-down processing
use background knowledge to influence perception, ex. where's waldo theory driven, deductive reasoning ex creating a cube image when its not there based on the tricky image
substance/addictive disorders
use of substances that affect mental fx alcohol, caffeine, cannabis, hallucinogens, inhalants, opioids
aversive conditioning
used to stop a bx pairing a habit that needs to be broken with an unpleasant stimulus
methadone
used to treat heroine addiction because activates opiate receptors but more slowly so dampens the high and reduces the craving nicotine for tobacco addiction meds block reward centers for alcoholics
sex: sociocultural
varied sex response due to age, culture, stimulus, desires
basilar tuning
varying hair cells in cochlea apex hears low freq base hears high freq base is first then apex is at the end
reality principle- freud
you need to sacrifice short term reward and replace it with long term gratification
alertness
you're awake, focus attention
state-dependent
your state at time of encoding makes a difference
embryogenesis
zygote 1 cell--> 2 cell --> 4 cell --> 8 cell--> 16 cell --> 32 cells
group meeting
AA, 12-step program 3 categories: acceptance surrender active involvement helpful for alcohol
cluster B
ABHNADO antisocial borderline histronic narcissistic
other nt
ACh
cluster C
ADO avoidant dependent obsessive-compulsive
Bandura's social cognitive theory
AM I Motivated attention memory imitation motivation
somatosensory neurons
afferent in muscle spindles form excitatory synapses in spinal cord w another neuron in spinal cord to excite skeletal muscle cells to contract LMN
postterm
after 42 weeks
trauma/stressor-related disorders
after traumatic event mood/emotional/bx abnormalities
age stratificatin theory
age is way of regulating bx of a generation
overcompensation- maladaptive
aggression/hostility dominance/self-assertions recognition-seeking manipulation passive-aggressive/rebellion excessive orderliness
life course theory
aging begins from the time you are born until you die developental process and experiences in life
insight
aha moment
inattentional blindness
aka perceptual blindness aren't aware of things not in our visual field psychological lapse in attention miss seeing fire extinguisher because your attention is elsewhere
addiction
alcohol/tobacco impairment of frontal cortex
modernization theory
all countries follow similar path of development from traditional to modern society
theory of intersectionality
all levels of discrimination should be considered not just calss but also race/ethnicity
old brain
all occur outside of our awareness brainstem and pons/medulla
psychoactive drugs
alter consciousness and perceptions inc mood, calm us down, 4 main categories
ill-defined problems
ambiguous, no ovbious goal, ex how to live a happy life
bipolar and related disorders
amnormal negaive moddo with periods of positive called mania
anxiety
amygdala fear/phobia flight aspect of symp response
theory of multiple intelligences- Robert Sternburg
analytical (academic and problem solving)= IQ score (avg 100, sd= 15), high analytical tend to do best in school creative (adapt to new situations and generate new ideas) practical (sole ill-defined problems) no correlation w/ better mariages or better parenting
social psychology
analyzes situational aproach to bx and emphasizes influence of social phenomena
ghettoes
area where specific racial, ethnic, relgiious minoritis are cocentratied
aging
as we get older 5x more likely to use health services
cultural relativism
assessing culture by its own standards rather than through the lens of your culture
primary appraisal
assessing stress in present situation 1) irrelevant 2) benign/positive 3) stressful/negative
extrinsic motivation
associated with rewards or obligated behavior
conduction aphasia
associative aphasia from damage to arcuate fasciculus can no longer conduct between listening and speaking can't repeat things even though they understand what's being said
ABC model of attitude
affect, bx, cognitive
alerting attention
affected by aging, norepinephrine modulates it in locus coerculus
epigenetics
changes in gene expressino from things other than DNA sequence (ex. methylation) epigenetics can override behavior
target characteristic
characteristics of listeners, mood, intelligence how well received
rooting reflex
cheek stroking and baby turns head, for nursing
pheromones
chemical signal to indicate an innate response to member of same species or another species
Freud- Psychoseual theory
child is most important age 5 stages if issues aren't resolved, fixation occurs
abuse through neglect
child's basic needs aren't met lack of supervision poor nutrition
learning (behaviorist theory)- BF Skinner
children acquire lang through operant conditioning say "mama" only bc every time they say that the mom reinforces the child
nativist perspective- Noam Chomsky
children are born with ability to learn language Noam Chomsky language acquisition device (LAD) that allows them to learn language universal grammar
Vygotsky- Sociocultural cognitive development theory
children learn actively through hands on processes
group status
children more liley to go along with populat group
associative learning
classical and operant conditioning
Pavlov
classical conditioning neutral stim with unconditioned stim to trigger involuntary response
well-defines problems
clear starting and end point clear criteria and goals
palmer grip reflex
close hand on anything that touches their palm
likelihood someone will obey
closeness to authority figure physical proximity legitimacy of authority figure institutional authority= well-respected university victim distance= further distance from victim depersonalization= victim made to seem less human role models for defiance= more likely to disobey when we see others do the same
conjunction fallacy
co-occurence of 2 instances is not more likely than 1 individually
depression: sociocultural factors
co-rumination= have friend w/ depression can make yours worse low SES child abuse depdent stressor
stereotype
cognition thoughts about members of another group
prejudice components
cognition prejuidice- affect discrimination
higher brain fx
cognition, emotions, consciousness
CBT
cognitive behavioral therapy psychological treatment for drug treatment cognitive and behavioral components of addiction develop positive thoughts patterns and coping bx
Piaget
cognitive development in children once kids are able to think a certain way, then they develop language to describe those thoughts and influences build object permanence= develop words like gone/missing sensorimotor stage= language begins preoperational stage= world is understood through language and mental imagery concrete operational stage= categories, logic, reasoning to understand the world
long tracts
collections of axons connecting cerebrum and brainstem
feature detection
color= trichromatic theory form= parvocellular, good spatial resolution, only detects stationary, cones motion= magnocellular, high temporal resolution, rods, no color paralell processing= detect all features at the same time
class system
combo of background and movement by education less stability
complex bx
combo of innate and learned ex. insects flying more efficiently
aphasia
communication disorder, prob with language, speaking, listening, reading, writing
dependency ratio
compare <14 and>65 to people 15-64
adoption studies
compare biological family to adopted family if environmetn plays a big role, similar to adoptive family
t test
compare means of continous variable between 2 groups
case-control study
comparing people w the disease to people without the disease
surrender-maladaptive
compliance/dependence
biological theory
components of personality are inherited and determined by genes
CAT
computerized axial tomography x-ray images with lower resolution than MRI faster than MRI, combined wtih radioactive dye to show structure and activity imposed in one image
cocktail party effect
concentrate on one voice in a crowd
opponent process theory
cones perceive 4 colors: red, green, blue, yellow red and green oppose each other, and blue and yellow oppose eachother b/w opponents only 1 color dominant at a time
vision
conjunctiva= thin layer inside eyelid cornea= thic sheet, bends light anterior chamber= filled with aqueous humour, maintain shape of eyeball pupil= opening in the iris, iris= color lens= bends light so it hits back of eyeball ciliary muscle= supersensory ligaments, and ciliary body secretes aqueous humor posterior chamber= behind lens vitreous chamber= filled with vitreous humor to provide pressure to eyeball retina= photoreceptors fovea= rich in cones, no rods macula= rich in cones too retina is primarily cones cones= bright, color rods= dim light choroid= blood vessels that nourish retina, black sclera= whites of eyes
long-term potentiation
connections between neurons strentchen, synaptic plasticity
corpus callosum
connects R and L hemisphere
brainstem
connects all parts of brain together including cranial nerves pons medulla reticular formation
coping
conscious effort to solve personal and interpersonal problems and seeking to master/minimize/tolerate stress or conflict effectiveness of coping depends on type of stress/conflict
ego
conscoius/unconscious, perceptions thoughts and judgments reality principle mediates demands of reality vs. desires of the Id the "self" who we believe ourselves to be
theory of planned bx
consider implications of intentions before we decide to behave
personality
constant over lifetime
internal capsule
contains corticospinal tract
context effects
context of how stimuli are presented influences how people perceive the stimuli
pluralism
encourage racial and ethnic variation
implantation
endometrium lining thickens forming valleys called crypt apposition= blastocyse attaches to endometrium large blood vessels grow synciotrophoblasts form villi and endometrium is growing
stimulants
enhance CNS, inc bp/hr, inc alertness caffeine, amphetamines (adderall), meth, MDMA, cocaine, nicotine, THC (marijuana) cocaine= can be used as anaesthetic causes vasodilation similar effect to stress inc glucose metabolism in brain cocaine: block dopamine reuptake amphetamines: block dopamine reuptake and stimulate presynaptic dopamine release, highly addictive, long term users lose ability to maintain normal dopamine levels in brain caffeine: inhibits enzyme that breaks down cAMP nicotine: acts on acetylcholine THC: works on anandamide, inc dopamine and GABA activity
source characteristics
environment aroudn the message speaker's background
behaviorism
environment controls us entirely
context
environment you encode in
nurture
environment/culture influence sleeping on back reduces SIDS diaper makes baby walk a little later
cortical reaction
enzymes in egg get ejected to zona pellucida that digest it to prevent other sperm from binding
acrosome reaction
enzyms leak into zona pellucida and digest it so sperm gets closer to plasma membrane of egg
bilamar disk
epiblast and hypoplast
autobiographical memory
episodes of individual's life
2 aversive controls in operant conditioning
escape avoidance
instinctual drift
established habits are replaced by innate food-related bx tendency of animal to revert to instinctual bx that interfere w/ conditioned response
church
established religious bodies in a larger society
secondary appraisal
evaluation of individual's ability to cope with the situation harm, threat, challenge
normative influence
even if you know what's right to do you do what the group's wants to avoid social rejection
attitude --> bx model
event triggers our attitude then w/ some outside knowledge it determines our behavior
distal stimuli
events out in world around you
peter principle
every employee in hierarchy keeps getting promoted until they reach elvel of incimpetence (cant get promoted any further b/c not good enough to)
functionalist
everyone required to have responsibility in soceity different labor values
Spearman's general intelligence
evidence from fact that people who score well on one test also tend to score well on other test types g factor= general intelligence
surface traits
evident in bx
speed up milestones
ex. lots of access to toys
individ discrimination
ex. science prof who doesnt let woman into his class
symbolic interactionism- George Herbert Mead
examines small scale social interactions, focus on how shared meaning is established micro subjectiv meaning language allows humans to generate meaning through ineractions
availability heuristic
examples that come to mind ex. more shark attacks perceived because of the new, but way more firework accidents in reality but less publicized
glutamate
excitatory neurotransmitter RAS (reticular activating system) required for consciousness
sex: biological Master and Johnson
excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution/refractory also genetically predisposed to sexuality
2 parts of self-concept
existential and categorical
thesis- marx
existing generally accepted state bourgeoisie ran factories and working class provided labor
Ludwig Gumplowicz
expanded on Marx proposed society is shaped by war/conquest and cultural conflicts leading to certain groups being dominant over others
sick role
expectation in society that allows you to take break from responsibilities
Lazarus theory
experience of emotion depends on how the situation is cognitively appraised (labelled) if we label emotion as good, it is positive if we label it as bad, it's negative LAzarus, LAbel
James-Lange theory of emotions
experience of emotion is due to perception of physiological response ex. you cry so you get sad
marshmallow test
experiment of self control given eat now they get it, if they wait 15 min they get 2! those who waited tended to have better life outcomes
diffusion of responsiblity
explains bystander theory feel less personal responsibility to take action
role strain
when you cant carry out all obligations of a status ex. when student is assigned too many projects and can tperform
withdrawal symptoms
when you dont have the drug feel depressed, because dec dopamine for cocaine sign you are addicted
tyranny of choice
when you have too much control result is information overload and decesion paralysis and increased regret
discrimination
when you learn to make response to some but not other stimuli
primitive stream forms
where epiblast cells begin to migrate
strong social constructionism
whole of reality is dependent on language and social haibts there are no brute facts
elaboration likelihood model for persuasion (ELM)
why/how persuasion
Harlow monkey exp
wire mother w milk and cloth mother prefered cloth mother secure base
dopamine-4 receptor
with more of these, tend to be throill seekers
gender inequality
woman subordination society is a patriarchy
gender opprssion
women are not only unequal to men but they are oppressed and subordinate
structural oppression
women oppression due to capitalism, patriarchy, racism parallel to conflict theory
negatives of incentive
workers abroad are exploited one of the impacts of globalization
see pg 195 if confused
yes
index of dissimilarity
0 is total segregation 100 is perfect distribution
oral stage
0-1 years, libido centered around mouth (rooting/sucking) oral stimulation
stage 1
0-2 years old sensorimotor stage, object permanence
Piaget's theory of development
1 is bun, 2 is shoe, 3 is tree, 4 is door
general adaptation syndrome (GAS) by Hans Selye
1) alarm phase= stress rxn kicks in, ready for fight or flight 2) resistance= fleeing, huddling, bp high, lots of cortisol exhaustion= if resistance isnt followed by recovery, body's stress resources are depleted and tissues become damaged
3 parts of external attribution
1- consistency 2- distinctiveness 3- consensus
Kelley's covariation model
1- consistency (time) 2- distinctiveness (situation) 3- consensus (people) high consistency, attribute to internal factors distinctiveness, relates to external factors consensus related to external factors (ex arriving late to a meeting with a group of 20 people)
social movement stages
1- idea 2- incipient stage= public takes notice fo situation deemed a problem 3- people organize a group 4- succeed in change or fail and no longer active
4 ways to reduce cognitive discomfort
1- modify cognitions 2- trivialize= make it seem less important 3- add= add more to make them seem more comfortable 4- deny
3 main types of innate bx
1- reflexes 2- orientation bx (ex changing speed in environment) 3- fixed-action pattern (FAP) coord movement without interuption
anal stage
1-3 years, centered arouns anus, toilet training, basis for competent/productive adults if fixation here, problems with orderliness/messiness
sleep apnea
1/20 people stop breathing while sleeping wake up to gasp for air snoring or fatigue after sleep
Bandora- Bobo doll experiment
Bobo Doll Experiment Bobo Al kids doing arts and crafts then suddenly man comes up and hits inflatable Bobo doll screaming hit it kick it gave impossible puzzle to solve to frustrate the kids research how the kids reacted to frustration people used this to argue to ban violent games and movies some kids were aggressive to the doll others weren't learning-performance distinction= learning a bx and performing it are different things
c'
C= strategy Celeste is always conservative always say no unless you are 100% sure the signal is present might get some misses liberal strategy= always say yes even if you get false alarms
brain structure tests
CAT and Magnets (MRI) used to make buildings
bipolar disorder
DIG FAST distractability insomnia grandiose fleeting thoughts agitation speech (pressured) thoughlessness (risky bx)
function tests
EEG can tell you info, MEG rhymes with EEG
Myers Briggs Personality test
ESTJ extravert, sensing, thinking, judgment INFP introvert, intuition, feeling, perception (I need the feeling of pain)
anterior pituitary gland
FLAT PEG FH, LSH, ACTH, TSH, Prolactin, Endorphins, GH
anxiety disorders
GAD, phobias
sweet/umami/bitter
GPCR receptors G proteins
Asch conformity study
Gestalt Psychologist 3 target lines and one actual line and you pick which one is the same height 75% conform to the wrong answer some normative influence= went along w group to avoid ridicule informational influence= they doubted their own responses and changes theirs bc thought groups was better perceptual error= believed answers by others were correct problems w study: all people from same pop, suspicious of the study, ecological validity (real world?), demand characteristics (change bx to match experimenter's expectations)
convergent intelligence
Guilford describe IQ test related to intelligence such as puzzles, vocab, and arithmetic
Weber's law
JND= just noticeable difference - threshold at which youre able to notice any change in sensation - 2 vs. 2.2 weight is noticeable dI= .1 (noticeable intensity difference) linear relationship betwen threshold and intensity I vs. dI= linear
contralateral control
L brain controls R body for everything except smell (ispilateral)
visual field
L field of vision hits the R side of both eyes (so the nasal side of L eye and the temporal side of R eye) then carried by optic nerve until they hit optic chiasm where they cross, only the nasal side crosses, from then on they are called the optic tract if you cut off the optic chiasm you get tunnel vision because if you cut R optic tract you lose all L field vision
class consciousness
Marx believed workers in working class dont realize they are being exploited and oppressed by capitalistic model
collective bx
NOT same as group bx involves short social interactions can be open have loose norms
megalopolis
NYC
adrenal glands
adrenal medulla adrenal cortex
cluster A
PSS paranoid schizoid schizotypal= odd beliefs/ magical thinking
prosody
R hemisphere concern wtih larger units of speech like syllables tone, stress, rhythm irony/sarcasm, emphasis, contrast, focus, grammar
operant conditioning
Skinner relation b/w bx and consequences
PTSD
TRAUMA traumatic event re-experience avoidance unable to fucntion month or more of symptoms arousal inc also repressed memories or unconsciously blocked out some believe they can be recovered
problems with Zimbardo study
Zimbardo acted as the warden but he compromised his objectivity he was not a neutral observer
fertility
ability to have babies
major depressive disorder
abnormal activity in frontal lobe and limbic structures raphe nuclei in brainstem for serotonin release locus coerculus for norepinephrine vta dopamine
cognitive symptoms
abnormal attn, understanding, planning, thinking, memory
sexual dysfunction
abnormalities in performance of sexual activity
dissociative disorders
abnormalities of identify or memory ex. multiple personalities
rational techniques when just world hypothesis is threatened
accept reality prevent or correct injustice
meritocracy
achieve status by ability and achievements highly idealized
covert orienting
act of brining attnetion to something without body/eye movement
regression
acting like a baby
right side of brian
action/perception/attention
relative deprivation theory
actions of groups deprived of rights that others enjoy those who join social movements are not necessarily worse off feeling of deserving better ex. civil rights movement
spreading activation
activate one concept activates related concepts can explain false memories or remembering wrong but related info
confirmation bias
actively seek out info that confirms your beliefs
private confomity
actually change your opinion to that of the group you have a change of mind
validity
actually getting the answer of something you wish to measure you are acurately measuring what you want to be measuring
withdrawal stages
acute= few weeks, physical withdrawal, for alcohol seen 2 days after and then gets better post-acute= fewer symptoms, mood swings, anxiety, irritability, feels like a rollercoaster, as you recover more the good lasts longer and bad stages also last longer, each post-acute withdrawl episode lasts for a few days (irritable and low energy), then it goes away as quickly as it started, lasts 2 years total!!!
positive reinforcement
add something to inc tendency of bx
taste
bitter, salty, sweet, sour, umami taste buds contained in papillae fungiform= anterior, mushroom-shaped papillae, tip and sides of tongue foliate= side, folded structures, in the center of the tonue only these circumvallate= back, flat mound structures filiform papillae= dont contain taste buds but exist all over the tongue in each taste bud there are 5 receptor cells that each detect a specific taste only gustducin= protein associated with sensation of taste - front 2/3 goes via cranial nerve 7 rear 1/3 goes via cranial nerve 9 and 10 to brain
endorphina
block pain sensations runner's high
negative symptoms
blunted emotions, loss of enjoyment, affective flattening, avolition (inability to persist in goal-directed bx) lacking in tereste in teh world speech difficulty (alogia= speech poverty)
global aphasia
both broca and wernicke are damaged both areas are connected by nerve fibers called arcuate fasciculus when damaged, conduction aphasia
schizophrenia
brain disorder genes adn environment high dopamine hallucinations lack emotion 1%, equal in m/f prodrome= period of time before schizo symptoms present higher risk of suicide/homelessness/jail haloperidol= antipsychotic tx
activation synthesis hypothesis of dreams
brain gets neural iimpulses in brainstem brainstem= activation cortex= synthesis our brain is trying to find meaning from random brain activity, so dreams may not have meaning
cognitive economy principle
brain is efficient how long it takes people to verify correct vs. incorrect statements but issue: people organize pigs as animals more than pigs as mammals
information processing model
brains are similar ot computers we get info, process it, and output decisions bottom-up assumes limited storage capacity assumes serial processing but also has paraellel processing
social anomie
breakdown of social bonds bw individual and a community must strengthen social norms to resolve
synaptic pruning
breaking connection b/w certain neurons that are unneded
cognitve theory
bridge b/w behavior and psychoanalytic
temperament
broader than personality characteristic emotional reactivity, intensity, shyness persistent as person ages
taxis
bugs fly toward light
prototype willingness model (PWM)
bx as a fx of 6 things: 1- past bx 2- attitudes 3- subjective norms 4- intentions 5- willingness 6- models/prototyping
taboos
bx completely forbidden/wrong in any circumstance often punishable and community disgust ex. incest/cannibalism
social-cognitive theory
bx influenced by people's traits
labeling theory
bx is deviant if people have labeled it as deviant depends on teh society
partial reinforcement schedule
bx only reinforced some of the time
ethnic minority
can be absorbed after 1-2 generations into the majority
internal locus of control
can control fate of own destiny I should have studied harder
head to toe development
can lift head before it can crawl
immigration
can put pressure on welfare capabilities
neural plasticity
can retrain brain by strengthening synapses even after damage
anterograde amnesia
can't encode new memories
narcolepsy
can't help themselves from falling asleep 1/2000 people have this fits (5 mins) that can occur anytime
retrograde amnesia
can't recall previously encoded info
phonological loop
capacity is 2 seconds words and numbers processed
orienting attention
capacity to change focus of attention from one stimulus to another, modulated by acetylcholine from basal forebrain
altruism
care about welfare of others and act to help them
monoamine nt
catecholamines (dopamine, epi, norepi) serotonin, histamine, dopamine, epi, norepi
social stratification
categorize people based on occupation, income, wealth, status present in all complex societies
stress and immune fx
causes inflamation, can attack our own body 40% slower healing rate for puncture wounds delivered to grad students right before exam compared to same wounds during summer vacation
religion
celebrating holidays, reading spiritual text, praying
epiplasts
cells above hypoblast after forming amniotic cavity
activity theory
certain activities/jobs lost need to be replaced so the elderly can be engaged and maintain well being
to improve self-control
change environment operant conditioning classical conditioning deprivation
intergenerational mobility
change happens bw generations
sensory adaptation
change over time of receptor to a constant stimulus down regulation- when you sit on a chair and after a while you stop feeling the pressure because the receptors stop firing up regulation= when light hits photoreceptor and cells fire an AP, amplify the signal before it gets to the brain
Cannon-Bard theory
disagree with James-Lange theory, found flaws in idea that physiological response triggered emotion flaws they found: experience physiological response without emotion (ex. inc hr from running), dif emotions have same physiological response, physio response system was too slow to produce emotion that seemed to happen almost instantly * they thought physiological response and emotion occurred simultaneously C/B are right next to eachother in the alphabet so they all start at the same time
cognitive dissonance
discomfort of hlding 2 or more conflicting cognitions contradictions
mass media
dissemination of info within a culture functionalist= entertainment conflict= media portrays the divisions in society feminist= stereotypes in media interactionist= how media shapes day to day bx
neurodevelopmental disorder
distress due to abnormal development ex. autism, ADHD
elimination disorder
distress from urination/defication at inappropriate times or places
embryogenesis
divided cells and have organ systems formed
compliance
do bx to get a reward or avoid punishment go along w things to w/o questioning why
symbolic interactionsism-medicine
doctor-pt relatioship give meaning to lab coat/stethescope ex. lab coat as sign of authority
having dif words for color
does that mean you think about color differently?
cons to social constructionism
doesnt consider effects of natural phenomenon on society, because they dont depend on human action
transformationalist perspective
doesnt have specific cause or outcome nat gov are changing and becoming less importnat
ecclesia
dominant religious organization that includes most members of society ex. lutheran in sweden islam in iran
gender queer
dont identify as either male or female
vta
dopamine
cosmopolites
draw to city due to cultural benefits and convenience students, artists, entertainment
identification
dress/act a certain way to be like someone they respect Freud believes child adopts characteristics of same-sex parent
drive reduction theory
drive vs. need drive is aroused state fulfilling the drive will reduce the need
substance-use disorders
drug causes serious degree of impairment of life functioning look at someone's usage and the presence of withdrawl
fixation- freud
due to libido= natural energy source that fuels mechanisms of mind first 5 years crucial for development orangutanges always play with little gorillas
Milgram obedience studies
during the Holocaust Eichmann nazi leader who was death sentenced but he didnt actually hate the jews studied the willingness of americans to obey authority figures that instructed them to perform bx that conflicted with personal beliefs/morals told it was a study of effect of punishment on learning they were assigned either learner or teacher learner was hooked up to electrodes, told theyd be shocked when they gave the wrong answer experimental participant was always given the teacher role, so they were administering the shocks stopped when had given 450V shocks 3 times 65% of participants shocked all the way * very few people resisted authority
phenologists
each brain area is devoted to certain personality characteristic, thought, emotion--- wrong! each brain area associated with specific tasks had to wait til someone died to study them
labeled-line theory of olfaction
each receptor responds to specific stimuli and is directly linked to the brain in that way
labeled lines model of taste
each taste bud receptor has 5 axons which all send each dif taste to different parts of the gustatory cortex and they remain separate in the brain
social effets of puberty
early pub in males= taller, stronger, more independent, popular, inc alcohol use/delinquency early pub in females= teasing, sex harassment, dif interests than friends
dual coding hypothesis
easier to remember words associated wtih images than either one alone
taste aversion
eat it bc you like it but then you get sick so you dont watn to eat it again
lower motor neurons
efferent in PNS synapse onto skeletal muscles form neuromuscular junction
delivery of healthcare
elderly through medicaid
EEG
electroecephalogram activity of individual/groups of neurons only looks at sum total seizures, sleep stage, cognitive tasks not invasive
dimension approach
emotinos measured in terms of dimensions like arousal (high/low) and valence (+/-)
limbic system
emotion structures in brain regulating emotions HAT Hippo hypothalamus, amygdala, thalamus, hippocampus
affective
emotional scared of spiders
flashbulb memory
emotional memory seem like real life susceptible to reconstruction ex. 9/11
nondominant hemisphere
emotional tone of language, big picture concepts
prejudice
emotions towards that group
behaviourists
empiricitst, believe language is just conditioned bx
reward pathway in brain
ventral tegmental area release nt dopamine VTA sends dopamine to amygdala (emotions) to nucleus acumbens (motor fx) and prefrontal cortex (focus attn and planning) and hippocampus (temporal lobe and memory formation) nucleus acumbens, amygdala, hippocampus= mesolimbic pathway dopamine goes up and serotonin goes down, so less likely to be satiated or content b/c less serotonin reward pathway takes over rational choices
dopamine
ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra in hypothalamus send to pituitary gland if produced in arcuate nucleus transmitted from hypothalamus to pituitary gland via tuberoinfundibular pathway (tube in fun milk)
vibrational theory of olfaction
vibrational frequency of a molecule gives that molecule its specific odor profile
occipital lobe
vision striate cortex
visuo-spatial sketchpat
visual and spatial info processes
law of past experiences
visual stimuli are categorized according to past experience
11-15 months
walk on own
7-13 months
walk with furniture
culture
way of life shared by group of people
actor-observer bias
we are victims but others are wilful actors
treisman's attenuation theory
we have an attenuator that weakens but doesn't eliminate input from the unattended ear some gets to perceptual processinsg allows attended message to be processed to a greater extent than the unattended message treisman is SHARP as a T, only attenuate then perceive
maslow hierarchy of needs
we want to satisfy needs in particular order
political isolation
weak because political interests dont overlap with other communities
secularization
weakening of social/political power of religious organizations as religious involvement declines
fertilization
week 2
core
western europe and US high scope production or material goods rather than raw goods
individualistic cultures
western europe/america success over-attributed to internal and failure attributed to external factors
gender script
what we expect men and females to do
extinction
when CS does not elicit CR anymore
extinctive burst
when animal no longer received regular reinforcement, its original bx willl sometimes spike (inc)
medicalization
when conditions previously defined as normal get defined as medical conditions ex. sad= depressed
temptation
when desires conflict wtih values or long term goals
passing responsibility to others
when experimenter said they'd take full responsibility participants felt more comfortable delivering shock
dreaming
when eyes are moving rapidly under eyelids brainwaves look like they are completely awake memorable dreams NREM are not memorable dreams activity in prefrontal cortex is decreased during REM- explains why things in our dreams can defy logic
elder abuse
when family is not taking care of elders and expense of nursing homes
incongruity of self-concept
when ideal self and real self don't match
role esit
when individ stops engaging in role previoulsy central to their id ex. retirement
morula
when it is 32 cells becomes tighter differentiation occurs
groupthink
when maintaining harmony among group members is more important than analyzing the prob at hand bring in outsiders to avoid groupthink
deviance
when norm is violated
unanimity
when opinions of the group are unanimous and everyone agrees in Ash experiment there was one supporter who answered correctly before the experimenter
front stage
when peoplare in social setting
functionalism- medicine
when sick need to get back to functional state to be a contributing member of society
tonic neck reflex
when turn head arm on same side straightens and arm on other side bends disappears 6 months
false consensus
when we assume everyone agrees wtih what we do even if they dont
projection bias
when we assume others share the same beliefs as we do
observed bx
when we believe that our bx is being observed
decay
when we dont encode it well or retreive it for a while we can't recall it