KIN-224 Chapter 15 Nervous Sys.
The _______ adrenergic receptors have stimulatory effects, whereas ___________ adrenergic receptors may be stimulatory or inhibitory.
-Alpha -Beta
Splanchnic nerve pathway
Abdomen/pelvis
Adrenal medulla pathway
Adrenal gland
The continuous activity of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system is called
Autonomic tone
Postganglionic axons from the __________ ganglion innervate the stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, proximal part of the duodenum, and part of the pancreas.
Celiac
What neurotransmitters are considered catecholamines?
Dopamine, Norepinephrine, Epinephrine
True or false: Changes in an autonomic tone typically involve one branch of the autonomic nervous system ceasing activity and the other increasing activity.
FALSE: usually only small changes in the activity of one branch are needed
True or false: Two different effectors are targeted by the two branches of the ANS in order to control heart rate.
False
Postganglionic sympathetic nerve pathway
Head/eye
Which structure receives parasympathetic innervation from the vagus nerve (CN X)?
Heart
The lumbar splanchnic nerves terminate in the ______
Inferior mesenteric ganglion
Parasympathetic innervation to the ciliary muscle results in ______________ accommodation, which makes the lens more rounded to allow for close vision.
Lens
Somatic and autonomic are divisions of the ______ nervous system.
Motor
Spinal nerve pathway
Neck, torso, and limbs
Which of the following terms describes axons from many preganglionic cells synapsing on a single ganglionic cell?
Neuronal convergence
Which autonomic ganglion, located anterior to the ear, receives parasympathetic axons from the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)?
Otic ganglion
The salivary gland that receives parasympathetic innervation from the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) is the ____________ salivary gland.
Parotid
The pelvic splanchnic nerves originate from the neuron cell bodies housed within the lateral gray matter of the ______ spinal cord segments.
S2 to S4
Which segments of the spinal cord house the sympathetic preganglionic neuron cell bodies?
T1-L2
Preganglionic sympathetic axons travel within the spinal nerves numbered ______ to ______.
T1; L2
Prevertebral ganglia are only located within the ______.
abdominopelvic cavity
(5) The effect of norepinephrine binding to ___________ receptors stimulates cardiac muscle cells.
adrenergic
Axons that release norepinephrine are called ______.
adrenergic
The sympathetic nervous system causes airways in the lungs to widen, while the parasympathetic nervous system causes them to narrow. This is an example of ______ effects of dual innervation.
antagonistic
Preganglionic sympathetic axons travel with somatic motor neuron axons to exit the spinal cord and enter the ______.
anterior roots
Collections of sympathetic postganglionic axons, parasympathetic preganglionic axons, and some visceral sensory axons that provide complex innervation to target organs are known as ______ plexuses
autonomic
The autonomic nervous system helps maintain homeostasis through the involuntary activity of __________ or visceral reflexes.
autonomic
Which autonomic effector is innervated by only the sympathetic division?
blood vessels
Autonomic nervous system functions are regulated by the hypothalamus, which controls autonomic nervous system regions in the ______.
brainstem and spinal cord
The ganglion that is adjacent to the origin of the celiac artery is the ___________ ganglion.
celiac
The most superior of the the prevertebral ganglia is the __________ ganglion
celiac
The left and right greater thoracic splanchnic nerves synapse on ganglionic neurons within the ______.
celiac ganglion
muscarinic and nicotinic are
cholinergic receptors
Parasympathetic innervation of which muscles results in lens accommodation?
ciliary muscle
In blood vessels innervated by only sympathetic axons, increased sympathetic stimulation causes the vessels to ____________ while decreased sympathetic stimulation causes the vessels to dilate.
constrict
The location of preganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system allows it to be also known as the ______ division.
craniosacral
Parasympathetic innervation from the vagus nerve causes the airways to ______.
decrease in diameter
Which structures receive sympathetic innervation from the superior cervical ganglion?
dilator pupillae muscle of the eye sweat glands of the head smooth muscles in blood vessels of the neck
Visceral effectors innervated by postganglionic axons from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system have ______.
dual innervation
A sympathetic trunk looks like a pearl necklace, with bundles of axons making up the "string" and sympathetic trunk ____________ making up the "pearls".
ganglia
The otic ganglion receives parasympathetic axons from which cranial nerve?
glossopharyngeal (CN IX)
Because they connect to all spinal nerves, the __________ rami communicantes allow sympathetic information originating from the thoracolumbar region to be dispersed throughout the body.
gray
Postganglionic sympathetic axons are carried from the sympathetic trunk to all spinal nerves through ______
gray rami communicantes
Parasympathetic innervation from the postganglionic axons of the pterygopalatine ganglion causes the lacrimal glands and small glands of the nasal cavity, oral cavity, and palate to ______.
increase secretion
Sympathetic postganglionic axons innervating thoracic viscera extend from neuron cell bodies within the ______.
inferior cervical ganglion middle cervical ganglion
The ganglion that is adjacent to the origin of the inferior mesenteric artery is the _______ ________ ganglion.
inferior mesenteric
The preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division originate in the ______.
lateral gray matter of S2-S4 brainstem
Where do the preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division originate in the CNS?
lateral horns of T1-L2
The cell bodies of the preganglionic neurons in the sympathetic division are located in the _______________
lateral horns of the T1-L2 spinal cord segments
Match the cholinergic receptor with the chemical it is named for. These chemicals can bind to and activate the receptor.
muscarinic = mushroom poison nicotinic = chemical in tobacco plants
White rami communicantes have a whitish appearance because they contain preganglionic axons which are
myelinated
Adrenergic axons release ______.
norepinephrine
The synaptic knobs of postganglionic adrenergic neurons contain ______
norepinephrine
The synaptic knobs of postganglionic adrenergic neurons contain ______.
norepinephrine
Which cranial nerves are associated with the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?
oculomotor (CN III), facial (CNVII), glossopharyngeal (CN IX), vagus (CN X)
Antagonistic effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS are ______ effects
opposite
Prevertebral ganglia typically cluster around the origins of the major abdominal ______ and are named for these structures.
organs
During times of relaxation, (BLANK) the division of the autonomic nervous system utilizes discrete and localized innervation, stimulating only one or a few structures at the same time.
parasympathetic
The ______ division of the autonomic nervous system is also called the craniosacral division because of the location of its preganglionic neurons.
parasympathetic
Which division of the autonomic nervous system maintains homeostasis when we are at rest?
parasympathetic
Which type of stimulation slows down the heart rate?
parasympathetic
Most visceral effectors have dual innervation, meaning they are innervated by the ______.
parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions of the ANS
Which gland receives parasympathetic innervation from the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)?
parotid salivary gland
The preganglionic neuron cell bodies of the S2-S4 spinal cord segments are the origin of preganglionic parasympathetic axons that branch to form the ______.
pelvic splanchnic nerves
(4) Arriving at target cells, _____________ nerve fibers release acetylcholine or norepinephrine into the synaptic cleft.
postganglionic
The postganglionic axon extends away from the sympathetic trunk ganglion and goes directly to the effector organ in a/an ______.
postganglionic sympathetic nerve pathway
Splanchnic nerves are composed of ______ sympathetic axons that did not synapse in a sympathetic trunk ganglion
preganglionic
Which neurons of the sympathetic division originate in the lateral gray horns of the T1-L2 regions of the spinal cord?
preganglionic
Where do the splanchnic nerves typically terminate?
prevertebral ganglia
Which organs receive postganglionic axons from the superior mesenteric ganglion?
proximal ureters kidneys small intestine
Which autonomic ganglion provides postganglionic axons to the lacrimal glands and small glands of the nasal cavity, oral cavity, and palate?
pterygopalatine ganglion
What connects the spinal nerves to each sympathetic trunk?
rami communicantes
The white rami communicantes connect the ____________ nerves to each sympathetic trunk.
spinal
Which sympathetic pathway is being used if a preganglionic neuron synapses with a ganglionic neuron in a sympathetic trunk ganglion and the postganglionic axon travels through a gray ramus at the same "level" as the ganglionic neuron?
spinal nerve pathway
(3) Fibers exiting the sympathetic chain ganglia take one of three routes: 1) the spinal nerve route, 2) the sympathetic nerve route, or 3) the _______________ nerve route.
splanchnic
Which are composed of preganglionic sympathetic axons that did not synapse in a sympathetic trunk ganglion?
splanchnic nerves
Which organs are innervated by postganglionic axons from the celiac ganglion?
spleen, stomach, liver
Parasympathetic innervation ______ gland secretions of the GI tract.
stimulates
The ganglion that supplies postganglionic parasympathetic innervation to the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands to increase their secretions is the __________ ganglion.
submandibular
Postganglionic axons from which autonomic ganglion supply the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands in the floor of the mouth?
submandibular ganglion
Which part of the cervical portion of the sympathetic trunk distributes axons to structures within the head and neck?
superior cervical ganglion
Postganglionic axons from the _________ ___________ ganglion innervate the distal half of the duodenum, part of the pancreas, the remainder of the small intestine, the proximal part of the large intestine, the kidneys, and the proximal part of the ureters.
superior mesenteric
The ganglion that is adjacent to the origin of the superior mesenteric artery is the _______ _______ ganglion.
superior mesenteric
The ganglion that is adjacent to the origin of the superior mesenteric artery is the ___________ ganglion.
superior mesenteric
The middle of the three prevertebral ganglia is the ___________ ganglion
superior mesenteric
The lesser and least thoracic splanchnic nerves terminate in the ______.
superior mesenteric ganglion
Esophageal plexus Carries signals that control
swallowing
The division of the autonomic nervous system that is anatomically known as the thoracolumbar division is the (BLANK) division.
sympathetic
(2) Action potentials travel along the preganglionic nerve fiber and enter the __________________
sympathetic chain ganglion.
Which division of the autonomic nervous system exhibits a mass activation response during stressful situations, stimulating all innervated components at once?
sympathetic division
Which axons could be found within an autonomic plexus?
sympathetic postganglionic axons
The terminal branches of sympathetic axons contain swollen beads called __________ knobs.
synaptic
(1) Also known as the ___________ division, the sympathetic nervous system exits the CNS via many spinal nerves T1—L2.
thoracolumbar
Which region contains structures that receive sympathetic innervation from the middle and inferior cervical ganglia?
thorax
Which cranial nerve supplies parasympathetic innervation to the thoracic organs, most abdominal organs, and the gonads?
vagus (CN X)
The sympathetic trunks are located immediately lateral to the ______.
vertebral column
Prevertebral ganglia are located anterior to the __________ on the anterolateral surface of the _______________ .
vertebral column aorta
Autonomic reflexes are also called ______ reflexes.
visceral
Preganglionic sympathetic axons from the T1-L2 spinal nerves are carried to the sympathetic trunk through the ______.
white rami communicantes
Types of adrenergic receptors
β2 α1