khan academy mcat psych/soc

amygdala

"aggression center" produces anger/fear/anxiety

insight learning

"aha" moment in learning

18-20 months

"explosion of language" and combining words

signal detection theory pt 2

"noise" distribution and signal distribution the difference between the 2 is d' if signal shifted to the R, d' would be big and easy to detect strategy C expressed via choice threshold Beta= set value of threshold, ratio of height of signal distribution to height of noise distribution

exogenous/external cues

"pop" in the corner dont have to tell ourselves to look for them in order to capture our attention bottom-up or external events

inclusive fitness

# offspring the animal has, how they can support them and how the offspring support eachopther

total pop decrease rate

#death+#emigration/1000 x population

d'

*dick is strong= strength hit>miss when there is a strong signal miss > hit when there is a weak signal

cerebral cortex and emotions

+ emotions on L side (R handed people are more positive)--- more social kids have more activity in L hemisphere and more joyful/happy people - emotions on R side (L handed people)

Meltzoff

- babies are born with an innate capacity to immitate others - mirror neurons that fire when we observe the same action being performed (parietal lobe, premotor, somatosensory)

mechanoreceptor

- skin, blood vessels, ear mechanical stress, pressure change, sound waves, gravity

gate control theory

- theory of olfaction and nociceptino non-painful inputs close the "gates" to painful input to prevent sensation of pain from traveling to the CNS fast blocks slow

chemoreceptor

- tongue, blood(chemicals), nose (vaporized chemicals), tissue chemicals, solute concentrations, blood pH, prostaglandins

stage 4

12+ years old formal operational stage abstract consequences, moral reasoning

genital stage

12+ years, back on libido strong sexual interest development/maturity now focus on needs of others ase well as self

Cattell

16 essential personality traits 16 personality factor questionarie

GI (greatest) generation

1901-1924 oldest people

silent generation

1925-1945 great depression

baby boomers

1946-1964 large population in US

generation X

1965-1980 loved Xstacy

millenials

1980-2000s

generation Z

1995-2003

continuous reinforcement

1:1 ratio of reinforcement

stage 2

2-6/7 years old preoperational stage pretend play, ecogentric

genes

20,000-25,000 genes in our genome segments of DNA that make proteins eyecolor= simple trait happiness= complex trait

always-on generation

2004+

mental health

25% will have 1 mental disorder 6% serious mental health illness causing diability

trichromatic theory of color

3 cones in eye, red, green, blue we combine them to make all the colors problem: we can't mix red and green together so we have another theory

Robert Sternberg

3 independent intelligences: analytical, creative, practical evidence: reliable and easy to study problem: they all vary together, 3 sides of the same coin?

phallic stage

3-6 years, discover dif bw males and females oedipus complex and electra complex if fixation here: homosexuality and exhibitionism

neurotic defense mechanism (3RID)

3RID intellectualization rationalization regression repression displacement reaction formation

sleep stages

4 main stages

parathyroid

4 spots on back of thyroid regulate Ca2+ level

Gordon Allport

4500 dif descriptive words for traits cardinal central secondary

Weber

5 main characteristics of ideal bureaucracy 1- division of labor= train people for a task 2- hierarchy of org= each positino under supervision 3- written rules and regulations 4- iimpersonality= unbiased 5- employment based on technical qualitfication= not favoritism

motivation

5 schools of thought

demographic transition model

5 stages

central sleep apnea

5+ hours sleep per night problem with brain controls for ventillation

latent period

6-12 years, no focus of libido, eploration, intellectual pursuits and social interactions socialization skills

Thurnstone

7 factors of intelligence word fluency, verbal comprehension, spatial reasoning, perceptual speed, numerical ability, inductive reasoning, memory 7 stones, relative similar evidence: breakdown seem sintuitive (ex. can have good inductive skills without verbal comprehension) problems: why do scores vary together statisticaly, limited in what it considers intelligence

stage 3

7-11 years old concrete operational conservation, 2 glasses of water wtih same amount, one in short fat glass and other in tall skinny empathy and math skills

how much sleep is needed

7-8 hours adults 12 hours infant 10 hours preschooler 9 hours school aged

Howard Gardner

7-9 independent intelligences, don't depend on each other logical-math, verbal-linguistic, spatial-visual, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, musical (later: naturalist, existential) evidence: not just book smart problems: intelligence vs. talents/abilities, no way to test it

rural

<1000 people/sq mile less than 25,000 residents

LMN signs

atrophy, fasciculations (involuntary twitches of skeletal muscles) hypotonia (dec muscle tone) hyporeflexia (dec muscle stretch reflex

impression management

attempt to control how others see us on the front stage

vygotsky 4 elementary mental functions

attention sensation perception memory (AMPS)

direct attention

attn focused on single sustainable task Necker cube

stereotype

attribute a certain thought to a group of individuals, overgeneralizing

anthropomorphism

attributing human characteristics to non-human animals

stage 2

autonomy vs. shame 1-3 years independence by walking 2 is shoe will -= shame

selective exposure

avoidance to reduce dissonance

consciousness

awareness of self and environment, states range from alertness to sleep

9-12 months

babbling

babinski reflex

baby fans toes outward when foot is touched disappears before 12 months

galant reflex

baby moves head to side it was stroked

drug classification

baed on legal status and how likely to be abused alcohol= most common depressant, disrupts REM cycle, removes inhibitions, absorbed through cell membrane barbituate= tranquilizer, depressant, induce sleep and reduce anxiety, reduced memory/judgment, when combined with alcohol can lead to death benzo= commonly prescribed, short acting for insomnia, long acting for anxiety opiates= for pain/anxiety, morphine/codeine, not a depressant, euphoria to treat pain hallucinogens= used to treat PTSD sometimes

vestibular system

balance and orientation inner ear= semicircular canals (posterior, lateral, anterior) filled with endolymph to detect motion of the fluid with rotation otolithic organs= utricle and saccule, detect linear acceleration and head positioning, calcium carbonate crystals attached to hair cells in viscous gel, when we move they pull on hair cells and trigger AP, depend on gravity! dizziness and vertigo

drive-reduction motivation

based on need to fulfill a certain drive, hunger, thirst

prestige

based on occupation minority groups have lower pay jobs

intensions

based on: 1) attitude 2) subjective norm 3) perceived bx control

categorical self

become aware that even though we are distinct beings, that we exist in the world with others age and gender, skills and size then we compare ourselves to others- traits, careers

endoderm

becomes GI tract, lungs, liver, pancreas (GLLP) (GULP)

preterm

before 37 weeks

bottom-up processing

begin with stimulus, data driven, always correct, inductive reasoning no preconceived cognition constructs of the stimulus (never seen it before)

discrimination

behavior taken to avoid that group

illness experience

being ill can change person's identity stigma associated with disease

self-efficacy

belief in one's abilities to succeed in a situation people with strong self-efficacy recover quickly from setbacks and have strong interest/commitment RISE (recover, interest, sense of commitment, enjoy challenges) FALL (failure, avoiding challenges, lose confidence, lack ability to handle)

internalization

belief that has been integrated into our own views

physical attractiveness stereotype

believe more attractive people have more positive personality traits

optimism bias

believe that bad things happen to others but not us "ill never get cancer"

Yerkes-Dodson law

bell curve people perform best when they are moderately aroused relationship b/w LTM and fear

hypothalamus

below thalamus regulates autonomic nervous system responsible for hunger, sleep, thirst, sex hypo- the- llamas spray with water to quench thirst and cool them down

positives of incentive

better allocation of resources, more employment diffusion of ideas and practices

exurbs

beyond suburbs prosperous area outside city

circadian rhythm

biological clock complex innate bx

trans-gender

biological sex and gender identity dont match

sex

biological traits that society associates wtih being male or female

Jeffrey Alan Gray

biopsychiological theory of personality personality governed by behavioral inhibition

migration

birds fly s in winter

stage 3

birth rate falls b/c birth control death rate drops b/c better health care late expanding pop pyramid model

Herbert Blumer

continued mead's work proposed 3 tenants to explain interactionism: 1) we act based on meaning we've given to something 2) dif people assign dif meaning to sthings 3) the meaning we give something isnt permanent

upper motor neurons

control LMN LMN control limbs and tunk and those that pass through cranial nerves control head and neck corticospinal tract if it goes to brainstem called corticoculbar tract

central executive

controls phonologic loop tells the visuo-spatial sketchpad and phonologic loop to coordinate

hypothalamus

controls pituitary gland

low-effort syndrome/coping

coping response of minority groups in attempt to fit into the dominant culture

neurulation

core in mesoderm differentiates into notochord neural plate celsl divide into mesoderm called neural tube

genetic transfer

cortical granules are released adn plasma membranes fuse and nuclear DNA comes in and mitochondrial DNA

anti-malthusian theorem

couples want to have one child or chidlren later in life now lower birth rate

7-12 months

crawling

Cheyne-Stokes breathing

crescendo then decrescendo breathing followed by stop in breathing believe heart failure/stroke is the cause

skeptical perspective

critical of globalization, regionalized instead of globalized

cultural lag

culture takes time to catch up with technological innovations results in social problems

sleep

cycle through the stages 4-5 times per night, each one 90 minutes N1, N2, N3, N2, REM, N1 how long you spend in each one depends on how long you've been asleep and your age, babies get more REM

neglect syndrome

damage to brain causes loss in capacity of spatial dimension or divided attention

longitudinal study

data of same subjects over long period of time

Thantos

death drive self-destructive, harmful to others

phobias

debilitating or can have normal life tend to form a pattern specific subtypes

exchange theory

decision making via cost-benefit analysis applies rational choice theory outside of social interactions society as interaction b/w individ sexual selection social slection (alternative idea)

dementia

decline in memory from damage to brain tissue, stroke

schizo brain

decreased cerebral cortex size in frontal and temporal lobes disorganized inc in dopamine mesocorticolimbic pathway is affected

N2

deeper stage of sleep, harder to awaken theta waves and sleep spindles and K-complexes sleep spindles= burst of rapid brain activity, help inhibit certain perceptions to remain tranquil K-complex= suppress cortical arousal and keep you asleep, sleep-based memory consolidation (turn things into long term memory)

sublimation

def. mech where unwanted impulses are transformed into something less harmful

regression

def. mech where you regress to position of child in problematic situation

reaction formation

defense mecahnism where you do the exact oppostie of what you actually want

ethnicity

defined socially not physically share language, religion, nationaity

central route of persuasion

degree of attitude change depends on quality of argument by persuader argument

regression

degree of dependence of one variable on another

social potency

degree to which a person assumes leadership roles

cultural imperialism

deliberate imposition of ones own culture onto a nother culture in group vs out group

pathological defense mech

denial

irrational techniques when just world hypoth is threatened

denial of situation reinterpreting the events

pragmatics

dependences of language on context and pre-existing knowledge

binocular cues

depth

convergence

depth based on how much eyes are turned, far away eyes are relaxed, close up eyes contract

perceptual organization

depth, form, motion, constantly

antithesis

desire of working class was to change the thesis

Kluver-Bucy syndrom

destroyed amygdala mellowing effect hyperorality (put things in mouth), hypersexuality, disinhibited bx drunken behavior like giving Benzos

intellectualization

detatch the emotional aspects

vigilance attention

detect signal of interest, allows for priming

theory of differential association

deviance is learned bx that results from continuous exposure to others who violate norms monkey see monkey do

DSM-5

diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders

food: sociocultural

dif occassions, desire, time, appeal

absolute threshold of sensation

differences based on the individual minimum intensity of stimulus needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time influenced by expectations, experience, motivation, alertness

sensory homunculus

different areas of body have signals that go to different parts of the strip in the sensory cortex in Parietal lobe lots for fingers and lips

role-playing

different roles (mom, wife, worker, boss) what feels like acting starts to feel like you ex. stanford prison experiment

cardinal traits

direct most of person's activities dominant trait that influences all behaviors

gender schema theory

explains how individuals should be gendered in society sex-linked characteristics are maintained and transmitted to other members of a culture

long-term memory

explicit= declarative implicit= non-declarative it is limited

esteem support

expressions of confidence/encouragement

predictive validity

extent to which an assessment is able to predict something it shoudl be able to predict

construct validity

extent to which theory is supported by data or results

internal validity

extent to which you can make a causal conclusion avoid confounding variables was the research done right?

dissociation theory of hypnosis

extreme form of divided consciousness

Eysenck

extroversion level based on differences in reticular formation (arousal) introverts are more aroused than extroverts so seek lower levels of stimulation

GAD

eyelids twitching 2/3 are women anxiety source is unclear high bp usually also depression continuous anxiety

photoreceptor

eyes (rods/cones) light

retinal disparity

eyes are 2.5 inches apart

microsociology

face to face interactions (families/schools), look at how sample of society and individual interactions would afect larger groups

Spearman theory of intelligence

factor analysis and general intelligence g factor can predict intelligence "1 tip in a spear" highly supported, people who score high in one area score high in others problems: controversial, can one score explain all abilities

explicit

facts/events recalling previous experience/info semantic memory= words/facts episodic memory= event related, last bday party

3 types of collective bx

fad mass hysteria riots

change blindness

fail to notice changes from previous to current state in environment

type II error

false negative

type I error

false positive

agents of social facilitation

family school peers mass media

institutions

family, education, politics

McDonaldization

fast food dominating other orgs in society principles of efficiency, calculability, predictability, uniformity, control

daydreaming

feel more relaxed adn less focused, light-meditation

culture shock

feeling of disorientation when encountering an unfamiliar culture

week 10

fetal development

sympathetic nervous system

fight or flight dilate pupils, dec salivation, inc hr, inc resp, inc glucose

tangible/instrumental support

financial assistance

motivational interviewing

find intrinsic motivation to change, goal oriented therapy, few sessions can be doorway to another treatment

alfred-binet

first developed an intelligence test on accident to measure child's intellectual development and predict how well they'd do in school, French kids

primacy bias

first impressions are: long strong easily built upon

N1

first non-rapid eye movement sleep stage theta waves hypnagonic hallucinations, hearing things that arent there tetris effect= if you play tetris right before bed you might see images of blocks during sleep, or on boat all day and feel like you're on water even though you aren't hypnic jerks

fad

fleeting becomes popular and loses popularity very quickly

overconfidence

fluency (ease of processing) during studying dont know enough overestimate

wernicke's aphasia

fluent aphasia/receptive aphasia can't understand what others say can produce many words and often speak normally, but what they say doesnt often make a lot of sense "word salad"

fluid vs. crystallized intelligence

fluid= reason quickly and abstractly, ex. new problem solving, "thinking on your feat" cattell: fluid intelligence is ability to recognize and reason relationships between object or ideas independent of previous experience in a new situation crystallized intelligence= accumulated knowledge and verbal skills cattell: crystallized is ability to retrieve knowledge based on fact, experience, prior learning

cons of functionalism

focus entirely on institutions without regard for individual unable to explain social change and conflict

resource mobilization theory

focus on factors that hinder a social movement like access to resources

Karl Marx- Conflict theroy

focus on inequalities of groups in soceity feudalism --> capitalism --> socialism believed collapse of capitalism was inevitable

Kohlberg- Moral development theory

focus on moral reasoning and dif bw right and wrong 3 stages- 6 levels total

joint attention

focus on object by 2 separate individuals

cohort study

follow a subset of population over a lifetime

feeding/eating disorder

food anorexia bulemia

DA in substantia nigra

for motor planning striatum pathway into caudate nucleus and putamen of neostriatum via nigrostriatal pathway

source monitoring

forget where they got the info from

monocular cues

form of object, relative size, interpositoin (overlap), relative height, shading and contour

cognitive

form thoughts/beliefs ex. i believe spiders are dangerous

dissociate identity disorder

formerly called multiple personality disorder 2 or more distinct personalitiesin 1 body typically have a hx of child abuse or extreme life stressor rare

hippocampus

forming new memories STM-> LTM if destroyed you have anterograde amnesia

mesoderm

forms inner layers of skin, muscles, bones, cardiac muscles, kidneys, bladder, ovaries and testes

camouflage

frogs to hide in trees

histamine

from hypothalamus sends to cerebral cortex

dramaturgical approach

front stage, back stage self

broca's area

frontal lobe speak, language expression

social stigma

fueled by stereotypes/prejudice/discrimination

40 weeks

full term

fMRI

functional MRI same image but look at which structures are active measure relative amounts of oxygenated vs. deoxygenated blood in the brain its a composite of several MRI images registering the changes in activity

amino acid nt

gaba and glycine

gene-environment interaction

gene and environments effect bx dependent relationship b/w the 2 ex. pretty vs ugly baby and attention and depression

external validity

generalizability

stage 7

generativity vs. stagnation 40-65 care -= unproductive

aggression

genes amygdala and frontal lobe (dec frontal lobe activity in criminals) testosterone psych frustration-aggression reinforcement-modeling sociocultural deindividuation social scripts

sleep walking/talking

genetic occurs during N3 harmless

drugs: biologicaly

genetic influence abnormal release of dopamine which overexcites limbic system reinforcing effect

gentrification

get redone and target a wealthier community

tolerance

get used to drug so need more to achieve same effect shift in dose-response curve that dec sensitivity to drug after exposure

fixation

gettign stuck on wrong approach

shaping

give rewards on the way to the goal and finally only give a reward when they reach the goal ex. teaching dog to do handshake

companionship support

give someone sense of social belonging

randomized controlled trial

given random treatment and other is control standard clinical trial

ambient stressors

global stressors integrated into the environment ex. pollution, noise, crowding

hyperglobalist perspective

globaliztaion as new age in human history

hormones general

go everywhere but only picked up by cells with receptors

executive attention

goal-directed behavior conflicts between internal processes and anticipating results dopamine from VTA

DA in VTA

goes to prefrontal cortex via mesocortical pathway cognition, affect, negative symptoms of schizophrenia

Just world hypothesis

good actions are rewarded bad actions are punished

Just war phenomenon

good things happen to good people and bad things happen to bad people

ways to help social inequality

governmetn schemes access to education/healthcare integration to society

population pyramid

graphs age and sex of pop distribution

group polarization

group decision amplifies original position of group members

chunking

group info into meaningful categories

population transfer

group is forcefully moved from territory

groupd polarization

group makes decisions that are more extreme than any individual member in the group would want

scapegoats

group of people towards whom aggression is directed ex jews

counterculture

group with expectation sthat strongly disagree wtih main values ex. polygamous people

cognitive dissonance- guards

guards knowing bx was wrong tried to reduce mental distress by overly justifying their bx

trial and error

guess til something works not efficient

hearing mechanism

hair bundle in upper membrane of organ of corti, has kinocilium (stereocilia) connected by tip links which have K+ channels when tip link gets pushed back and forth they stretch and allow K+ from endolymph to flow inside this activates Ca2+ channels and it flows inside too, causes AP and activates ganglion cell then auditory nerve hear 20-20,000 Hz freq

hair follicle receptor

hairy skin constantly changing hair movement/light touch

positive symptoms: schizo

halluclinations delusions of: persecution reference grandeur control

Paul Ekman: 6 universal emotions

happines sdness suprise fear disgust anger

task difficulty

harder tasks require more focsu

tast similarity

harder to multitask with similar tasks so better to listen to classical music while wrting a paper rather than listening to music with lyrics

learned helplessness

have control ripped out of your hands so learn that you don't have control so lose ability to identify with coping mechanisms b/c less control of outcome of your life

sever corpus callosum

have trouble naming objects even if both hemispheres are perfectly functioning

2-4 months

head/chest up

social epidemiology

health disparities through social indicators like race, gender

Roger's humanistic theory

healthy personality development humans are seen as inherently good self-actualization= enhance ones full potential free will self-motivated to improve Maslow was the first of the humanistic theoyr

slum

heavily populated urban informal settlement substandard housing

Durkheim- small societies

held together by similarities evolve into larger society

early development trajectory

helping bx begins early around age 2

nature vs. nurture

heritability studies in twins raised separate vs. together and fraternal twins raised together strongest IQ correlation for MZ twins raised together suggests genetic component

means-end analysis

heuristic where we analyze main problem and break it down into smaller problems then attack problem that has the most difference between current state and goal state ex. planning trip to country, book plane ticket first

stage 1

high birth rate due to limited birth control, high death rate due to disease stable population size stationary pyramid

schizophrenia

high levels of dopamine

all 3 lead to

higher independent thinking

behavior and stress

hippocampus= learning/memory frontal cortex= impulse control, reasoning, judgment, planning causes depression and anhedonia (can't experience pleasure) anterior cingulate stops responding to serotonin

endocrine s

hormone causes a response that is far away

autocrine

hormone effects the cell that makes it

paracrine

hormone has a regional effect

Binet's idea of mental age

how children at a specific age performs intellectually compared to average performance for that age

test validity

how much meaning can be placed upon a set of results

demand characteristics

how much of bx was influenced by how they thought experimenter wanted them to behave consciously or unconsciously

side-effect discrimination

how one institution can influence another

intensity

how quickly the neurons fire

functionalism

how the institutions that make up society adapt to keep society stable and functioning macro

correlation

how they vary together

past-in-present discrimination

how things done in past, even if no longer allowed, can have consequences for people in present

behavioral

how we act towards a subject ex. i avoid spiders bc scared

assimilation

how we describe new info in terms of our current understanding

attribution theory

how we explain bx of others around us

obedience

how we follow orders

accomodation

how we later adjust schemas to incorporate new experiences, to remember

Signal Detection Theory

how we make decision under conditions of uncertainty, discern between importnat stimuli and unimportant "noise" ex. if given 2 lists in psych experiment and then person asks which words came from first list, they would be uncertain or traffic light in the fog and can't tell

concurrent validity

how well a test matches up with a benchmark test

message characteristics

how well thought the message is

syntax

how words are put together in a sentence

homeostasis

how you maintain temp, hr, metabolism if you take amphetamines your body tried to lower hr but brain is smarter, your brain recognizes external cues like room/needles so you need a higher dose over time: habutation if you get those cues but dont get the drug you get a crash if in new location and take same amount of drug you might get an overdose because new body location has not prepared by reducing hr/metabolism

Galton's idea of hereditary genius

human ability is hereditary

Carl Rogers

humanistic theory growth-promoting climate genuine/acceptance accepts

Maslow

humanistic theory he actualizes

mature defense mech

humor sublimation suppression altruism

damaging effects of stress on heart

hypertension vascular disease coronary atery disease

induced states of consciousness

hypnosis and medications

pacinian corpuscle

hypodermis way deep constantly chagning stimuli, fast vibraion: push/poke onion

cyclothymic disorder

hypomania and dysthmia

bipolar I

hypomania becomes manic w or w/o depressive

negative feedback thyroid

hypothalamus releases TRH anterior pituitary releases TSH thyroid gland releases T3(thyroxine) which then feedbacks and limits TRH and TSH

sensory memory

iconic= memory for what you see, lasts .5 seconds echoic= what you hear, lasts 3-4 seconds

gender dysphoria

id as a different gender than societiy represents them as

drive reduction theory

id wants to get rid of uncomfy feelings

ego depletion

idea that self-control is a limited resource those who resisted eating cookies gave up sooner on another unrelated task that also required self control

"just world phenomenon"

idea that the universe is fair and so people must get what they deserve

subculture

ideas of a medium small community that distinguished itself from the larger dominant culture of the society

monozygotic twin studies

identical twins

lexical access

identifying a word and connecting it to its meaning which has been stored in LTM

stage 5

identity vs. role confusion 12-20 fidelity -= rebellion

law of common fate

if half dots move up and half dots move down we perceive the dots as 2 distinct units

peripheral processing

if interest/motivation are low, don't care about topic shallow processing temporarily changes attitude

central processing

if interested motivate is higher deep processing of info lasting attitude change

size constancy

if object is closer we dont perceive it as bigger just because its close, we know its the same size

strain theory

if person blocked from attaining culturally accepted goal, may become frustrated and turn to deviance

group cohesion

if we feel no connection with group we feel less of a need to go along with that group

prior commitments

if we say something earlier that goes against group we will decrease conformity b/c we are likely to say something different later

self-serving bias

if we succeed its due to our internal qualities bu tif we fail its because of things outside of our control

minimum justification principle

if you do something and there is minimal justification for them to do it this creates more dissonance than if they can explain it through a significant rationale

animal model of reward pathway

if you give non-addicted rat regular food it likes w/ substance that makes it sick, the rat learns to avoid the food if you give addicted rat its fave drug with a substance that makes it sick it still wants the drug, i don't care if it makes me sick!

absolute poverty

if you go below this survival is threatened

extensor plantar response

if you take hard object and scrape along bottom of foot, normal response is flexor, toes come down on the objectbut with extensor toes extend up

belief perseverance

ignore disconfirming facts

mnemonic devices

imagery pegword system= 2 is shoe, 3 is tree method of loci= walk through house and id objects acronym= HOMES, huron, ontario, michigan, erie, superior

method of loci

imagine moving through familiar space while memorizing things

cognitition that's stable as you age

implicit memory (riding bike) recognition memroy

aging

implicit memory and recognition memory are stable semantic memories improve, older adults have better verbal skills, crystalized IQ, emotional reasoning recall declines, prospective memory (remembering to do things in the future) dec

priming

implicit memory, exposure to stimulus affects response to another stimulus

similarity bias

implies we will not befriend people different from us

world-systems theory

importance of world as a unit rather than countries

relative poverty

in developed countries <60% median income when income is so low they are excluded from society

norepinephrine

in pons called locus coerculus that releases it to cerebral cortex

primary auditory cortex

in the Temporal lobe receives all info from cochlea tonotopic mapping from basilar tuning

anomia

inability to name things can't name objects or retrieve words

anosmia

inability to perceive odor

agraphia

inability to write

false info

inaccurate recollection

MAOI

inc amount of monoamines in synapse ex. epi, norepi, dopamine, serotonin, melatonin

cerebral cortex bumps

inc cellular mass/surface area

altruism animals

inc fitness of group

addiction

inc genetic risk environment makes a difference

hyperreflexia

inc the muscle stretch reflexes cause is unclear they are hypersensitive and you get a bigger reflex

hypertonia

inc tone of skel muscle, red muscle stretch

social identity

includes groups you belong to in community through categorization and comparison

semi-pheriphery

india and brazil somewhere in between not dominant but diversified

latent functions

indirect effects of institutions ex. schools expose students to social connections

random matin

individ equally likely to mate with each other

disassortative mating

individ mate w other individ w diverse traits

symbiotic interactionism

individual and the significance they give to objects, events, symbols micro

Durkheim- large society

individuals become interdependent on each other as everyone is sepcialized in dif roles forced mutual independence

stage 4

industry vs. inferiority age 6-12 competence -= inferiority

attribution

inferring causes of events/behaviors

situational attribution

influence of the situation on our behavior

broadbent's early selection theory

info goes into sensory register which stores everything then info goes to selective filter which identifies what you are supposed to be attenting to then moves to perceptual processes to identify friend's voice and assign meaning then goes to conscious cognitive processing broadbent filter's out everything except what he wants to hear

innate bx

inherited, intrinsic, stereotypic, inflexible, consummate (not influenced by experience but subject to change through mutation)

GABA

inhibitory in brain

glycine

inhibitory in spinal cord

stage 3

initiative vs. guilt 3 is tree ages 3-6 reach a sense of purpose purpose -= inadequacy

Id

innate/unconscious demands immediate gratification devil seeks to discharge tension arising from internal needs or external stimulation instincts, wants to get rid of all uncomfortable feelings

blastocyst

inner cell mass zona pellucida disintegrates

sensory adaptation

inner ear muscle (higher noise contract, to dampen vibration in inner ear, protect ear drum) sight: down regulation of light adaptation, when bright constrict pupils and desensitize rods and cones, or up regulatoin, when dark dilate pupils and rods and cones synthesize light sensitive molecules

incubate

insight comes after time

sleep-wake disorders

insomnia, breathing-related sleep disorders

evolutionary

instinct role in motivation

stage 8

integrity vs. despair 65+ slowing in productivity wisdom -= dissatisfaction

fixed mindset

intelligence is biologically set and unchanging

growth mindset

intelligence is changeable if you learn more these people accomplish more in careers

manifest functions

intended consequences of institutions

somatosensation

intensity, timing, location temp, pressure, pain, position

social cognitive theory

interactions with people and environment influence behavior

OCD

interfere with everyday life ex. continuously washing hands

dispositional attribution

internal characteristics/personalities ofpeople

intrinsic motivation

internal motivation

self-stigma

internalization of negative stereotypes and may begin to feel rejected by society ex. someone with HIV/AIDS

ICD-10

international classification of disease WHO= world health organization

stage 6

intimacy vs. isolation 20-40 love -= iisolation/unhappy

drug processes

intoxication and withdrawl

sour/salty

ion channels SOdium, SOur and salty so they bind to the receptor directly the cell depolarizes and fires an action potential

sleep deprivation

irritable and worse memory more accidents susceptible to obesity body makes more cortisol and gherlin which inc hunger inc risk of depression because less REM "sleep debt"= paying back sleep to get back on track

criterion validity

is the test valid

gestalt principle

items similar to one another are grouped together things are reduced to their simplest form possible ex. brain organizes them into columns of circles and squares objects close physically together are grouped together continuity, smooth lines closure, objects grouped together are seen as a whole perceive symmetry around a center point

cost signaling

iving signals to others that peron who's giving has resoruces

reciprocal determinism

ix b/w personal bx and environment

xenocentricism

judging another culture as supriro ro ones own

ethnocentric

judging someone elses culture from the position of your own culture

drowsiness

just before falling asleep, self-induced deep meditation

neurochemical lesions

kainic acid= destroy cell bodies but doesnt influence axons passing by oxidopamine= destroys dopamine and NE, models parkinson's disease presynaptic neuron takes up oxidopamine during reuptake but then it destroys the neuron

Korsakoff's syndrome

lack of B1 or thiamine malnutrition, caused by alcoholism poor balance and abnormal eye movement not progressive tx is thiamine injection

amotivation

lack of motivation

quasi-experimental design

lacks random assignment ex. pregnant vs. nonpregnant women cant assign someone to be pregnant

5 years

langauge rules largely mastered

Vygotsky

language and thought are independent, but converge through development learn them at the same time via socialization

strong linguistic determinism (sapir-whorfian hypothesis)

language determines thought completely understand world through language hopi tribe without grammatical tense so they couldnt think about time the same way cognition and perception are determiend by the language you speak

linguistic determinism

language has an influence on thought Weak and Strong hypothesis

Weak linguistic determinism (relativism)

language influences thought, makes it easier for us to think in certain ways based on how language is structured differences in language between cultures right to left or left to right depending on language, influences how you imagein the girl pushing the boy from which side

domain hemisphere

language, math

mass hysteria

large # people experience delusions and anxiety at the same time emotional reactions of groups

positoin/vibration/touch

large diameter axons that are myelinated

riots

large group of people who do dangerous bx chaotic and damaging results from feeling of injustice or that their needs have been ignored result in property damage

catastrophic event

large scale event that everyone considers threatening ex. war, natural disaster

macrosociology

large scale perspective look at big phenomena that affect big portion of population

mood

lasts longer than emotions, global not specific related to world view about everything or about world in general

food: biological

lateral hypothalamus (Lacks Hunger without it)= sends positive signal to start eating ventromedial hypothalamus (Very Much Hungry)= signals us to stop eating insulin metabolism rate

periphery

latin america and africa focused on narrow econ activity like extracting raw material

democracy

law making choosing officials

language

leads to thought

hidden curriculum

learn importance of authority, learn to be quiet, learn to socialized in school aside from just education

attitude

learned tendency to evaluate things in a certain way

Bandura

learning through observation of others and their bx

language

left hemisphere of brain

contralateral brain organization

left visual field processed by right brain

central trait

less dominant than cardinal honestly, sociability, shyness

lewy body disease

less motor abnormality and more cognitive dysfunction from loss of cerebral cortex fx separate from parkinsons

2 instinctual drives to motivate human bx

libido death instinct

Eros drives

life drive health, safety, sex

socialization

life-long process of learning from others

phototransduction cascade

light hits rod (cell turns off)--> sign inverting synapse --> bipolar cell turns on --> ganglion cell turns on --> optic nerve --> brain

anova

like t test, compare distributions

resource model of attention

limited resources ni attention, inability to multitask

Clonginger

link personality to brain systems of reward ex. low dopamine has higher impulsivity

caste system

little social mobility role determined by what you were born into

Johnson and Heinz propositin

location of info attenuator was able to be varied by listener depending on demand needed for a particular task johnson and heinz catch-up can be anywhere

left brain

logical sequential rational analytical objective look at parts think dad

algorithm

logical step by step procedule til you hit the right one

personality disorder

long term mental and bx featurs huge spectrum cluster A= odd/eccentric cluster B= intense emotional/relationship problems cluster C= anxious avoidant/obsessive

2-3 years

longer sentences (3 words or more)

racial formation theory

look at economic, social, political factors that result in socially constructed races in south america: latin america broken down into more groups

cross-sectional study

look at group of dif people at one moment in time

molecular genetics

look at molecular structure and fx of genes gene mapping central dogma

materialist

look at what happens in brain when people think/speak/write

informational influence

look to group for guidance when you dont know what to do and assume group is correct

singles

looking for partners

Cooley

looking glass self everyone a person interacts wtih in a lifetime influences their identity 1) how do i appear to others 2) what must they think of me? 3) revise how we think about ourselves * not influenced by opinions of others but what we imagine their opinions to be

alzheimers

lose basic activity of daily living atrophy (brain size shrinkage) loss of neurons, plaques (amyloid beta plaques) and tangles of tau protein loss of nucleus basalis which release ACh genetic mutation ApoE4 involved in metabolism of fats and processing of amyloid protein high bp

neurocognitive disorders

loss of cog fx of brain after the ns has developed delerium, dementia

emotional support

love affection trust listening and emphasizing

parkinson's

low levels of dopamine

depressants

lower body fx and neural activity, dec hr, dec bp alcohol= dec inhibitions, lack of coord, disrupt REM barbiturates= induce sleep or reduce anxiety, anesthesia, reduced memory/judgement benzodiazepines= commonly prescribed, sleep aids or anxiety treatment, enhance brain's response to GABA - short, intermetiate, or long acting long acting for anxiety -zelam, -zolam benzos and alcohol bind to the site on the GABA receptor complex open up Cl channels on neuron to inhibit excitation

feminist theory

macro women face discrimination, objectification, oppression, stereotyping

MRI

magnetic resonance imaging radiowaves exposed to magnetic field disrupts orientation of atoms and then they move back to their mag field alignment and release signals which create the image says nothing about function

other dream theories

maintain brain flexibility consolidate thoughts to long-term memory and "cleaning up" thoughts preserve adn develop neural pathways

basal ganglia

major role in motor fx help motor areas to perform proper movements cognition and emotion

proletariat

majority

rationalizaiotn

making you believe it wasnt your fault

sperm

male genetic material head and tail (glagellum) and middle section with lots of mitochondria because needs to be able to propell head contains DNA

MCM RP

man crush monday corpuscle touch/pressure/ stretch then a vibratoin

experimental study

manipulate variables

family

many forms of kinship, marriage/blood/adoption

cannabis

marijuana, hallucinogen and depressant or stimulant

4 ways to determien if someone has strong/weak self-efficacy

mastery of experience social modeling social persuasion psychological responses

representativeness heuristic

match a prototype ex. read description and see if its a lawyer or carpenter

nature

maturation genetic factors

semantics

meaning of word

feminist theory- medicine

med is still male-dominant

stigma by concentric circles

media= outer society= next family= next self= core

MEG

megnetoencephalogram ex. SQUIDS (superconducting quantum interference device) better resolution than EEG, requires large machine and special room records mag fields produced by electrical currents in brain measured by "squids" MEGa SQUIDS are invasive

utilitarian organization

members are paid for efforts

normative org

members come together through shared goals ex. religion

coercive org

members dont have a choice about membership ex. military/prison

schema

mental blueprint containing common aspects of world

freudian slip

mental conflict ex. financially stressed pt might say dont give me any bills (menat ot say pills)

somatic symptom disorder

mental disorder manifesting in physical symptoms fx impairments may or may not be able to explain it

heuristics

mental shortcut, dont guaruntee correct solution but simplify complex problems

MKO (more knowledgeable other)

mentor/tutor to help with dialogue and learning

persuasion

method for atitude change

folkways

mildest type of norm common rules/manners ex. opening door to help someone

assimilation

minority group is absorbed into the majority

intercolonialism

minority group is segregated and exploited

lewis Terman

modified Binet's test and added teenagers and adults used as a measure for immigrants b/c not predictive for US children b/c French-based

mimicry

monarchs poisonous bu tother butterflies use same pattern

communism

moneyless community all property owned by community

marriage

monogamy

substance-induced disorders

mood/sleep disorders

Superego

moral conscience develops at age 4 internalization of cultural ideas and parental sanctions morals inhibits sexual and aggressive impulses

Kohlberg- Heinz Dilemma

moral theory of development based on cognitive development the way moral reasoning changes as people grow broke into chemists office to get the cancer drug for his wife 3 levels each 2 subtypes 1) pre-conventional= obedience vs. punishment (i would cheat if i knew i wouldnt get caught) and individualism/exchange and self-interest (ill let you copy mine if you do my homework), preschool 2) conventional= societal norms/acceptance (im not going tell because i want her to like me) and law/order (you cant do that ibecause the teacher said so ), old elementary school 3) post-conventional= social contract (in this case the rule might be wrong) and universal ethical principle (you shouldnt lie because it violates the golden rule), college, stage 6 is rare

environmental injustice

more burden compared to wealthier parts

facial attraction

more important than body attraction also averageness is attractive

modernization

more info available to public, less emphasis on religion

kin selection

more likely to act altruistically to close kin

group size

more likely to conform in groups of 3-5

public declaration

more likely to follow through if you already told everyone

secondary deviance

more serious severe negative reaction

polyandry

more than 1 husband

polygyny

more than 1 wife

existential self

most basic sense of being separate and distinct from others

iron rule of oligarchy

most demogratic orgs become more bureaucratic over timed until governed by select few

gray matter

most of the neuron somas

recency bias

most recent actions ar eimportant and emphasize performance

zone of proximal development

most sensitive instruction given here link b/w can't do and can do

socialism

motivated by what benefits society as a whole common ownership of production focusing on human needs and basic economic demands

parkinson's disease

motor abnormalities slow movement and trouble initiating movement tremor substantia nigra is less dark suggesting only one type of neuron involved--- loss of dopamine neurons basalganglia is where substantia nigra is striatum gets info from basal ganglia lewy bodies alpha synuclin= normal protein in brain but also in lewy bodies and clumped together in parkinson's disease

frontal lobe

motor cortex= body movements prefrontal cortex= executive fx, surprise/direct other areas of brain

cerebellum

motor plan coordinates movement position sense info maintain balance

basic brain fx

motor, sensory, automatic (reflexes)

swimming reflex

move arms/legs in water in swimming motion involuntarily hold breath

urbanization

movement of people from rural to urban areas

emigration

movement of people out of a country

suburbanization

movemetn away from city to get a larger home can result in city fall

devindividuation

much easier to behave badly toward individuals who suffer from deindividuation (loss of self)

prototypical emotional episode

multiple co-occuring components

white matter

myelinated axons

ethnic village

native culture brought here when people were immigrants ex. chinatown, little italy

depressive disorders

negative modd mood disorders becomes affect

ectoderm

nervous system, sweat glands, hair, skin, outer layer of skin (Nerv and outer)

modified semantic network

network develops based on experience and knowledge spreading activation= all brain areas are connected

social capital

networks of relationships among people who live and work in a particular society

neustress

neutral type of stress exposed to something stressful but doesnt actively affect you

retroactive interference

new learning impairs old info "that's so retro, im so old i forget old things"

universally recognizable emotions

newborns have the same emotions as grown ups

primary deviance

no big consequences

selection bias

no deception in the study, so may have been a reflection of the type of person who would want to sign up for this study was the sampling really random?

timing

non-adapting= constant firing rate, temp slow-adapting= neuron fires in beginning and calms down after a while, pressure/pain fast-adapting= fires as soon as stimulus starts then stops firing then starts again when the simulus stops, proprioception, and some pain

permisive/indulgent parenting

non-directive and lenient

cultural capital

non-financial social assets that promote social mobility beyond economic means

broca's aphasia

non-fluent aphasia broken speech apraxia (disorder of motor planning) problem producing speech

learned bx

non-inherited, extrinsic, permutable, adaptable, progressive

assortative mating

nonrandom mate with certain pheno/geno

animal lang

nonverbal cues visual cues

locus coerculus

norepinephrine

mores

norms based on moral belief/value ex. truthfulness

laws

norms that have formal consequences

hypoventillation disorder

not able to ventilate lungs fully and remove all co2 high co2 can cause r sided heart failure

sleep

not aware of self of world around you EEG measure brainwaves a, b, d, t BAT-D beta= 12-30 Hz, awake/concentration (if awake for too long beta levels get high and inc stress anxiety alpha waves= 8-13 Hz, daydreaming state, disappear in drowsiness but reappear in deep sleep theta waves= 4-7 Hz, right after you fall asleep, light sleep delta wave= .5-3 Hz, deep sleep or coma

sexual orientation

not dependent on sex or gender of a person

newborn relflexes

not much control over body some motor skills like breathing, eyeblink, pupillary, swallowing

alzheimer's disease

nrusons die off so cerebral cortex shrinks progressive disorder

acetylcholine

nuclei in frontal lobe release to cerebral cortex

chi-square

null vs alternative hypothesis

migration

number of people moving permanently

dictatorship

obedience to authority

ethology

observation of animal bx called overt bx

hawthorne effect

observer effect reactivity in which individuals modify or improve aspects of their bx in response to being observed

OCD and related

obsessions= involuntary thoughts compulsions= activities one must do related to an obsession

steric theory/shape theory of olfaction

odors fit into receptors similar to lock-and-key

formal sanction

officially recognized and enforced

disengagement theory

older adults and society separate more self-absorbed wtih age

mechanism of olfaction

olfactory molecule binds to GPCR receptor on olfactory receptor cell then G protein dissociates causeing binding to ion channel which allows outside ions to come in triggering AP which goes to cribiform plate to glomerulus to mitral cell which then synapses on the brain 1000 dif olfactory receptors which all send projections to a glomerulus specialized for their scent ** skips the thalamus!! (only scent)

adrenal gland

on top of kidney ACTH acts on adrenal cortex (steroids, glucocorticoids) and medulla (catecholamines)

12-18 months

one word per month

5 factor model

openness conscientiousness extroversion agreeableness neuroticism OCEAN

Skinner

operant conditioning reward/punishment to inc/dec bx

opiates

opiate= natural opioid= synthetic dec CNS fx work on dif neural mechanism from depressants ex. heroine, codine, morphine, vicodin treat pain because they mimic body's receptor sites for endorphins overlapping for anxiety to act on endorphin receptors euphoria pupils constrict

peptide neurotrans

opiods

spatial mismatch

opportunities for low-income people in segregated communities may be present but farther away and harder to access

routes of drug entry

oral= slow, GI tract, 30 mins inhalation= faster, 10 seconds, straight to brain injection= most direct, fastest, dangerous transdermal= into skin, ex. nicotine patch, drug must be potent, slow intramuscular= slow or fast, epipen, vaccines

nonassociative learning

organism is repeatedly exposed to one type of stimulus ex. habituation and sensitization

bureaucratization

orgs become governed by law/policy

public conformity

outwardly conform but you retain your own beliefs

gonads

ovareis and testes FSH/LH stimulation releases sex hormones progesterone/estrogen adn testosterone

cities

over 50,000 people

metropolic

over 500,000 people

fundamental attribution error

over attribution of others bx to internal causes under-recognize the situation/social problems and blame the person for their own problems

operant extinction

over time your dog may not sit every time you give the command

posterior pituitary

oxytocin and ADH (antidiuretic/vasopressin)

pain/temp

pain= nociception temp= thermoception SLOW adapting temp= TRPV1 recpetor, causes conformational change in protein, release caspacian to bind to receptor nerve fibers: A-beta= fast and thick, myelinated A-delta= small, myelinated, medium C fibers= small and unmyelinated, slow

meissner corpuscle skin

papillary dermis no hair constantly firing light touch, flutter, light

merkel disk

papillary dermis sustained stimulus light touch/pressure/fine details/small receptive field

secondary group

parents work rienfds, distant family

internalization of roles

participants incorporated their roles into beliefs

heredity

passing on traits

relapse

patient slips and goes back to dependence

proximal stimuli

patterns of stimuli from objects and events that actually reach your senses

classical conditioning

pavlov learning where innate response to potent stimulus becomes elicited by a previously neutral stimulus

gate-keeping

pcoress by which a small number of people arne corporations control what info is presented int eh media

oxytocin

peer bonding and moderates stress response stronly linked to estrogen so response is stronger in women

conformity

peer pressure tendency to bring bx in line w group norms

social constructionism- Berger

people actively shape their reality through social interactions/agreement ex. nations/books dont exist in absence of human society self is a social construct

empathy-altruism hypoth

people are altruistic due to empathy

reciprocal altruism

people are more cooperative if they interact with that person again in the future, expecation of future reward

rational choice theory

people are not only motivated by money but also what's best to get better people are acting as if weighing the costs and benefits 3 assumptions: 1- completeness (every action can be ranked) 2- transitivity (A>B, B>C, therefore A>C) 3- independence of irrelevant lternatives (if you have a 4th option, wont change the order of how the first 3 were ranked)

rational choice theroy

people compare pros and cons of dif courses of action and pick the one that is best fo rthemselves

social influence theory of hypnosis

people do and report what's expected of them, like actors caught in their roles

bystander effect

people feel less inclined to take action in the presence of a group large group more bystander effect

rural rebound

people get sick of cities and move back to rural areas

rational choice theory- medicine

people run the med system and will make decisions that benefit themselves more than the random sick stranger affects why people go to the doc or not

4 main points of culture

people share culture in society culture is adaptive= evolves over tiime culture builds on itself it is stransmitted= from gen to gen

continuity theory

people try to maintain same basic sructure through lifetime as you age make decisions that preseve that structure

optimum arousal theory

people want to reach full arousal/alertness

social reproduction

people with rich parents end up wealthy themselves they have financial capital and can invest to obtain social capital

external locus of control

perceive outside forces that help to control your face that test was unfair

emotional intelligence

perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions in interactions

stress management

perceived control optimism social support exercise meditation religion cognitive flexibility coping

heritability

percentage of variation of traits due to genes

constancy

perception of object doesnt change despite image on retina changing, we are smarter, size/shape/color constancy

place theory

perception of sound depends on where each freq produces vibrations along the basilar membrane pitch determined by the place it bivrates tonotopic organisation

operational span testing

perform math then read a word and recall test max number of words they can recall is the operational span

insomnia

persistent trouble falling or staying asleep taking meds leads to dependence and tolerance

displacement

person gets mad at husband when in reality she's mad at the child

overt orienting

person turns body to maximize sensory impact

social identity theory

personal identity and social identity

behaviorist theory

personality as result of olearned bx patterns based on environmnet deterministic observable and measure

Erikson- Psychosocial development theroy

personality development throughout entire lifespan each stage must overcome conflict 8 stages

Psychoanalytic theory: Freud

personality shped by childhood experiences of unconscious thoughts/desires childhood and unconscious deterministic

PKU

phenylketonuria mutation in liver enzyme PAH phenylalanine doesnt get converted to tyrosine so buildup of phenylalanine causing brain problems no diet coke

phonology

phonetic component, "sound system" 40 phenomes

material culture

physical aspects of daily life food and houses

spouse abuse

physical or psychological

darwin and evolution

physical traits can be selected for behaviors can be selected for

child abuse

physically abused

Schachter-Singer two factor theory of emotion

physiological and cognitive responses simultaneously form experience of emotion

3 components of emotion

physiological= hr inc, muscle tense when surprised cognitive= mental assessments that include appraisal of what is happening behavioral= emotions produce dif bx responses like body language or facial expression

core affect

pleasure, tension, energy exists in isolation or as a component of moods and emotions

institution

police, hospital, business create rules conservative= institutions as a natural byproduct of human nature progressive= artificial creations that need to be redesigned if they are not helpful

glass ceiling effect

poorly represented in higher position in comapies females

meso-level

pop is between macro and micro

stage 2

pop rises as death rate decreases (inc food and health care) early expanding pyramid model

stage 4

pop stabilizes birth and death rates are low low stationary pyramid

demographic transition

pop will eventually stop growing when country transitions from high birth to low birth rate to stabilize population occurs in industrialized countries

positive reinforcement

positive reward for doing a bx incentive theory

eustress

positive stress that happens when you perceive a situation as challenging but motivating usually enjoyable

PET

positron emission tomogrpahy can't give structural detail but combine with CAT and MRI inject glucose into cells and see which ones are more active when given it requires swallowing a radioactive tracer low resolution

fecundity

potential reproductive capability of a female

prejudice

preconceived opinion or emotions towards a group

wernicke's encephalopathy

precursor to korsakoff's syndrome

secondary trait

preference or attitude

brain changes in adolescence

prefrontal cortex develops amygdala, hypothalamus grow to develop limbic system corpus callosum changes in association with language/learning

audition (sound)

pressure wave stimuli and hair cell pinna= outer ear auditory canal tympanic membrane= eardrum malleus/incus/stapes (ossicles) hits the oval window and vibrates back and forth and moves fluid in the cochlea cochlea filled with hair cells round window is at other end of cochlea and it pushes out organ of corti= basilar and tectorial membrane, push up and down hair cells= move back and forth and generate electrical impulse outer ear= pinna and ear drum middle ear= ossicles inner ear= cochlea and semicircular canals

implicit

previosu experiences help you perform the task without conscious awareness of these previous experiences priming procedural memory= ex. riding a bike conditioning, unconsciou, motor skills, habits

puberty

primary sex characteristics grow (genitalia) males have voice change, females have breasts/hips, underarm pubic hair in both

primary vs in group

primary= social group in group=- group you are affiliated with

back stage

private area of our lives

capitalism

private ownership of production w/ market economy based on supply and demand

adaptive coping/positive coping

proactive coping anticipation= reduce stress by anticipating what it will be like social support meaning-focused coping= derive meaning from stressful experience relaxation, nutrition, sleep, humor

conversion disorder

prob with speech/swallowing/seizures/paralysis can't explain these symptoms incompatible w/ known neuro or mental conditions

stress

process by which we appraise and cope with environmental threads and challenges

immature defence mech

projection passive aggression

hormones: sex

prolactin related to sex gratification and relieving arousal after orgasm endorphins post-orgasm oxytocin after orgasm to facilitate bonds

schizophrenia and psychotic disorders

psychosis delusions hallucinations disorganized thinking

Broca's area

pt had a loss of speech but no other disorder

factitiuos disorder

pt wants to be sick falsify or disease their signs to get tx aka Munchausen's syndrome

adolescence

puberty (2 year long process of sexual maturation) 11 females 13 males

6-11 months

pull up to standing

negative sanction

punishment for violating normas

repression

push thoughts to unconscious

Maslow's hierarchy of needs

pyramid bottom is physiological= food, water, sleep safety= employment, health love self-esteem self-actualization= reach max potential

racialization

racial identity ascribed to a minority group

cults

radical, reject values of outside society

right brain

random intuitive holistic synthesizing subjective looks at whole think mom

REM

rapid eye movement stage eyes move but other muscles are paralyzed dreaming most important for memory consolidation formation of episodic memories combo of alpha, beta, and desynchronous waves BATS- drink blood (beta alpha theta sleep-spingle/k-comples delta beta) paradoxical sleep because brain is active but body is paralyzed if you wake up during REM you remember your dream

nativist

rationalist, language must be innate

kinesis

rats scurry in dif directions w/ no purpose of movement

dependency theory

reaction to modernization theory peripheries export resources to core

fundamentalism

reaction to secularization strict religious beliefs

egg cell

really big, not mobile 10,000X bigger than sperm outer coating= zona pellucida that layer made of glycoproteins (prot w branching sugar chains)

cognitive declines as you age

recall episodic memory processing speed divided attention

whole report technique

recall elements from original display in proper spatial location 35% correct whole report is limited by memory system with capacity of 4-5 items

cross tolerance

reducion in efficacy or responsiveness to novel drug due to common CNS target tolerance to drug with similar effect

pons

reglates walking and relaxing PONds picture a relaxing cons

circadian rhythm

regular body rhythms acorss 24 hour period controlled by melatonin from pineal gland control body temp/sleep daylight is a big que it changes as you age

medulla

regulate autonomic activity of heart and lungs

pancreas

regulates blood sugar

thyroid

regulates body metabolism growth and development

variable-interval

reinforced after a variable number of time has passed

fixed-ratio

reinforcement occurs after a fixed # of responses ex. gets bonus after selling 5 cars

variable ratio

reinforcemetn delivered after avg number of right responses has occured can't predict when he will get a bonus ** most effective (ex. slot machine)

motion parallax

relative motion, things farther move slower, things closer move faster

hypnotism

relax and focus on breathing, more susceptible to suggestion in this state more alpha waves, awake but relaxed state

adrenal medulla

release catecholamines (epi, norepi) tyrosine derivatives develop from ectoderm

adrenal cortex

release cortisol CORTex CORTisol steroid hormone, redistribute glucose energy in teh body and suppresses immune system developed by endoderm

serotonin

released by lots of nuclei from all over brainstem called raphe nuclei

minnesota study of heritability

religiosity in MZ= .49 correlation personality in MZ= .5 correlation info processing speed in MZ= .5 correlation intelligence in MZ= .69 correlation

bipolar II

remains hypomania and one major depressive episode

negative reinforcement

removal of negative stimulus to encourage a response drive-reduction theory

mere exposure effects

repeated exposure to novel people or obj increases our liking for them

partial report technique

report one part of the whole field in cued recall, 75% of visual display accessible to memory

stress and reproduction

reproduction gets shut down during stress response FSH/LH and estrogen/progesterone levels are inhibited

complex emotions

require person expressing that emotion to understand and be aware of him/herself

endogenous/internal cues

requires internal knowledge top-down or internal events ex. cocktail party effect

self-esteem

respect and regard one has for one self self worth is greater than self-esteem

fixed-interval

response rate is slower get pay check every 2 weeks

prefrontal cortex

responsible for higher order functions executive control Phineas Gage= iron rod through prefrontal cortex, after he was rude, rough, behaved inappropriately

parasympathetic ns

rest and digest pupils constrict inc salivation, dec resps

cochlear implants

restores hearing from "nerve deafness"= sensorineural hearing loss problem with conduction of sound waves receiver goes to stimulator which reaches cochlea, transmitter gets electrical info from speech processor through the microphone, then sent to stimulator into cochlea and convert the signal

ruffinis ending

reticular dermis sustained stimulus deep stretch displacement

urban renewal

revammpin old parts of town

positive sanctions

reward for conforming to norms

incentive theory

reward presented after the occurentce of an actin w/ intention of causing the bx to occur again ex. doing well at work and getting propmoted positive reinforcement

mechanism of vision

rhodopsin in the rods, has a cis-retinal molecule when light hits it the light hits rhodopsin and causes retinal to change to trans-retinal then transducin (a, b, g) breaks off from rhodopsin and a subunit binds to phosphodiesterase PDE converts cGMP to GMP, * when light hits, lower cont of cGMP and inc conc of GMP Na+ ions open and cmoe in when low cGMP conc it closes Na+ channels and turns cell OFF, hyperpolarizes the cell then OFF center or ON center bipolar cells when rods are turned off due to light, ON center bipolar cells are activated photopic= high levels of light mesoptic= dawn/dusk, rods and cones scotopic= very low light ** way more rods than cones rods= slow-adapting cones= fast-adapting

clonus

rhythmic contractions of antagonist muscle foot goes involuntarily up and odwn

bourgeoisie

rich upper class

reticular formation

role in autonomic fx (resp, digestion) "tickle" alertness and motivation neuron somas scattered throughout the brainstem

2-5 months

roll over

malthusian theorem

run out of resources, global food shortage wont be able to maintain natural resources for everyone on planet negative growth rate eventually

muscle stretch reflex

same side afferent and efferent knee jerk response hammer hits tendon right below knee cap and hooks onto lower leg bone on one end muscle spindles

rote rehearsal

say same thing over and over again least effective

framing effects

saying 2/3 change no one would be saved or 1/3 no one dies

foragin

search for food solitary or group

stress and metabolism

secretes cortisold and glucagon which converts glycogen to glucose glucose inc in body so can cause heart disease

Erikson stages

see all 8

misleading info

see car crash video and asked how fast they were going when asked when "hit" or "smashed"

personality disorders

see next cards

hallucinogen/psychedelics

seeing/hearing things heighted sensations feeling of connectedness/mood swings ex. mescaline, peyote, PCP, LSD, psilocybin modifies serotonin neurotransmission especially serotonin receptor pupil dilation

confirmation bias

seekin out info that supports your view

daily hassles

seemingly minor events of daily life ex. forgetting car keys, aggravating roommates

selective attention

selecting one thing at a time (studying vs. TV)

Deutch and Deutch's late selection theory

selective filter after perceptual processes do register and assign meaning to everything but then the selective filter determines what eventually reaches conscious awareness

both Rogers and Maslow

self-concept congruency

stereotype threat

self-fulfilling fear that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype

self-concept

self-identity how someone thinks/perceives/evaluates themselves

Carl Rogers- Humanistic theory

self-image= what we believe we are self-esteem= how much value we place on others ideal-self= what we wish to be

cognitive improvement

semantic crystallized intelligence emotional reasoning

olfaction

sends info to olfactory bulb veromonasal system basal cells and apical celsl and have receptors at the tips basal hair cell receptors send axons to glomerulus then to mitral celsl then to brain involves amygdala= emotion, in temporal lobe signal binds to receptor which binds to GPCR and causes depolarization humans dont have accessory olfactory bulb like some animals have cribiform place= bone with holes that allow olfactory sensory to send projections to brain right above it is the olfactory bulb

critical period- Chomsky

sensitive period from birth to age 8/9 most able to learn language LAD only operates in this period transformationalist grammar: dif ways that words can be arranged to convey the same info

thalamus

sensory fx higher brain fx

thalamus

sensory relay station then sends it to the right area of the cortex smell bypasses the thalamus

institutional discrimination

separating black and white schools

raphe nuclei

serotonin

Max Weber

several factors moderate people's reactions to inequality class, status, power

split-brain patient

severing of corpus callosum used for seizure treatment

paraphillic disorder

sexual arousal to unusual stimuli

informational support

share info or give advice

Kitty Genovese

she was stabbed and raped and robbed while there were 38 witnesses no one took action

panic disorder

sheet panic and intense fear heart palpatations

working memory

short term memory 7 +/- 2 pieces of info at a time stored while it is held in attention serial position effects (primacy and recency)

rat taste aversion

sick= stop eating sugar sick= dont pair it with beep/light shock= no aversion to sweet shock= aversion to environment of beep/light sick- eat injured/shock- environbment

significant life change

sig change to personal life ex. death of loved one, marriage, loss of job

somatic symptom

similar to illness unrelated to mental disorder but of psycological origin ex. abdominal pain w/o medical condition

monarchy

single person in charge

5-8 months

sit up

themoreceptor

skin, hypothalamus heat, cold, certain food chemicals

N3

slow wave sleep, very difficult to awaken delta waves where sleep walking happens declarative memory consolidation

oligarchy

small group having control of a country/org/institution

sects

smaller and established in protest of established church break away from church

mead

social behaviorism mind and self emerge through process of communicating with others 1) preparatory sage= interaction through imitation 2) play stage= pretend play and role-taking 3) game stage= multiple roles, generalized order of society, leads to "i" and "me" I= response of individual to the "me" me= what we learn through ix with others, social self actual self= balance b/w I and me

gender

social construct not fixed or innate based on identity and expression (gender they express)

race

social construct that puts people into groups based on observed or perceived differences in physical traits

weak social constructionism

social constructs are dependent on brute facts and institutional facts

interactionist approach- Vygotsky

social interaction approach bio and social factors have to interact for children to learn langauge

mass society theory

social movements would only form for people seeking refuge from main society people who joined social movements were dysfunctional, irrational people only join to satisfy a need for involvement ex. nazis theory did not persist

avoidance

social withdrawl compulsive stimulation-seeking addictive self-soothing psychological withdrawal

gender differences

socially construct created via socialization society passes down norms

Emile Durkheim- functionalism

society is heading towards equilibrium macro focus on social structure and society shape as a whole balance between institutions and social facts

conflict theory

society is made of institutions that benefit power and create inequalities, large groups are at odds til conflict is resolved macro

symbolic interactionism

society is product of everyday interaction

parietal lobe

somatosensory cortex touch/pain/pressure broca's area

frustration aggression hypothesis

someone getting frustrated can lead to prejudice based on emotions towards minorities

proactive interference

something you learned in the past impairs future learning

animal communication

sound chemical signals touch/movement visual

temporal lobe

sound wernicke's area

stage 5

speculation world pop will be forced to stabilize

fertilization

sperm and egg meet sperm binding --> acrosome reaction --> cortical reaction --> genetic transfer (SAC, G)

sperm binding

sperm comes in contact with zona pellucida

proprioception

spindle receptor/sensor located in muscles cognitive awareness of body in space is subconscious kinaesthesia= movement of body, behavioral

spacing

spread out study sessions

reflex

squinting/blinking

10-14 months

stand on own

5-10 months

stand with support

norms

standards for what bx are acceptable and which arent depend on context

working backward

start at goal state and figure out how to get to current state

stepping reflex

start stepping as if trying to walk when feet touch the ground

monro reflex

startle reflex disappear 4-6 months

factor analysis

stat method that categorizes and determines the major categories of traits allport's theory does not use thsi but the others do

ascribed status

status you can't change, given from birth ex. son of royal family

achieved status

status you earn ex. olympic athlete

self-fulfilling prophecy

stereotypes can lead to bx that affirm the original stereotypes city dwellers are rude= cognition, stereotyping i dont like them= affective, prejudice i will avoid them= behavioral, discrimination

social constructionism- medicine

stereotypes on both sides pt feel that symptoms arent important enough to mention, doctor makes false assumptions

what if we put salty receptor inside a sweet cell?

still interprets it as a sweet signal because the cell will be depolarized by the salty ion channel opening but then it fires to the sweet glomerulus

MDMA

stimulant or hallucinogen

subliminal stimuli

stimuli below the absolute threshold of sensation

counterconditioning

stimulus substitution conditioning an unwanted bx into a wanted bx used to treat aggression/fears/ phobias

hierarchical semantic network

store info at highest category possible

richard lazarus- appraisal theory of stress

stress arises less from physical events but more from assessment/interpretation of those events

basal forebrain

striatum, nucleus accumbens, nucleus basalis, septal nuclei produce acetylcholine cholinergic output of CNS

authoritarian parenting

strict, break will of child, punishment

authoratative

strict, consistent, loving, issue-oriented

morphology

structure of words composed of morphemes (smallest significant meaning of a word)

society

structure that provides organization for people

ways of studying brain

structure vs. function

Ebbinghaus

studied decay, forgetting rate is very fast but if you remember it after initial stages it levels out relearning happens savings= foundation of memory exists even though he cound't produce it

ethnography

study of people and places

Zimbardo Prison Study- Stanford

study on conformity/obedience how socio norms/conventions can influence bx of participants playing the roles of prisoners/guards had to stop experiment early b/c people got so caught up in roles 18 students randomly assigned to be prison guards or prisoners guards were told they couldnt physically harm prisoners but could create fear/loss of privacy prisoners cursed at guards guards used fire extinguishers and forced them to strip down and sprayed them situation escalated half of the prisoners left from mental breakdowns prisoners were volunteers and could have left at any time but they didnt

stress reaction

subsequent physical and emotional response

collectivist cultures

success attributed to external factors failure to internal factors ex. africa/asia

sucking relfex

suckks on any object in its mouth

one general intelligence

suggested by research just like general athleticism

conceptual act model of emotion

suggests that emotions are not biologically hardwired but instead emerge in consciousness in the moment

master status

supercedes other id traits ex. woman feels her role as om is more important than role as woman she will likely id as a mom

peripheral route of persuasion

superficial/non-verbal persuasion cues such as attractiveness of persuader

divided attention

switching attn between 2 tasks rather than doing them simultaneously, when performing 2 tasks which require attn simultaneously

token economy

system of bx modification based on prizes and token reinforcements

negative punishment

take away something to decrease the chance itll happen again ex. take away license so they can't drive

negative reinforcement

take away something to inc tendency of bx

spotlight model of attention

take info from 5 senses but dont pay attention to everything aware of things unconsciously, like priming

elaboration likelihood model

target characteristics are important

systematic desensitization

teaching client to replace anxiety with relaxation good for phobias

wernicke's area

temporal sound processing, understanding

effort justification

tend to give greater value to outcome if they put in a lot of effort to acquire it ex. go to med school b/c they worked so hard

generaliztion

tendency of stimulus similar to CS to elicit a conditioned response adaptive value

halo effect

tendency that people have inherently good/bad natures rather than looking at individual characteristics

foot in the door phenomenon

tendency to agree to small actions first how we are brainwashed

fudnamental attribution error

tendency to believe that others in out-groups behave a certain way based on inherent personalities/flaws attributing character too strongly to explain another group's actions

traditionism

tendency to follow authority common in twins

social loafing

tendency to put in less effort in a group task when individual contributions aren't evaluated

serial position effects

tendency to remember first few items and last few items and those in the middle are worse

role conflict

tension b/w more 2 or more dif statuses ex. husband or dad

Friedman and Rosenman anger

testing that stress is associated wtih inc vulnerability to heart disease type A= easily angered, aggressive, competetive type B= easy going most with heart attacks later were type A

convergent validity

tests that constructs that are expected to be related are in fact related

discriminant validity

tests that constructs that should have no relationship do in fact not have a relationship

self-serving bias

that we could never commit acts like this

reference groups

the groupto which people refer in evaluating themselves we are always looking for an external group that aligns with our beliefs group an individual compares himself to for self-evaluation

social facilitation

the most likely outcome will occur in a social situation ex. if bad at piano and play infront of group, you will plya worse opposite if you are really good

emotions as discrete systems

theories regarding universal emotions

shadowing task

theory of selective attention wear headphones and have different sounds in each ear told to repeat everything said in one ear and ignore the other

maladaptive coping/negative coping

they reduce symptoms while maintaining and strengthening the disorder dissociation, sensitization, safety bx, anxious avoidance, escape PTSD

self-referencing

think about how it relates to you personally preparing to teach

evolutionary game theory

those with best fitness to environment will survive and pass on to offspring

universalism

thought determines langauge completely

cognitive

thought process drives bx

evolutionary biology theory of dreams

threat simulation to prepare for real world, problem solving, no purpose

stressor

threatening/challenging event

implosive theory

throw Anna in a room with 1000 spiders, so if they survive they realize the fear is irrational often produces a lot of anxiety

lesion studies

tissue removal radiofreq lesions neurochemical lesions= most precise way cortical cooling= cryogenic blockage, cool neurons til they stop firing

memory consolidation dream theory

to conolidate memories in deep sleep

pleasure principle

to gain pleasure or avoid pain

DA in VTA to

to nucleus acumbens, amygdala, hippocampus reward, motivation, positive symptoms of schizophrenia

Ainsworth strange situation exp

to understand stranger anxiety secure attachment= child would explore the room w/ mom, then when mom left the child because really distressed insecure attachment= child would cling to mom and did not explore, when mother left became distressed, distress did not go away when she came back

microculture

too small to support peopel throughout their lifespan

meditation

training to regulate attention and awareness mind wanders or guided more alpha waves than normsl inc activity in prefrontal cortex, right anterior insula, and increased attention control

visual sensory info

transduction= light energy transformed to electrical energy by rods and cones violet (400 nm)- red (700 nm) 120 million rods 6 million cones - cones are red, green, blue

encoding

transfer info from temporary storage to long-term memory

T&Cs

transnational corporations cross borders to take opportunities they can find in dif countries to manufacture/distribute/market ex. mcdonalds

gastrulation

trilaminar disk germ layers form ecto, meso, endoderm

stage 1

trust vs mistrust 1 is bun 0-1 years hope -= fear/suspicion

retreival

try to remember memory of something you learned before

disruptive, impulsive-control, conduct disorders

unacceptably disruptive no impulse control

reaction formation

uncon feelings that make them do the complete opposite

freud theory of dreams

unconscious thoughts and desires that need to be interpreted, little scientific support manifest content= what actually happens in the dream latent content= hidden meaning of the dream, interpretation

learned helplessness

uncontrolled bad events can lead to perceived lack of control which leads to helpless bx

source traits

underlying personality

social dysfunction

undesirable consequences and reduces stability of soceity

conflict ehroyr- medicine

unequal access to medical care poorer get sicker

discrimination

unjust treatment of group of people

informal sanction

unofficially recognized and does not result in specific punishment

hypothesis of relative deprivation

upsurge in prejudice when people are deprived of something they feel entitled to

top-down processing

use background knowledge to influence perception, ex. where's waldo theory driven, deductive reasoning ex creating a cube image when its not there based on the tricky image

substance/addictive disorders

use of substances that affect mental fx alcohol, caffeine, cannabis, hallucinogens, inhalants, opioids

aversive conditioning

used to stop a bx pairing a habit that needs to be broken with an unpleasant stimulus

methadone

used to treat heroine addiction because activates opiate receptors but more slowly so dampens the high and reduces the craving nicotine for tobacco addiction meds block reward centers for alcoholics

sex: sociocultural

varied sex response due to age, culture, stimulus, desires

basilar tuning

varying hair cells in cochlea apex hears low freq base hears high freq base is first then apex is at the end

reality principle- freud

you need to sacrifice short term reward and replace it with long term gratification

alertness

you're awake, focus attention

state-dependent

your state at time of encoding makes a difference

embryogenesis

zygote 1 cell--> 2 cell --> 4 cell --> 8 cell--> 16 cell --> 32 cells

group meeting

AA, 12-step program 3 categories: acceptance surrender active involvement helpful for alcohol

cluster B

ABHNADO antisocial borderline histronic narcissistic

other nt

ACh

cluster C

ADO avoidant dependent obsessive-compulsive

Bandura's social cognitive theory

AM I Motivated attention memory imitation motivation

somatosensory neurons

afferent in muscle spindles form excitatory synapses in spinal cord w another neuron in spinal cord to excite skeletal muscle cells to contract LMN

postterm

after 42 weeks

trauma/stressor-related disorders

after traumatic event mood/emotional/bx abnormalities

age stratificatin theory

age is way of regulating bx of a generation

overcompensation- maladaptive

aggression/hostility dominance/self-assertions recognition-seeking manipulation passive-aggressive/rebellion excessive orderliness

life course theory

aging begins from the time you are born until you die developental process and experiences in life

insight

aha moment

inattentional blindness

aka perceptual blindness aren't aware of things not in our visual field psychological lapse in attention miss seeing fire extinguisher because your attention is elsewhere

addiction

alcohol/tobacco impairment of frontal cortex

modernization theory

all countries follow similar path of development from traditional to modern society

theory of intersectionality

all levels of discrimination should be considered not just calss but also race/ethnicity

old brain

all occur outside of our awareness brainstem and pons/medulla

psychoactive drugs

alter consciousness and perceptions inc mood, calm us down, 4 main categories

ill-defined problems

ambiguous, no ovbious goal, ex how to live a happy life

bipolar and related disorders

amnormal negaive moddo with periods of positive called mania

anxiety

amygdala fear/phobia flight aspect of symp response

theory of multiple intelligences- Robert Sternburg

analytical (academic and problem solving)= IQ score (avg 100, sd= 15), high analytical tend to do best in school creative (adapt to new situations and generate new ideas) practical (sole ill-defined problems) no correlation w/ better mariages or better parenting

social psychology

analyzes situational aproach to bx and emphasizes influence of social phenomena

ghettoes

area where specific racial, ethnic, relgiious minoritis are cocentratied

aging

as we get older 5x more likely to use health services

cultural relativism

assessing culture by its own standards rather than through the lens of your culture

primary appraisal

assessing stress in present situation 1) irrelevant 2) benign/positive 3) stressful/negative

extrinsic motivation

associated with rewards or obligated behavior

conduction aphasia

associative aphasia from damage to arcuate fasciculus can no longer conduct between listening and speaking can't repeat things even though they understand what's being said

ABC model of attitude

affect, bx, cognitive

alerting attention

affected by aging, norepinephrine modulates it in locus coerculus

epigenetics

changes in gene expressino from things other than DNA sequence (ex. methylation) epigenetics can override behavior

target characteristic

characteristics of listeners, mood, intelligence how well received

rooting reflex

cheek stroking and baby turns head, for nursing

pheromones

chemical signal to indicate an innate response to member of same species or another species

Freud- Psychoseual theory

child is most important age 5 stages if issues aren't resolved, fixation occurs

abuse through neglect

child's basic needs aren't met lack of supervision poor nutrition

learning (behaviorist theory)- BF Skinner

children acquire lang through operant conditioning say "mama" only bc every time they say that the mom reinforces the child

nativist perspective- Noam Chomsky

children are born with ability to learn language Noam Chomsky language acquisition device (LAD) that allows them to learn language universal grammar

Vygotsky- Sociocultural cognitive development theory

children learn actively through hands on processes

group status

children more liley to go along with populat group

associative learning

classical and operant conditioning

Pavlov

classical conditioning neutral stim with unconditioned stim to trigger involuntary response

well-defines problems

clear starting and end point clear criteria and goals

palmer grip reflex

close hand on anything that touches their palm

likelihood someone will obey

closeness to authority figure physical proximity legitimacy of authority figure institutional authority= well-respected university victim distance= further distance from victim depersonalization= victim made to seem less human role models for defiance= more likely to disobey when we see others do the same

conjunction fallacy

co-occurence of 2 instances is not more likely than 1 individually

depression: sociocultural factors

co-rumination= have friend w/ depression can make yours worse low SES child abuse depdent stressor

stereotype

cognition thoughts about members of another group

prejudice components

cognition prejuidice- affect discrimination

higher brain fx

cognition, emotions, consciousness

CBT

cognitive behavioral therapy psychological treatment for drug treatment cognitive and behavioral components of addiction develop positive thoughts patterns and coping bx

Piaget

cognitive development in children once kids are able to think a certain way, then they develop language to describe those thoughts and influences build object permanence= develop words like gone/missing sensorimotor stage= language begins preoperational stage= world is understood through language and mental imagery concrete operational stage= categories, logic, reasoning to understand the world

long tracts

collections of axons connecting cerebrum and brainstem

feature detection

color= trichromatic theory form= parvocellular, good spatial resolution, only detects stationary, cones motion= magnocellular, high temporal resolution, rods, no color paralell processing= detect all features at the same time

class system

combo of background and movement by education less stability

complex bx

combo of innate and learned ex. insects flying more efficiently

aphasia

communication disorder, prob with language, speaking, listening, reading, writing

dependency ratio

compare <14 and>65 to people 15-64

adoption studies

compare biological family to adopted family if environmetn plays a big role, similar to adoptive family

t test

compare means of continous variable between 2 groups

case-control study

comparing people w the disease to people without the disease

surrender-maladaptive

compliance/dependence

biological theory

components of personality are inherited and determined by genes

CAT

computerized axial tomography x-ray images with lower resolution than MRI faster than MRI, combined wtih radioactive dye to show structure and activity imposed in one image

cocktail party effect

concentrate on one voice in a crowd

opponent process theory

cones perceive 4 colors: red, green, blue, yellow red and green oppose each other, and blue and yellow oppose eachother b/w opponents only 1 color dominant at a time

vision

conjunctiva= thin layer inside eyelid cornea= thic sheet, bends light anterior chamber= filled with aqueous humour, maintain shape of eyeball pupil= opening in the iris, iris= color lens= bends light so it hits back of eyeball ciliary muscle= supersensory ligaments, and ciliary body secretes aqueous humor posterior chamber= behind lens vitreous chamber= filled with vitreous humor to provide pressure to eyeball retina= photoreceptors fovea= rich in cones, no rods macula= rich in cones too retina is primarily cones cones= bright, color rods= dim light choroid= blood vessels that nourish retina, black sclera= whites of eyes

long-term potentiation

connections between neurons strentchen, synaptic plasticity

corpus callosum

connects R and L hemisphere

brainstem

connects all parts of brain together including cranial nerves pons medulla reticular formation

coping

conscious effort to solve personal and interpersonal problems and seeking to master/minimize/tolerate stress or conflict effectiveness of coping depends on type of stress/conflict

ego

conscoius/unconscious, perceptions thoughts and judgments reality principle mediates demands of reality vs. desires of the Id the "self" who we believe ourselves to be

theory of planned bx

consider implications of intentions before we decide to behave

personality

constant over lifetime

internal capsule

contains corticospinal tract

context effects

context of how stimuli are presented influences how people perceive the stimuli

pluralism

encourage racial and ethnic variation

implantation

endometrium lining thickens forming valleys called crypt apposition= blastocyse attaches to endometrium large blood vessels grow synciotrophoblasts form villi and endometrium is growing

stimulants

enhance CNS, inc bp/hr, inc alertness caffeine, amphetamines (adderall), meth, MDMA, cocaine, nicotine, THC (marijuana) cocaine= can be used as anaesthetic causes vasodilation similar effect to stress inc glucose metabolism in brain cocaine: block dopamine reuptake amphetamines: block dopamine reuptake and stimulate presynaptic dopamine release, highly addictive, long term users lose ability to maintain normal dopamine levels in brain caffeine: inhibits enzyme that breaks down cAMP nicotine: acts on acetylcholine THC: works on anandamide, inc dopamine and GABA activity

source characteristics

environment aroudn the message speaker's background

behaviorism

environment controls us entirely

context

environment you encode in

nurture

environment/culture influence sleeping on back reduces SIDS diaper makes baby walk a little later

cortical reaction

enzymes in egg get ejected to zona pellucida that digest it to prevent other sperm from binding

acrosome reaction

enzyms leak into zona pellucida and digest it so sperm gets closer to plasma membrane of egg

bilamar disk

epiblast and hypoplast

autobiographical memory

episodes of individual's life

2 aversive controls in operant conditioning

escape avoidance

instinctual drift

established habits are replaced by innate food-related bx tendency of animal to revert to instinctual bx that interfere w/ conditioned response

church

established religious bodies in a larger society

secondary appraisal

evaluation of individual's ability to cope with the situation harm, threat, challenge

normative influence

even if you know what's right to do you do what the group's wants to avoid social rejection

attitude --> bx model

event triggers our attitude then w/ some outside knowledge it determines our behavior

distal stimuli

events out in world around you

peter principle

every employee in hierarchy keeps getting promoted until they reach elvel of incimpetence (cant get promoted any further b/c not good enough to)

functionalist

everyone required to have responsibility in soceity different labor values

Spearman's general intelligence

evidence from fact that people who score well on one test also tend to score well on other test types g factor= general intelligence

surface traits

evident in bx

speed up milestones

ex. lots of access to toys

individ discrimination

ex. science prof who doesnt let woman into his class

symbolic interactionism- George Herbert Mead

examines small scale social interactions, focus on how shared meaning is established micro subjectiv meaning language allows humans to generate meaning through ineractions

availability heuristic

examples that come to mind ex. more shark attacks perceived because of the new, but way more firework accidents in reality but less publicized

glutamate

excitatory neurotransmitter RAS (reticular activating system) required for consciousness

sex: biological Master and Johnson

excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution/refractory also genetically predisposed to sexuality

2 parts of self-concept

existential and categorical

thesis- marx

existing generally accepted state bourgeoisie ran factories and working class provided labor

Ludwig Gumplowicz

expanded on Marx proposed society is shaped by war/conquest and cultural conflicts leading to certain groups being dominant over others

sick role

expectation in society that allows you to take break from responsibilities

Lazarus theory

experience of emotion depends on how the situation is cognitively appraised (labelled) if we label emotion as good, it is positive if we label it as bad, it's negative LAzarus, LAbel

James-Lange theory of emotions

experience of emotion is due to perception of physiological response ex. you cry so you get sad

marshmallow test

experiment of self control given eat now they get it, if they wait 15 min they get 2! those who waited tended to have better life outcomes

diffusion of responsiblity

explains bystander theory feel less personal responsibility to take action

role strain

when you cant carry out all obligations of a status ex. when student is assigned too many projects and can tperform

withdrawal symptoms

when you dont have the drug feel depressed, because dec dopamine for cocaine sign you are addicted

tyranny of choice

when you have too much control result is information overload and decesion paralysis and increased regret

discrimination

when you learn to make response to some but not other stimuli

primitive stream forms

where epiblast cells begin to migrate

strong social constructionism

whole of reality is dependent on language and social haibts there are no brute facts

elaboration likelihood model for persuasion (ELM)

why/how persuasion

Harlow monkey exp

wire mother w milk and cloth mother prefered cloth mother secure base

dopamine-4 receptor

with more of these, tend to be throill seekers

gender inequality

woman subordination society is a patriarchy

gender opprssion

women are not only unequal to men but they are oppressed and subordinate

structural oppression

women oppression due to capitalism, patriarchy, racism parallel to conflict theory

negatives of incentive

workers abroad are exploited one of the impacts of globalization

see pg 195 if confused

yes

index of dissimilarity

0 is total segregation 100 is perfect distribution

oral stage

0-1 years, libido centered around mouth (rooting/sucking) oral stimulation

stage 1

0-2 years old sensorimotor stage, object permanence

Piaget's theory of development

1 is bun, 2 is shoe, 3 is tree, 4 is door

general adaptation syndrome (GAS) by Hans Selye

1) alarm phase= stress rxn kicks in, ready for fight or flight 2) resistance= fleeing, huddling, bp high, lots of cortisol exhaustion= if resistance isnt followed by recovery, body's stress resources are depleted and tissues become damaged

3 parts of external attribution

1- consistency 2- distinctiveness 3- consensus

Kelley's covariation model

1- consistency (time) 2- distinctiveness (situation) 3- consensus (people) high consistency, attribute to internal factors distinctiveness, relates to external factors consensus related to external factors (ex arriving late to a meeting with a group of 20 people)

social movement stages

1- idea 2- incipient stage= public takes notice fo situation deemed a problem 3- people organize a group 4- succeed in change or fail and no longer active

4 ways to reduce cognitive discomfort

1- modify cognitions 2- trivialize= make it seem less important 3- add= add more to make them seem more comfortable 4- deny

3 main types of innate bx

1- reflexes 2- orientation bx (ex changing speed in environment) 3- fixed-action pattern (FAP) coord movement without interuption

anal stage

1-3 years, centered arouns anus, toilet training, basis for competent/productive adults if fixation here, problems with orderliness/messiness

sleep apnea

1/20 people stop breathing while sleeping wake up to gasp for air snoring or fatigue after sleep

Bandora- Bobo doll experiment

Bobo Doll Experiment Bobo Al kids doing arts and crafts then suddenly man comes up and hits inflatable Bobo doll screaming hit it kick it gave impossible puzzle to solve to frustrate the kids research how the kids reacted to frustration people used this to argue to ban violent games and movies some kids were aggressive to the doll others weren't learning-performance distinction= learning a bx and performing it are different things

c'

C= strategy Celeste is always conservative always say no unless you are 100% sure the signal is present might get some misses liberal strategy= always say yes even if you get false alarms

brain structure tests

CAT and Magnets (MRI) used to make buildings

bipolar disorder

DIG FAST distractability insomnia grandiose fleeting thoughts agitation speech (pressured) thoughlessness (risky bx)

function tests

EEG can tell you info, MEG rhymes with EEG

Myers Briggs Personality test

ESTJ extravert, sensing, thinking, judgment INFP introvert, intuition, feeling, perception (I need the feeling of pain)

anterior pituitary gland

FLAT PEG FH, LSH, ACTH, TSH, Prolactin, Endorphins, GH

anxiety disorders

GAD, phobias

sweet/umami/bitter

GPCR receptors G proteins

Asch conformity study

Gestalt Psychologist 3 target lines and one actual line and you pick which one is the same height 75% conform to the wrong answer some normative influence= went along w group to avoid ridicule informational influence= they doubted their own responses and changes theirs bc thought groups was better perceptual error= believed answers by others were correct problems w study: all people from same pop, suspicious of the study, ecological validity (real world?), demand characteristics (change bx to match experimenter's expectations)

convergent intelligence

Guilford describe IQ test related to intelligence such as puzzles, vocab, and arithmetic

Weber's law

JND= just noticeable difference - threshold at which youre able to notice any change in sensation - 2 vs. 2.2 weight is noticeable dI= .1 (noticeable intensity difference) linear relationship betwen threshold and intensity I vs. dI= linear

contralateral control

L brain controls R body for everything except smell (ispilateral)

visual field

L field of vision hits the R side of both eyes (so the nasal side of L eye and the temporal side of R eye) then carried by optic nerve until they hit optic chiasm where they cross, only the nasal side crosses, from then on they are called the optic tract if you cut off the optic chiasm you get tunnel vision because if you cut R optic tract you lose all L field vision

class consciousness

Marx believed workers in working class dont realize they are being exploited and oppressed by capitalistic model

collective bx

NOT same as group bx involves short social interactions can be open have loose norms

megalopolis

NYC

adrenal glands

adrenal medulla adrenal cortex

cluster A

PSS paranoid schizoid schizotypal= odd beliefs/ magical thinking

prosody

R hemisphere concern wtih larger units of speech like syllables tone, stress, rhythm irony/sarcasm, emphasis, contrast, focus, grammar

operant conditioning

Skinner relation b/w bx and consequences

PTSD

TRAUMA traumatic event re-experience avoidance unable to fucntion month or more of symptoms arousal inc also repressed memories or unconsciously blocked out some believe they can be recovered

problems with Zimbardo study

Zimbardo acted as the warden but he compromised his objectivity he was not a neutral observer

fertility

ability to have babies

major depressive disorder

abnormal activity in frontal lobe and limbic structures raphe nuclei in brainstem for serotonin release locus coerculus for norepinephrine vta dopamine

cognitive symptoms

abnormal attn, understanding, planning, thinking, memory

sexual dysfunction

abnormalities in performance of sexual activity

dissociative disorders

abnormalities of identify or memory ex. multiple personalities

rational techniques when just world hypothesis is threatened

accept reality prevent or correct injustice

meritocracy

achieve status by ability and achievements highly idealized

covert orienting

act of brining attnetion to something without body/eye movement

regression

acting like a baby

right side of brian

action/perception/attention

relative deprivation theory

actions of groups deprived of rights that others enjoy those who join social movements are not necessarily worse off feeling of deserving better ex. civil rights movement

spreading activation

activate one concept activates related concepts can explain false memories or remembering wrong but related info

confirmation bias

actively seek out info that confirms your beliefs

private confomity

actually change your opinion to that of the group you have a change of mind

validity

actually getting the answer of something you wish to measure you are acurately measuring what you want to be measuring

withdrawal stages

acute= few weeks, physical withdrawal, for alcohol seen 2 days after and then gets better post-acute= fewer symptoms, mood swings, anxiety, irritability, feels like a rollercoaster, as you recover more the good lasts longer and bad stages also last longer, each post-acute withdrawl episode lasts for a few days (irritable and low energy), then it goes away as quickly as it started, lasts 2 years total!!!

positive reinforcement

add something to inc tendency of bx

taste

bitter, salty, sweet, sour, umami taste buds contained in papillae fungiform= anterior, mushroom-shaped papillae, tip and sides of tongue foliate= side, folded structures, in the center of the tonue only these circumvallate= back, flat mound structures filiform papillae= dont contain taste buds but exist all over the tongue in each taste bud there are 5 receptor cells that each detect a specific taste only gustducin= protein associated with sensation of taste - front 2/3 goes via cranial nerve 7 rear 1/3 goes via cranial nerve 9 and 10 to brain

endorphina

block pain sensations runner's high

negative symptoms

blunted emotions, loss of enjoyment, affective flattening, avolition (inability to persist in goal-directed bx) lacking in tereste in teh world speech difficulty (alogia= speech poverty)

global aphasia

both broca and wernicke are damaged both areas are connected by nerve fibers called arcuate fasciculus when damaged, conduction aphasia

schizophrenia

brain disorder genes adn environment high dopamine hallucinations lack emotion 1%, equal in m/f prodrome= period of time before schizo symptoms present higher risk of suicide/homelessness/jail haloperidol= antipsychotic tx

activation synthesis hypothesis of dreams

brain gets neural iimpulses in brainstem brainstem= activation cortex= synthesis our brain is trying to find meaning from random brain activity, so dreams may not have meaning

cognitive economy principle

brain is efficient how long it takes people to verify correct vs. incorrect statements but issue: people organize pigs as animals more than pigs as mammals

information processing model

brains are similar ot computers we get info, process it, and output decisions bottom-up assumes limited storage capacity assumes serial processing but also has paraellel processing

social anomie

breakdown of social bonds bw individual and a community must strengthen social norms to resolve

synaptic pruning

breaking connection b/w certain neurons that are unneded

cognitve theory

bridge b/w behavior and psychoanalytic

temperament

broader than personality characteristic emotional reactivity, intensity, shyness persistent as person ages

taxis

bugs fly toward light

prototype willingness model (PWM)

bx as a fx of 6 things: 1- past bx 2- attitudes 3- subjective norms 4- intentions 5- willingness 6- models/prototyping

taboos

bx completely forbidden/wrong in any circumstance often punishable and community disgust ex. incest/cannibalism

social-cognitive theory

bx influenced by people's traits

labeling theory

bx is deviant if people have labeled it as deviant depends on teh society

partial reinforcement schedule

bx only reinforced some of the time

ethnic minority

can be absorbed after 1-2 generations into the majority

internal locus of control

can control fate of own destiny I should have studied harder

head to toe development

can lift head before it can crawl

immigration

can put pressure on welfare capabilities

neural plasticity

can retrain brain by strengthening synapses even after damage

anterograde amnesia

can't encode new memories

narcolepsy

can't help themselves from falling asleep 1/2000 people have this fits (5 mins) that can occur anytime

retrograde amnesia

can't recall previously encoded info

phonological loop

capacity is 2 seconds words and numbers processed

orienting attention

capacity to change focus of attention from one stimulus to another, modulated by acetylcholine from basal forebrain

altruism

care about welfare of others and act to help them

monoamine nt

catecholamines (dopamine, epi, norepi) serotonin, histamine, dopamine, epi, norepi

social stratification

categorize people based on occupation, income, wealth, status present in all complex societies

stress and immune fx

causes inflamation, can attack our own body 40% slower healing rate for puncture wounds delivered to grad students right before exam compared to same wounds during summer vacation

religion

celebrating holidays, reading spiritual text, praying

epiplasts

cells above hypoblast after forming amniotic cavity

activity theory

certain activities/jobs lost need to be replaced so the elderly can be engaged and maintain well being

to improve self-control

change environment operant conditioning classical conditioning deprivation

intergenerational mobility

change happens bw generations

sensory adaptation

change over time of receptor to a constant stimulus down regulation- when you sit on a chair and after a while you stop feeling the pressure because the receptors stop firing up regulation= when light hits photoreceptor and cells fire an AP, amplify the signal before it gets to the brain

Cannon-Bard theory

disagree with James-Lange theory, found flaws in idea that physiological response triggered emotion flaws they found: experience physiological response without emotion (ex. inc hr from running), dif emotions have same physiological response, physio response system was too slow to produce emotion that seemed to happen almost instantly * they thought physiological response and emotion occurred simultaneously C/B are right next to eachother in the alphabet so they all start at the same time

cognitive dissonance

discomfort of hlding 2 or more conflicting cognitions contradictions

mass media

dissemination of info within a culture functionalist= entertainment conflict= media portrays the divisions in society feminist= stereotypes in media interactionist= how media shapes day to day bx

neurodevelopmental disorder

distress due to abnormal development ex. autism, ADHD

elimination disorder

distress from urination/defication at inappropriate times or places

embryogenesis

divided cells and have organ systems formed

compliance

do bx to get a reward or avoid punishment go along w things to w/o questioning why

symbolic interactionsism-medicine

doctor-pt relatioship give meaning to lab coat/stethescope ex. lab coat as sign of authority

having dif words for color

does that mean you think about color differently?

cons to social constructionism

doesnt consider effects of natural phenomenon on society, because they dont depend on human action

transformationalist perspective

doesnt have specific cause or outcome nat gov are changing and becoming less importnat

ecclesia

dominant religious organization that includes most members of society ex. lutheran in sweden islam in iran

gender queer

dont identify as either male or female

vta

dopamine

cosmopolites

draw to city due to cultural benefits and convenience students, artists, entertainment

identification

dress/act a certain way to be like someone they respect Freud believes child adopts characteristics of same-sex parent

drive reduction theory

drive vs. need drive is aroused state fulfilling the drive will reduce the need

substance-use disorders

drug causes serious degree of impairment of life functioning look at someone's usage and the presence of withdrawl

fixation- freud

due to libido= natural energy source that fuels mechanisms of mind first 5 years crucial for development orangutanges always play with little gorillas

Milgram obedience studies

during the Holocaust Eichmann nazi leader who was death sentenced but he didnt actually hate the jews studied the willingness of americans to obey authority figures that instructed them to perform bx that conflicted with personal beliefs/morals told it was a study of effect of punishment on learning they were assigned either learner or teacher learner was hooked up to electrodes, told theyd be shocked when they gave the wrong answer experimental participant was always given the teacher role, so they were administering the shocks stopped when had given 450V shocks 3 times 65% of participants shocked all the way * very few people resisted authority

phenologists

each brain area is devoted to certain personality characteristic, thought, emotion--- wrong! each brain area associated with specific tasks had to wait til someone died to study them

labeled-line theory of olfaction

each receptor responds to specific stimuli and is directly linked to the brain in that way

labeled lines model of taste

each taste bud receptor has 5 axons which all send each dif taste to different parts of the gustatory cortex and they remain separate in the brain

social effets of puberty

early pub in males= taller, stronger, more independent, popular, inc alcohol use/delinquency early pub in females= teasing, sex harassment, dif interests than friends

dual coding hypothesis

easier to remember words associated wtih images than either one alone

taste aversion

eat it bc you like it but then you get sick so you dont watn to eat it again

lower motor neurons

efferent in PNS synapse onto skeletal muscles form neuromuscular junction

delivery of healthcare

elderly through medicaid

EEG

electroecephalogram activity of individual/groups of neurons only looks at sum total seizures, sleep stage, cognitive tasks not invasive

dimension approach

emotinos measured in terms of dimensions like arousal (high/low) and valence (+/-)

limbic system

emotion structures in brain regulating emotions HAT Hippo hypothalamus, amygdala, thalamus, hippocampus

affective

emotional scared of spiders

flashbulb memory

emotional memory seem like real life susceptible to reconstruction ex. 9/11

nondominant hemisphere

emotional tone of language, big picture concepts

prejudice

emotions towards that group

behaviourists

empiricitst, believe language is just conditioned bx

reward pathway in brain

ventral tegmental area release nt dopamine VTA sends dopamine to amygdala (emotions) to nucleus acumbens (motor fx) and prefrontal cortex (focus attn and planning) and hippocampus (temporal lobe and memory formation) nucleus acumbens, amygdala, hippocampus= mesolimbic pathway dopamine goes up and serotonin goes down, so less likely to be satiated or content b/c less serotonin reward pathway takes over rational choices

dopamine

ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra in hypothalamus send to pituitary gland if produced in arcuate nucleus transmitted from hypothalamus to pituitary gland via tuberoinfundibular pathway (tube in fun milk)

vibrational theory of olfaction

vibrational frequency of a molecule gives that molecule its specific odor profile

occipital lobe

vision striate cortex

visuo-spatial sketchpat

visual and spatial info processes

law of past experiences

visual stimuli are categorized according to past experience

11-15 months

walk on own

7-13 months

walk with furniture

culture

way of life shared by group of people

actor-observer bias

we are victims but others are wilful actors

treisman's attenuation theory

we have an attenuator that weakens but doesn't eliminate input from the unattended ear some gets to perceptual processinsg allows attended message to be processed to a greater extent than the unattended message treisman is SHARP as a T, only attenuate then perceive

maslow hierarchy of needs

we want to satisfy needs in particular order

political isolation

weak because political interests dont overlap with other communities

secularization

weakening of social/political power of religious organizations as religious involvement declines

fertilization

week 2

core

western europe and US high scope production or material goods rather than raw goods

individualistic cultures

western europe/america success over-attributed to internal and failure attributed to external factors

gender script

what we expect men and females to do

extinction

when CS does not elicit CR anymore

extinctive burst

when animal no longer received regular reinforcement, its original bx willl sometimes spike (inc)

medicalization

when conditions previously defined as normal get defined as medical conditions ex. sad= depressed

temptation

when desires conflict wtih values or long term goals

passing responsibility to others

when experimenter said they'd take full responsibility participants felt more comfortable delivering shock

dreaming

when eyes are moving rapidly under eyelids brainwaves look like they are completely awake memorable dreams NREM are not memorable dreams activity in prefrontal cortex is decreased during REM- explains why things in our dreams can defy logic

elder abuse

when family is not taking care of elders and expense of nursing homes

incongruity of self-concept

when ideal self and real self don't match

role esit

when individ stops engaging in role previoulsy central to their id ex. retirement

morula

when it is 32 cells becomes tighter differentiation occurs

groupthink

when maintaining harmony among group members is more important than analyzing the prob at hand bring in outsiders to avoid groupthink

deviance

when norm is violated

unanimity

when opinions of the group are unanimous and everyone agrees in Ash experiment there was one supporter who answered correctly before the experimenter

front stage

when peoplare in social setting

functionalism- medicine

when sick need to get back to functional state to be a contributing member of society

tonic neck reflex

when turn head arm on same side straightens and arm on other side bends disappears 6 months

false consensus

when we assume everyone agrees wtih what we do even if they dont

projection bias

when we assume others share the same beliefs as we do

observed bx

when we believe that our bx is being observed

decay

when we dont encode it well or retreive it for a while we can't recall it