KIN-224 Chapter 15 Nervous Sys.

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The _______ adrenergic receptors have stimulatory effects, whereas ___________ adrenergic receptors may be stimulatory or inhibitory.

-Alpha -Beta

Splanchnic nerve pathway

Abdomen/pelvis

Adrenal medulla pathway

Adrenal gland

The continuous activity of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system is called

Autonomic tone

Postganglionic axons from the __________ ganglion innervate the stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, proximal part of the duodenum, and part of the pancreas.

Celiac

What neurotransmitters are considered catecholamines?

Dopamine, Norepinephrine, Epinephrine

True or false: Changes in an autonomic tone typically involve one branch of the autonomic nervous system ceasing activity and the other increasing activity.

FALSE: usually only small changes in the activity of one branch are needed

True or false: Two different effectors are targeted by the two branches of the ANS in order to control heart rate.

False

Postganglionic sympathetic nerve pathway

Head/eye

Which structure receives parasympathetic innervation from the vagus nerve (CN X)?

Heart

The lumbar splanchnic nerves terminate in the ______

Inferior mesenteric ganglion

Parasympathetic innervation to the ciliary muscle results in ______________ accommodation, which makes the lens more rounded to allow for close vision.

Lens

Somatic and autonomic are divisions of the ______ nervous system.

Motor

Spinal nerve pathway

Neck, torso, and limbs

Which of the following terms describes axons from many preganglionic cells synapsing on a single ganglionic cell?

Neuronal convergence

Which autonomic ganglion, located anterior to the ear, receives parasympathetic axons from the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)?

Otic ganglion

The salivary gland that receives parasympathetic innervation from the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) is the ____________ salivary gland.

Parotid

The pelvic splanchnic nerves originate from the neuron cell bodies housed within the lateral gray matter of the ______ spinal cord segments.

S2 to S4

Which segments of the spinal cord house the sympathetic preganglionic neuron cell bodies?

T1-L2

Preganglionic sympathetic axons travel within the spinal nerves numbered ______ to ______.

T1; L2

Prevertebral ganglia are only located within the ______.

abdominopelvic cavity

(5) The effect of norepinephrine binding to ___________ receptors stimulates cardiac muscle cells.

adrenergic

Axons that release norepinephrine are called ______.

adrenergic

The sympathetic nervous system causes airways in the lungs to widen, while the parasympathetic nervous system causes them to narrow. This is an example of ______ effects of dual innervation.

antagonistic

Preganglionic sympathetic axons travel with somatic motor neuron axons to exit the spinal cord and enter the ______.

anterior roots

Collections of sympathetic postganglionic axons, parasympathetic preganglionic axons, and some visceral sensory axons that provide complex innervation to target organs are known as ______ plexuses

autonomic

The autonomic nervous system helps maintain homeostasis through the involuntary activity of __________ or visceral reflexes.

autonomic

Which autonomic effector is innervated by only the sympathetic division?

blood vessels

Autonomic nervous system functions are regulated by the hypothalamus, which controls autonomic nervous system regions in the ______.

brainstem and spinal cord

The ganglion that is adjacent to the origin of the celiac artery is the ___________ ganglion.

celiac

The most superior of the the prevertebral ganglia is the __________ ganglion

celiac

The left and right greater thoracic splanchnic nerves synapse on ganglionic neurons within the ______.

celiac ganglion

muscarinic and nicotinic are

cholinergic receptors

Parasympathetic innervation of which muscles results in lens accommodation?

ciliary muscle

In blood vessels innervated by only sympathetic axons, increased sympathetic stimulation causes the vessels to ____________ while decreased sympathetic stimulation causes the vessels to dilate.

constrict

The location of preganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system allows it to be also known as the ______ division.

craniosacral

Parasympathetic innervation from the vagus nerve causes the airways to ______.

decrease in diameter

Which structures receive sympathetic innervation from the superior cervical ganglion?

dilator pupillae muscle of the eye sweat glands of the head smooth muscles in blood vessels of the neck

Visceral effectors innervated by postganglionic axons from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system have ______.

dual innervation

A sympathetic trunk looks like a pearl necklace, with bundles of axons making up the "string" and sympathetic trunk ____________ making up the "pearls".

ganglia

The otic ganglion receives parasympathetic axons from which cranial nerve?

glossopharyngeal (CN IX)

Because they connect to all spinal nerves, the __________ rami communicantes allow sympathetic information originating from the thoracolumbar region to be dispersed throughout the body.

gray

Postganglionic sympathetic axons are carried from the sympathetic trunk to all spinal nerves through ______

gray rami communicantes

Parasympathetic innervation from the postganglionic axons of the pterygopalatine ganglion causes the lacrimal glands and small glands of the nasal cavity, oral cavity, and palate to ______.

increase secretion

Sympathetic postganglionic axons innervating thoracic viscera extend from neuron cell bodies within the ______.

inferior cervical ganglion middle cervical ganglion

The ganglion that is adjacent to the origin of the inferior mesenteric artery is the _______ ________ ganglion.

inferior mesenteric

The preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division originate in the ______.

lateral gray matter of S2-S4 brainstem

Where do the preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division originate in the CNS?

lateral horns of T1-L2

The cell bodies of the preganglionic neurons in the sympathetic division are located in the _______________

lateral horns of the T1-L2 spinal cord segments

Match the cholinergic receptor with the chemical it is named for. These chemicals can bind to and activate the receptor.

muscarinic = mushroom poison nicotinic = chemical in tobacco plants

White rami communicantes have a whitish appearance because they contain preganglionic axons which are

myelinated

Adrenergic axons release ______.

norepinephrine

The synaptic knobs of postganglionic adrenergic neurons contain ______

norepinephrine

The synaptic knobs of postganglionic adrenergic neurons contain ______.

norepinephrine

Which cranial nerves are associated with the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

oculomotor (CN III), facial (CNVII), glossopharyngeal (CN IX), vagus (CN X)

Antagonistic effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS are ______ effects

opposite

Prevertebral ganglia typically cluster around the origins of the major abdominal ______ and are named for these structures.

organs

During times of relaxation, (BLANK) the division of the autonomic nervous system utilizes discrete and localized innervation, stimulating only one or a few structures at the same time.

parasympathetic

The ______ division of the autonomic nervous system is also called the craniosacral division because of the location of its preganglionic neurons.

parasympathetic

Which division of the autonomic nervous system maintains homeostasis when we are at rest?

parasympathetic

Which type of stimulation slows down the heart rate?

parasympathetic

Most visceral effectors have dual innervation, meaning they are innervated by the ______.

parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions of the ANS

Which gland receives parasympathetic innervation from the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)?

parotid salivary gland

The preganglionic neuron cell bodies of the S2-S4 spinal cord segments are the origin of preganglionic parasympathetic axons that branch to form the ______.

pelvic splanchnic nerves

(4) Arriving at target cells, _____________ nerve fibers release acetylcholine or norepinephrine into the synaptic cleft.

postganglionic

The postganglionic axon extends away from the sympathetic trunk ganglion and goes directly to the effector organ in a/an ______.

postganglionic sympathetic nerve pathway

Splanchnic nerves are composed of ______ sympathetic axons that did not synapse in a sympathetic trunk ganglion

preganglionic

Which neurons of the sympathetic division originate in the lateral gray horns of the T1-L2 regions of the spinal cord?

preganglionic

Where do the splanchnic nerves typically terminate?

prevertebral ganglia

Which organs receive postganglionic axons from the superior mesenteric ganglion?

proximal ureters kidneys small intestine

Which autonomic ganglion provides postganglionic axons to the lacrimal glands and small glands of the nasal cavity, oral cavity, and palate?

pterygopalatine ganglion

What connects the spinal nerves to each sympathetic trunk?

rami communicantes

The white rami communicantes connect the ____________ nerves to each sympathetic trunk.

spinal

Which sympathetic pathway is being used if a preganglionic neuron synapses with a ganglionic neuron in a sympathetic trunk ganglion and the postganglionic axon travels through a gray ramus at the same "level" as the ganglionic neuron?

spinal nerve pathway

(3) Fibers exiting the sympathetic chain ganglia take one of three routes: 1) the spinal nerve route, 2) the sympathetic nerve route, or 3) the _______________ nerve route.

splanchnic

Which are composed of preganglionic sympathetic axons that did not synapse in a sympathetic trunk ganglion?

splanchnic nerves

Which organs are innervated by postganglionic axons from the celiac ganglion?

spleen, stomach, liver

Parasympathetic innervation ______ gland secretions of the GI tract.

stimulates

The ganglion that supplies postganglionic parasympathetic innervation to the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands to increase their secretions is the __________ ganglion.

submandibular

Postganglionic axons from which autonomic ganglion supply the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands in the floor of the mouth?

submandibular ganglion

Which part of the cervical portion of the sympathetic trunk distributes axons to structures within the head and neck?

superior cervical ganglion

Postganglionic axons from the _________ ___________ ganglion innervate the distal half of the duodenum, part of the pancreas, the remainder of the small intestine, the proximal part of the large intestine, the kidneys, and the proximal part of the ureters.

superior mesenteric

The ganglion that is adjacent to the origin of the superior mesenteric artery is the _______ _______ ganglion.

superior mesenteric

The ganglion that is adjacent to the origin of the superior mesenteric artery is the ___________ ganglion.

superior mesenteric

The middle of the three prevertebral ganglia is the ___________ ganglion

superior mesenteric

The lesser and least thoracic splanchnic nerves terminate in the ______.

superior mesenteric ganglion

Esophageal plexus Carries signals that control

swallowing

The division of the autonomic nervous system that is anatomically known as the thoracolumbar division is the (BLANK) division.

sympathetic

(2) Action potentials travel along the preganglionic nerve fiber and enter the __________________

sympathetic chain ganglion.

Which division of the autonomic nervous system exhibits a mass activation response during stressful situations, stimulating all innervated components at once?

sympathetic division

Which axons could be found within an autonomic plexus?

sympathetic postganglionic axons

The terminal branches of sympathetic axons contain swollen beads called __________ knobs.

synaptic

(1) Also known as the ___________ division, the sympathetic nervous system exits the CNS via many spinal nerves T1—L2.

thoracolumbar

Which region contains structures that receive sympathetic innervation from the middle and inferior cervical ganglia?

thorax

Which cranial nerve supplies parasympathetic innervation to the thoracic organs, most abdominal organs, and the gonads?

vagus (CN X)

The sympathetic trunks are located immediately lateral to the ______.

vertebral column

Prevertebral ganglia are located anterior to the __________ on the anterolateral surface of the _______________ .

vertebral column aorta

Autonomic reflexes are also called ______ reflexes.

visceral

Preganglionic sympathetic axons from the T1-L2 spinal nerves are carried to the sympathetic trunk through the ______.

white rami communicantes

Types of adrenergic receptors

β2 α1


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